GATE 2025 ES Question Paper (Available)- Download Solution PDF with Answer Key

Courage : Bravery :: Yearning :

Select the most appropriate option to complete the analogy.

• (A) Longing
• (B) Yelling
• (C) Yawning
• (D) Glaring

We _______ tennis in the lawn when it suddenly started to rain.

Select the most appropriate option to complete the above sentence.

• (A) have been playing
• (B) had been playing
• (C) would have been playing
• (D) could be playing

A 4 × 4 digital image has pixel intensities (U) as shown in the figure. The number of pixels with \( U \leq 4 \) is:

• (1) 3
• (2) 8
• (3) 11
• (4) 9

In the given figure, the numbers associated with the rectangle, triangle, and ellipse are 1, 2, and 3, respectively. Which one among the given options is the most appropriate combination of \( P \), \( Q \), and \( R \)?

• (A) \( P = 6; Q = 5; R = 3 \)
• (B) \( P = 5; Q = 6; R = 3 \)
• (C) \( P = 3; Q = 6; R = 6 \)
• (D) \( P = 5; Q = 3; R = 6 \)

A rectangle has a length \(L\) and a width \(W\), where \(L > W\). If the width, \(W\), is increased by 10%, which one of the following statements is correct for all values of \(L\) and \(W\)?

Select the most appropriate option to complete the above sentence.

• (A) Perimeter increases by 10%.
• (B) Length of the diagonals increases by 10%.
• (C) Area increases by 10%.
• (D) The rectangle becomes a square.

Column-I has statements made by Shanthala; and, Column-II has responses given by Kanishk.

• (A) P – 2; Q – 3; R – 1; S – 4
• (B) P – 3; Q – 4; R – 1; S – 2
• (C) P – 4; Q – 1; R – 2; S – 3
• (D) P – 1; Q – 2; R – 4; S – 3

Weight of a person can be expressed as a function of their age. The function usually varies from person to person. Suppose this function is identical for two brothers, and it monotonically increases till the age of 50 years and then it monotonically decreases. Let \( a_1 \) and \( a_2 \) (in years) denote the ages of the brothers and \( a_1 < a_2 \).

Which one of the following statements is correct about their age on the day when they attain the same weight?

• (A) \( a_1 < a_2 < 50 \)
• (B) \( a_1 < 50 < a_2 \)
• (C) \( 50 < a_1 < a_2 \)
• (D) Either \( a_1 = 50 \) or \( a_2 = 50 \)

A regular dodecagon (12-sided regular polygon) is inscribed in a circle of radius \( r \) cm as shown in the figure. The side of the dodecagon is \( d \) cm. All the triangles (numbered 1 to 12 in the figure) are used to form squares of side \( r \) cm, and each numbered triangle is used only once to form a square.

The number of squares that can be formed and the number of triangles required to form each square, respectively, are:

• (A) 3; 4
• (B) 4; 3
• (C) 3; 3
• (D) 3; 2

If a real variable \(x\) satisfies \(3^{x^2} = 27 \times 9^x\), then the value of \(\frac{2^{x^2}}{(2^x)^2}\) is:

• (A) \(2^{-1}\)
• (B) \(2^0\)
• (C) \(2^3\)
• (D) \(2^{15}\)

The number of patients per shift (X) consulting Dr. Gita in her past 100 shifts is shown in the figure. If the amount she earns is \(Rs. 1000(X - 0.2)\), what is the average amount (in Rs.) she has earned per shift in the past 100 shifts?

• (A) 6,100
• (B) 6,300
• (C) 6,000
• (D) 6,500

Assuming \( s > |a| \); the Laplace transform of \( f(x) = \cosh(ax) \) is:

• (A) \( \frac{s}{s^2 + a^2} \)
• (B) \( \frac{a}{s^2 + a^2} \)
• (C) \( \frac{s}{s^2 - a^2} \)
• (D) \( \frac{a}{s^2 - a^2} \)

For the ordinary differential equation \( \frac{d^2y}{dx^2} + 4y = 0 \), the general solution is:

• (A) \( y = c_1 \cos 2x + c_2 \sin 2x \)
• (B) \( y = c_1 \cosh 2x + c_2 \sinh 2x \)
• (C) \( y = c_1 e^{2x} + c_2 e^{-2x} \)
• (D) \( y = c_1 e^{2x} \cos 2x + c_2 e^{-2x} \sin 2x \)

Consider the following two series:
\( \textbf{P: } \sum\limits_{n=1}^{\infty} \frac{1}{n} \qquad \textbf{Q: } \sum\limits_{n=1}^{\infty} \frac{1}{n^2} \)

Choose the correct option from the following:

• (A) P is convergent series; Q is divergent series
• (B) P is divergent series; Q is convergent series
• (C) Both P and Q are convergent series
• (D) Both P and Q are divergent series

Choose the redox reaction from the following:

• (A) \( \mathrm{H_2CO_3 \rightleftharpoons H^+ + HCO_3^-} \)
• (B) \( \mathrm{Hg^{2+} + 2OH^- \rightleftharpoons Hg(OH)_2} \)
• (C) \( \mathrm{C_6H_{12}O_6 + 6O_2 \rightleftharpoons 6CO_2 + 6H_2O} \)
• (D) \( \mathrm{CaCO_3(s) \rightleftharpoons Ca^{2+} + CO_3^{2-}} \)

Which one of the following is performed by autotrophic bacteria?

• (A) Aerobic biodegradation of organic matter
• (B) Anaerobic biodegradation of organic matter
• (C) Aerobic nitrification
• (D) Anaerobic de-nitrification

For flood routing, consider the following statements:

P: Hydrologic routing method uses continuity equation and momentum equation

Q: Hydraulic routing method uses continuity equation and energy equation

Choose the correct option from the following:

• (A) P is TRUE; Q is TRUE
• (B) P is TRUE; Q is FALSE
• (C) P is FALSE; Q is TRUE
• (D) P is FALSE; Q is FALSE

For a gradually varied flow, consider the following statements:

P: \( y_n > y_c > y \) in M3 surface profile

Q: \( y_n < y_c < y \) in S1 surface profile

where, \( y_n \) is normal depth, \( y_c \) is critical depth, and \( y \) is flow depth.

Choose the correct option from the following:

• (A) P is TRUE; Q is TRUE
• (B) P is TRUE; Q is FALSE
• (C) P is FALSE; Q is TRUE
• (D) P is FALSE; Q is FALSE

Match the following and choose the correct option from the following:





\textit{Note: The symbol indicates a stirrer for mixing (not to scale).

• (A) 1-x, 2-y, 3-z
• (B) 1-z, 2-y, 3-x
• (C) 1-y, 2-z, 3-x
• (D) 1-x, 2-z, 3-y

Multiple effect evaporator is commonly used, in the zero liquid discharge (ZLD) scheme, for ________\

• (A) oxidation of organic pollutants
• (B) precipitation of heavy metals
• (C) concentrating reverse osmosis (RO) reject salts
• (D) performing selective ion exchange

Consider the following statements:

P: According to the National Ambient Air Quality Standards (Central Pollution Control Board, Govt. of India, notification 2009), annual time-weighted average PM\textsubscript{10 standard is more than PM\textsubscript{2.5 standard.

Q: According to the National Air Quality Index released by Govt. of India in 2015, sub-index value of PM\textsubscript{10 can be less than that of PM\textsubscript{2.5.

Choose the correct option from the following:

• (A) P is TRUE; Q is FALSE
• (B) P is FALSE; Q is TRUE
• (C) P is TRUE; Q is TRUE
• (D) P is FALSE; Q is FALSE

Which option gives the components that are most likely to be present in the segregated combustible fraction (SCF) separated from raw mixed municipal solid waste (MSW)?

• (A) plastics, paper, rubber, metals
• (B) plastics, paper, leather, glass
• (C) plastics, leather, textiles, rubber
• (D) plastics, rubber, textiles, food waste

Correctly match the sustainable development goal (SDG) with its theme:

• (A) i -q ii-r iii-p iv-s
• (B) i-s ii-r iii-p iv-q
• (C) i-s ii-r iii-q iv-p
• (D) i-p ii-q iii-r iv-s

Choose the correct option regarding the Basel Convention

• (A) Almost all the nations of the world assembled for the first time in the history to discuss and find out the solution for a common environmental problem.
• (B) It was for formulating the strategies and guidelines to reduce CO2 and CH4 emissions to control the global warming.
• (C) It was for formulating the strategies and guidelines to control the release of acidic gases that can cause acid rains in another country.
• (D) It was for formulating the strategies and guidelines for the trans-boundary movement of hazardous wastes.

Consider the following statements:

(i) Environmental pollutant concentration is generally modeled using lognormal distribution.

(ii) Environmental pollutant concentration is generally modeled using Poisson distribution.

(iii) The weekly rate of exceedance of environmental pollutant concentration with regards to a given standard is generally modeled using lognormal distribution.

(iv) The weekly rate of exceedance of environmental pollutant concentration with regards to a given standard is generally modeled using Poisson distribution.


Choose the correct option(s) from the following:

• (A) (i) and (iv) are correct.
• (B) (i) is correct and (iii) is incorrect.
• (C) (ii) and (iv) are correct.
• (D) (ii) and (iv) are incorrect.

Choose the correct statement(s) from the following regarding the structure/reproduction of microorganisms:

• (A) Prokaryotes do not have nucleus but Eukaryotes have nucleus.
• (B) Both Prokaryotes and Eukaryotes have nucleus.
• (C) No binary fission happens in Eukaryotes, however, Prokaryotes rely on binary fission for reproduction.
• (D) Both Prokaryotes and Eukaryotes rely on binary fission for reproduction.

Consider the following statements related to nitrification process: \[ (i) \, Electron acceptor type vary depending on whether nitrosomonas or nitrobacter is involved. \] \[ (ii) \, Predominant carbon source is organic matter. \] \[ (iii) \, Predominant carbon source is inorganic carbon. \] \[ (iv) \, Electron donor during conversion of ammonium ions to nitrite ions is ammonium ions. \]
Choose the correct option(s) from the following:

• (A) (iii) and (iv) are correct
• (B) (i) and (ii) are correct
• (C) (i) is incorrect and (iii) is correct
• (D) (ii) is correct and (iii) is incorrect

Stubble burning results in release of particulate matter, volatile organic compounds, oxides of nitrogen and sulfur, to name a few. A researcher is planning to use a conventional Gaussian dispersion model to estimate the contribution of stubble burning in a nearby state to air pollution in New Delhi. Choose the option(s) which could explain the possible limitations in this approach.

• (A) assumption of steady state conditions e.g. constant wind speed, wind direction, and emission, etc. in conventional Gaussian dispersion models.
• (B) non-accounting of wet and dry deposition in conventional Gaussian dispersion models.
• (C) non-handling of chemical transformation of pollutants in conventional Gaussian dispersion models.
• (D) requirement of more computational resources by conventional Gaussian dispersion models compared to chemical transport models.

Choose the correct option(s) from the following in the plastic waste management:

• (A) Plastic wastes may be burnt to generate fuel oil and fuel gas.
• (B) Plastic wastes along with bitumen may be used for road/pavement construction.
• (C) Polyethylene terephthalate (PET) and high density polyethylene (HDPE) are the most common plastics for recycling.
• (D) Plastics made of branched monomers can be easily recycled.

Which of the following is the primary objective of the activated sludge process in wastewater treatment?

• (A)
• (B)
• (C)
• (D)

Choose the correct option(s) from the following regarding the symbiotic relationships:

• (A) Lichens are a symbiotic association of fungi and bacteria. They can survive in extreme conditions of air pollution.
• (B) Lichens are a symbiotic association of fungi and bacteria. The fungi can absorb water and minerals from atmosphere, and bacteria can generate foods.
• (C) Lichens are a symbiotic association of fungi and algae. They can survive in extreme conditions, but are very sensitive to air pollution.
• (D) Lichens are a symbiotic association of fungi and algae. The fungi can absorb water and minerals from atmosphere, and algae can generate food through photosynthesis.

Methane hydrates have a special crystal structure of water, where methane gas molecules are trapped. Choose the correct option(s) from the following:

• (A) Methane hydrates exist in abundance near the ocean bed, where the pressure is high enough for their existence.
• (B) Methane hydrates exist in abundance in the polar regions, where the temperature is low enough for their existence.
• (C) Methane hydrates can be a huge source of energy, but can accelerate global warming considerably if the entrapped methane is released to the atmosphere.
• (D) Methane hydrates can be a huge source of energy, but difficult to exploit commercially.

Choose the correct option(s) from the following regarding the urban environment:

• (A) Urban heat island can exacerbate urban flooding by intensifying rainfall intensity.
• (B) Urban canyons increase ventilation by trapping heat and thus enhancing urban heat island effect.
• (C) Program evaluation and review technique (PERT) is always used to estimate the economic impact of mitigation strategies for urban heat island effect.
• (D) In general, land surfaces in urban areas emit more long wave radiation compared to those in rural areas, and thus contribute to higher night time temperature.

Choose the correct option(s) from the following regarding cumulative toxicity:

• (A) Bioaccumulation is the process by which a living organism keeps on accumulating pollutants in its body due to continuous exposure, whereas, bio-magnification is the process by which higher order organisms accumulate more pollutants than the lower order organisms in a food chain.
• (B) Biomagnification is the process by which a living organism keeps on accumulating pollutants in its body due to continuous exposure, whereas, bioaccumulation is the process by which higher order organisms accumulate more pollutants than the lower order organisms in a food chain.
• (C) Bioaccumulation and biomagnification are possible with heavy metals, but not with pesticides and pharmaceutical compounds.
• (D) Bioaccumulation and biomagnification are possible with heavy metals, pesticides and pharmaceutical compounds.

Evaluate the following limit: \[ \lim_{x \to 0} \frac{\ln(1+x)}{2 \sin(x)} \quad (rounded off to two decimal places). \]

An unconfined aquifer of areal extent 20 km × 20 km has hydraulic conductivity of 4 m/day, porosity of 0.32, and storage coefficient (specific yield) of 0.18. If the initial saturated thickness of the aquifer is 30 m, and 4×10^8 m\(^3\) of water is extracted from the aquifer, then the decline in the saturated thickness is ____________ m.

A researcher added a certain amount of HgCl2 to water at pH 10. He calculated the expected concentration of mercury in the water. He asked his student to measure the concentration. His student used an instrument that can measure only the free metal, Hg2+. The student observed that the concentration measured by him was significantly less than the concentration calculated by the researcher. How can he explain the paradox to the researcher?

• (A) Only Explanation 1 is correct.
• (B) Explanations 1 and 2 are correct.
• (C) Explanations 1 and 3 are correct.
• (D) Explanations 2 and 3 are correct.

Correctly label the speciation diagram below:

• (A) I = PO\(_4^{3-}\), II = HPO\(_4^{2-}\), III = H\(_2\)PO\(_4^{-}\), IV = H\(_3\)PO\(_4\)
• (B) I = H\(_3\)PO\(_4\), II = H\(_2\)PO\(_4^{-}\), III = HPO\(_4^{2-}\), IV = PO\(_4^{3-}\)
• (C) I = H\(_3\)PO\(_4\), II = H\(_2\)PO\(_4^{-}\), III = HPO\(_4^{2-}\), IV = PO\(_4^{3-}\)
• (D) I = PO\(_4^{3-}\), II = H\(_2\)PO\(_4^{-}\), III = H\(_3\)PO\(_4\), IV = HPO\(_4^{2-}\)

Consider the following statements on microbial metabolism:
(i) Utilization of carbon for cell synthesis is termed as anabolism.
(ii) During catabolism, adenosine triphosphate (ATP) is converted into adenosine diphosphate (ADP).
Choose the correct option from the following:

• (A) (i) and (ii) are correct.
• (B) (i) and (ii) are incorrect.
• (C) (i) is correct and (ii) is incorrect.
• (D) (i) is incorrect and (ii) is correct.

Consider the following figure of an activated sludge process (ASP), depicting the flow (Q), substrate (S), and microorganism concentration (X) at various points in the system, where subscripts “0”, “r”, “w”, “e”, and “i” indicate influent, recycle line, wastage, effluent, and flow from aeration tank to settling tank, respectively. Note that influent to the ASP has microbes too. V is volume of aeration tank.

Choose the correct option for net rate of formation of microorganisms in the system at steady state, from the following

• (A) \(\frac{(Q-Q_w)X_e + Q_wX_r - QX_0}{V}\)
• (B) \(\frac{(Q-Q_w)X_e + Q_wX_r}{V}\)
• (C) \(\frac{(Q-Q_w)X_e + Q_wX_r}{VX_e}\)
• (D) \(\frac{(Q+Q_r)X_i + Q_wX_r}{VX}\)

Consider the following statements:

(i) Sound pressure changes with distance from the source

(ii) Sound power is a property of the source

(iii) Sound intensity is sound power per unit volume

Choose the correct option from the following:

• (A) (i), (ii), and (iii) are correct
• (B) only (i) and (ii) are correct
• (C) only (i) and (iii) are correct
• (D) only (ii) and (iii) are correct

At a pressure of 1 atmosphere and temperature of 25\(^{\circ}\)C, 365 µg m\(^{-3}\) of a pollutant corresponds to a mixing ratio of 139 parts per billion (ppb). The atomic weights: C – 12, H – 1, O – 16, N – 14 and S – 32. Which one of the following options most closely represents the pollutant?

• (A) SO\(_2\)
• (B) NO\(_2\)
• (C) O\(_3\)
• (D) CO

Which option gives the best control strategies for Dioxins and Furans in the flue gas emitted from waste incineration facilities?

• (A) Avoid burning polystyrene (PS) and polyethylene (PE); ensure the furnace temperature above 1000 °C; and use a bag filter for cleaning the flue gas.
• (B) Avoid burning polyvinyl chloride (PVC); quickly cool down the flue gas through the temperature range 400 - 250 °C; and use an activated carbon treatment for the flue gas.
• (C) Avoid burning food wastes; ensure the furnace temperature above 900 ± 50 °C; and use an electrostatic precipitator (ESP) for cleaning the flue gas.
• (D) Avoid burning metal bearing waste; ensure the flue gas temperature above 1000 °C; and use a venturi scrubber for cleaning the flue gas.

Choose the correct option(s) from the following regarding the solubility in water:

• (A) Water is a polar molecule because of the asymmetric distribution of charge between the oxygen and hydrogen atoms of the water molecule.
• (B) In a water molecule, the electrons shared between oxygen and hydrogen are attracted more towards the hydrogen atom.
• (C) Non-polar compounds are highly soluble in water because of their strong interaction with water molecules.
• (D) Aromaticity and charge of molecules influence their solubility in water.

If microbial growth occurs under substrate unlimited conditions, according to Monod’s kinetics, choose the correct option(s) from the following:

• (A) Microbial growth follows zero order with respect to substrate concentration.
• (B) Microbial growth follows first order with respect to substrate concentration.
• (C) Specific growth rate is half of maximum specific growth rate.
• (D) Specific growth rate is almost equal to maximum specific growth rate.

Choose the correct option(s) for removing solids from water.

• (A) chlorination
• (B) coagulation-flocculation-sedimentation followed by slow sand filtration
• (C) chlorination followed by aeration
• (D) slow sand filtration

According to the Bio-Medical Waste Management Rules, 2016, choose the correct option(s) from the following

• (A) Bio-medical waste generated should be taken to a common bio-medical waste management facility except for rural areas where common facility is not available.
• (B) Bio-medical waste generated should not be taken out of the hospital premise as it may contain dangerous pathogenic organisms.
• (C) The red bag containing the human anatomical wastes like amputated body parts, cotton and bandages contaminated with body fluids, etc. should be treated using autoclave or hydroclave to kill the pathogenic organisms.
• (D) Increasing operational temperature of an autoclave from 121 \( ^\circ \mathrm{C} \) (pressure 15 psi) to 149 \( ^\circ \mathrm{C} \) (pressure 52 psi), the residence time requirement for treating bio-medical waste will be reduced by 15 minutes.

A residential family is considering two cities for relocation. The data related to pollutant exposure and associated health cost per year are given in the following figure.





The pollutant exposure is characterized in high, mild and low exposure categories with respective probability values. The difference in expected value of health cost of City1 with respect to that of City 2 is ________ lakhs/year. (rounded off to two decimal places).

The following is a system of linear equations
\begin{align
x - 2y + z &= 34 \quad \text{(1)

2x + y + z &= 102 \quad \text{(2)

x + y - 3z &= 17 \quad \text{(3)
\end{align
The value of \( x + y + z \) is ________. (rounded off to two decimal places)

The value of \( \int_0^\infty \frac{\sin(4x)}{\pi x} \, dx \) is _______\.

A tank has inflow, outflow, and a stirring mechanism. Initially, the tank holds 500 L of a brine solution of concentration 200 g/L. At \( t = 0 \), an inflow of another brine solution of concentration 100 g/L starts entering the tank at the rate of 15 L/minute. At the same time, the outflow of thoroughly stirred mixture also takes place at the same rate so that the volume of brine in the tank remains constant. The brine concentration \( C \) (g/L) in the tank at any time \( t \) (minute) can be expressed by the following differential equation: \[ \frac{dC}{dt} + 0.03 C = 3 \]
The brine concentration in the tank at \( t = 1.5 \) hour is ________ g/L. (rounded off to two decimal places)

Aerobic biomass has a yield coefficient value of 0.4 for glucose (molecular weight = 180 g/mole) substrate. The bacteria is represented as \( C_5H_7O_2N \) (molecular weight = 113 g/mole). Assume that no endogenous metabolism occurs. The percentage of carbon going into CO2 from 1 mole/L glucose is ________ % (rounded off to two decimal places).

If the storm produced a direct runoff of 12.5 mm, then the \(\phi\)-index of the storm for the catchment is ________ mm/hour. (rounded off to two decimal places)

The following table and figure (not to scale) show characteristics of a catchment





The hyetograph resulting from a storm that occurred uniformly over the catchment, is as follows





Assuming a constant base flow of 40 m\(^3\)/s, the peak of the runoff hydrograph produced by storm for the catchment at the outlet \(O\) is ________ m\(^3\)/s. (rounded off to two decimal places)

A homogeneous isotropic confined aquifer of uniform thickness 30 m has hydraulic conductivity of 5 m/day and porosity of 0.3. There are two observation wells X and Y along a radial line from a fully penetrating pumping well at 100 m and 200 m distance, respectively. The well is pumped at a uniform rate to produce steady drawdown of 5 m at X and 3 m at Y. If a non-reactive pollutant enters at the observation well Y, then the time taken by the pollutant (under advection) to reach the observation well X is ________ days. (rounded off to two decimal places)

Diameter (\(d\)) and length (\(l\)) of each pipe are as presented in figure and all pipes are of same material having friction factor (\(f\)) of 0.02. Assume acceleration due to gravity (\(g\)) as 10.0 m/s\(^2\). If the head difference between \(P\) and \(Q\) is 10 m, then the head loss between \(Q\) and \(R\) is ________ m. (rounded off to two decimal places)

A circular sewer pipe, having Manning’s coefficient (n) of 0.01, is laid at a bed slope of 1:100. If it is flowing 80% full for a discharge of 2 m\(^3\)/s, then its diameter is _____ m. (rounded off to three decimal places)

You conducted a batch experiment in the lab for 10 minutes to degrade a toxic compound, which follows first-order kinetics. The compound degrades from \( 2 \times 10^{-3} \, M \) to \( 2 \times 10^{-4} \, M \). The information from the lab experiment will be used to design a plug flow reactor in field conditions.

Given field conditions:

• Flow rate of contaminated water to be treated: 1 m\(^3\)/hour

• Concentration of toxic compound in contaminated water: \( 5 \times 10^{-1} \, M \)

• Target concentration of toxic compound in treated water: \( 1 \times 10^{-4} \, M \)

• Temperature is the same in lab and field conditions.

The required volume of the plug flow reactor is ________ m\(^3\). (rounded off to two decimal places)

A common effluent treatment plant with a capacity of 2 million litres per day (MLD) employs reverse osmosis (RO) for water reuse. The RO unit removes 95% of the total dissolved solids (TDS) and the water recovery rate is 70%. If the TDS concentration in the RO feed is 8000 parts per million (ppm), the TDS in the RO reject is ____ g/L. (rounded off to one decimal place)

A boiler burns coal at a rate of 1 kg/s. If the coal has 3% sulfur content, assuming that there is no sulfur in ash, SO2 emitted is _____ kg/day. (rounded off to nearest integer)

A particle dispersoid has 1510 spherical particles of uniform density. An air purifier is proposed to be used to remove these particles. The diameter-specific number of particles in the dispersoid, along with the number removal efficiency of the proposed purifier is shown in the following table:





The overall mass removal efficiency of the proposed purifier is _____% (rounded off to one decimal place).

An incandescent light bulb operated for two hours per day uses 12.2 kWh of energy per month. Burning of one kg of coal generates 2 kWh of electrical energy and releases 7 g of PM10. The reduction in PM10 emitted per month, if this incandescent bulb is replaced with a light emitting diode (LED) bulb which consumes 1/6th of energy, is ____ g (rounded off to one decimal place).

Length of the streets, in km, are shown on the network. The minimum distance travelled by the sweeping machine for completing the job of sweeping all the streets is ________ km. (rounded off to nearest integer)

A solid waste of composition \( C_{60}H_{135}O_{50}N_5 \) is to be composted aerobically in a closed vessel mechanical composting facility. Given: all ammonia generated escapes the facility; air contains 23% of Oxygen by weight; 100% excess air requirement for the closed vessel composting facility. The atomic weights: C – 12, H – 1, O – 16, N – 14. The actual air required for composting is:

An industry releases three greenhouse gases (GHGs), CO2 (5 kg/day), CH4 (0.5 kg/day), and N2O (0.1 kg/day). The industry flares the CH4 before it is released to the atmosphere. The Global Warming Potential (GWP) are as follows: CO2 = 1, CH4 = 21, N2O = 310. The annual GWP of GHGs released from the industry is ____ kg CO2 equivalent (rounded off to the nearest integer).

Water from a hand pump located near a landfill has 1 mg/L arsenic (oral carcinogenic potency factor = 1.75 (kg-day)/mg). A person who lives nearby drinks 2 L/day of water from this hand pump for 10 years. Assume a body weight of 70 kg and an average life duration of 70 years. The chances of this person getting an excess risk of cancer is ________ \(\times 10^{-3}\) (rounded off to three decimal places).