GATE 2027 Syllabus: Revised Syllabus Released, Branch-Wise PDF Download and Deleted Topics

Planck’s quantum theory, wave-particle duality, Heisenberg’s uncertainty principle, quantum numbers, electronic configurations of atoms and ions, periodic trends (ionization energy, electron affinity, electronegativity, atomic and ionic radii)

Ionic and covalent bonding, MO and VB theories for diatomic molecules, VSEPR theory and molecular geometry, hybridization, dipole moments, hydrogen bonding, van der Waals interactions

Properties and reactions of alkali and alkaline earth metals, allotropy (carbon, sulfur, phosphorus), oxides and halides of nitrogen and sulfur, coordination chemistry (CFSE, crystal field theory), transition metal properties and variable oxidation states

Equilibrium constant expressions (Kc, Kp), Le Chatelier’s principle, Brønsted-Lowry and Lewis acid-base theory, pH calculations, buffer solutions and Henderson-Hasselbalch equation, solubility product and common ion effect

Galvanic and electrolytic cells, standard electrode potentials, EMF calculation, Nernst equation, Faraday’s laws of electrolysis, conductance (equivalent and molar), Kohlrausch’s law

Rate laws and rate constants, order and molecularity, integrated rate equations (zero, first, second order), Arrhenius equation and activation energy, mechanisms of simple reactions, steady-state approximation

First, Second, and Third Laws, enthalpy changes and Hess’s law, entropy and spontaneity, Gibbs free energy and equilibrium, phase equilibria and Clausius-Clapeyron equation

Functional group nomenclature (IUPAC), inductive and mesomeric effects, electrophilic and nucleophilic substitution (SN1, SN2, EAS), addition and elimination reactions, stereochemistry (chirality, enantiomers, diastereomers, R/S nomenclature)

Prokaryotic and eukaryotic cell organization, organelle structure and function (mitochondria, ER, Golgi, lysosomes, chloroplasts), cell membrane (fluid mosaic model), membrane transport (active, passive, facilitated)

Carbohydrates: mono-, di-, polysaccharides (glycogen, starch, cellulose); Lipids: fatty acids, glycerophospholipids, steroids; Proteins: amino acids, peptide bond, protein structure levels, folding and denaturation, Ramachandran plot; Nucleic acids: nucleotide structure, Watson-Crick base pairing, RNA types

Enzyme classification (EC numbering), active site, Michaelis-Menten kinetics, Km and Vmax, Lineweaver-Burk plot, competitive/non-competitive/uncompetitive inhibition, allosteric regulation, covalent modification, coenzymes (NAD+, FAD, CoA)

Glycolysis (steps, regulation, ATP yield), TCA cycle (steps, intermediates), oxidative phosphorylation (ETC, ATP synthase, chemiosmosis), gluconeogenesis, glycogen metabolism, beta-oxidation of fatty acids, fatty acid synthesis, amino acid catabolism, urea cycle

DNA replication enzymes and mechanisms, transcription (RNA polymerases, promoters, termination in prokaryotes and eukaryotes), translation (genetic code, ribosomes, tRNA, initiation/elongation/termination), post-translational modifications, operon model, chromatin remodeling, epigenetic mechanisms

Innate and adaptive immunity, antibody structure and classes, B and T cell biology, MHC molecules, cytokines; Signal transduction: hormone types and receptors, GPCR pathway, RTK pathway, cAMP and IP3 second messengers, MAP kinase cascade, apoptosis pathways

Chromatography (ion exchange, gel filtration, affinity, HPLC, GC), electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE, 2D gel, isoelectric focusing), spectroscopy (UV-Vis, fluorescence, NMR basics, mass spectrometry), centrifugation, PCR (conventional and real-time), ELISA, Western/Southern/Northern blot, CRISPR overview

Botanical nomenclature (ICBN rules), diversity from algae to angiosperms, APG system of classification (new for 2027 syllabus), phylogenetics and cladistics, plant kingdom evolution

Meristems (apical, lateral, intercalary), primary and secondary growth, anatomy of root, stem, and leaf (dicot and monocot), vascular system (xylem and phloem) and ontogeny, wood anatomy

Photosynthesis (light reactions, Calvin cycle, C4 and CAM pathways), plant respiration, water relations and transpiration, mineral nutrition, plant growth regulators (auxins, gibberellins, cytokinins, ABA, ethylene, brassinosteroids), photoperiodism, vernalization, seed dormancy and germination

Mendelian inheritance, chromosomal theory, linkage and crossing over, polyploidy (auto and allopolyploidy), organellar genetics (chloroplast and mitochondrial genomes), molecular markers (RFLP, SSR, SNP)

Types of plant diseases (fungal, bacterial, viral, nematode), Koch’s postulates, pathogenicity mechanisms, plant SAR and hypersensitive response, biological control, integrated disease management

Ecological succession (primary and secondary), biogeochemical cycles (nitrogen, carbon, phosphorus), plant-animal interactions, biodiversity, climate change effects on plants, economically important plants (cereals, pulses, oilseeds, medicinal plants)

Historical milestones (Koch, Pasteur, Leeuwenhoek), three-domain system (Bacteria, Archaea, Eukarya), classification approaches (phenotypic, genotypic, phylogenetic based on 16S rRNA), Bergey’s Manual, extremophiles

Gram-positive vs Gram-negative cell wall (peptidoglycan, LPS), capsule, flagella, pili, endospore significance, sterilization (autoclaving, dry heat, filtration) and disinfection, microscopy types (bright field, phase contrast, fluorescence, electron)

Bacterial growth curve (lag, log, stationary, death phases), generation time, factors affecting growth; aerobic and anaerobic respiration, fermentation types, nitrogen fixation, nitrification, denitrification, chemolithotrophy

Horizontal gene transfer (transformation, transduction, conjugation), plasmids, transposons, mutation types and DNA repair (base excision, NER, SOS), regulation of gene expression (lac and trp operons), sigma factors

Baltimore classification, bacteriophage and animal virus structure, lytic and lysogenic cycles, bacteriophage lambda as a model, animal virus replication stages, prions, antiviral strategies and vaccine types

Pathogenicity factors (adhesins, toxins, capsules, evasion mechanisms), epidemiology of common bacterial and viral diseases, antibiotic classes and resistance mechanisms (efflux pumps, enzyme inactivation, target modification); industrial fermentation, bioremediation, wastewater treatment, food microbiology, biofuels

Salient features of animal phyla from Porifera to Chordata, basis of classification (level of organization, symmetry, coelom, segmentation, notochord), classification of non-chordates and chordates, zoogeography

Lamarckism, Darwinism, Neo-Darwinism (Modern Synthesis), Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium and violations, natural selection types (directional, stabilizing, disruptive), genetic drift, gene flow, speciation mechanisms, molecular phylogeny

Mendelian genetics and extensions (incomplete dominance, codominance, epistasis), linkage and crossing over, sex determination mechanisms, chromosomal aberrations (deletions, inversions, translocations), mutation types and repair, quantitative genetics basics

Digestion and absorption in vertebrates, respiratory mechanisms (gills, lungs, gas exchange), circulation (heart structure, cardiac cycle, blood pressure regulation), excretory systems (kidney structure, urine formation, osmoregulation), nervous system (action potential, synaptic transmission, neurotransmitters), endocrine glands and hormone functions

Gametogenesis (spermatogenesis and oogenesis), fertilization mechanisms, cleavage patterns (holoblastic, meroblastic), blastulation and gastrulation, organogenesis, embryonic induction, stem cell biology, regeneration

Population ecology (exponential and logistic growth, carrying capacity, survivorship curves), community ecology (food webs, succession, niche), energy flow and trophic levels; recombinant DNA in animals, transgenic animal production, PCR and CRISPR-Cas9 applications, monoclonal antibody production

Water activity and food stability, chemistry of carbohydrates (Maillard reaction, gelatinization), proteins in food (denaturation, functional properties), lipid oxidation and rancidity, vitamins and minerals, food additives (preservatives, emulsifiers, antioxidants), nutritional requirements and labeling

Food spoilage mechanisms, foodborne pathogens (Salmonella, Listeria, E. coli O157:H7, Staphylococcus aureus, Clostridium botulinum), fermented foods (bread, cheese, yogurt, beer), HACCP principles and GMP, food preservation (pasteurization, sterilization, refrigeration, MAP, irradiation)

Cereal and pulse milling and processing, dairy technology (milk, cheese, butter, ice cream, yogurt), meat and poultry processing, fruits and vegetable technology (canning, dehydration, freeze drying), beverage technology, bakery and confectionery production

Heat and mass transfer in food systems, psychrometrics and spray drying, drying kinetics, evaporation and concentration, refrigeration and freezing principles, size reduction and sieving, filtration and centrifugation, food packaging materials, rheology of food systems

Discrete Mathematics: propositional and first-order logic, sets, relations, functions, partial orders, lattices, graphs (connectivity, matching, colouring), combinatorics. Linear Algebra: matrix operations, eigenvalues and eigenvectors. Calculus: limits, continuity, differentiation, integration, maxima/minima, sequences and series. Probability: random variables, Bayes’ theorem, distributions (uniform, normal, exponential, Poisson).

Machine instructions, addressing modes, ALU design, data path and control unit, instruction pipelining and hazards, memory hierarchy (cache, main memory, secondary storage), I/O interfaces (interrupt-driven and DMA mode), RISC vs CISC architecture.

Asymptotic notation; searching and sorting (bubble, selection, insertion, merge, heap, quick); divide and conquer; dynamic programming; greedy algorithms; graph algorithms (BFS, DFS, Dijkstra, Bellman-Ford, Prim, Kruskal); complexity classes P, NP, NP-complete and reductions.

Processes and threads; CPU scheduling (FCFS, SJF, priority, round-robin); inter-process communication; synchronization (mutex, semaphore, monitor); deadlock (detection, prevention, avoidance, Banker’s algorithm); memory management (paging, segmentation, virtual memory, TLB, page replacement); file systems; I/O subsystems.

OSI and TCP/IP models; data link layer (framing, error detection/correction, MAC, Ethernet, sliding window protocols); network layer (IP addressing, subnetting, IPv4/IPv6, routing — OSPF, BGP); transport layer (TCP, UDP, flow control, congestion control); application layer (HTTP, FTP, DNS, DHCP, SMTP).

Circuit analysis methods (node/mesh, Thevenin/Norton, superposition); two-port networks; Fourier series and transform; Laplace transform; z-transform; sampling theorem; continuous- and discrete-time LTI systems; transfer functions; signal flow graphs; Bode plots.

Random processes; amplitude modulation (AM, DSB, SSB, VSB); angle modulation (FM, PM); sampling, quantisation, PCM; digital modulation (ASK, FSK, BPSK, QPSK, QAM); matched filter and correlator receivers; bit error probability; multiple access schemes (TDMA, FDMA, CDMA); information theory (entropy, mutual information, channel capacity, Shannon theorem).

Engineering Mechanics: free body diagrams, equilibrium, trusses, frames, virtual work, kinematics and dynamics of rigid bodies, impulse and momentum. Strength of Materials: stress, strain, Hooke’s law, bending and shear stresses, torsion, Mohr’s circle, deflection of beams, columns (Euler’s theory), strain energy. Theory of Machines: velocity and acceleration analysis, cams, gear trains, flywheel, governors. Vibrations: free and forced vibration, resonance, damping. Machine Design: failure theories, fatigue, riveted/bolted/welded joints, bearings, springs.

Fluid Mechanics: fluid properties, manometry, buoyancy, Bernoulli’s equation, momentum equation, viscous flow in pipes, turbulent flow, boundary layer theory, compressible flow. Thermodynamics: laws of thermodynamics, properties of pure substances, open and closed system analysis, power cycles (Rankine, Brayton, Otto, Diesel), refrigeration and heat pump cycles, psychrometrics. Heat Transfer: conduction (steady and transient), convection (forced and free), radiation, heat exchangers. Turbo-machinery: impulse and reaction turbines, centrifugal compressors.

Engineering Mechanics (statics and dynamics); Solid Mechanics (stress, strain, principal stresses, bending, shear, torsion, deflection, buckling); Structural Analysis (trusses, arches, beams, frames, influence lines, matrix methods, plastic analysis); Construction Materials (properties of cement, concrete, steel, timber); Concrete Structures (IS 456 — limit state design of beams, slabs, columns, footings); Steel Structures (IS 800 — tension/compression members, beams, connections).

Network graph theory; KCL and KVL; node and mesh analysis; superposition, Thevenin and Norton theorems; maximum power transfer; transient analysis of RL, RC and RLC circuits; sinusoidal steady-state analysis; resonance; two-port networks; balanced three-phase circuits.

Transformers (single-phase and three-phase, equivalent circuit, losses, efficiency, regulation); DC machines (separately excited, shunt, series — generator and motor, starting, speed control, losses); three-phase induction motor (equivalent circuit, torque-speed, starting, braking); synchronous machines (generator and motor, phasor diagram, armature reaction); special machines (stepper motor, universal motor, BLDC).

Fluid properties (density, viscosity, surface tension); manometry and buoyancy; fluid kinematics (streamlines, streaklines, Reynolds transport theorem); continuity, Bernoulli and momentum equations; laminar and turbulent flow in pipes (Darcy-Weisbach); boundary layer theory (displacement thickness, momentum thickness, Blasius solution); dimensional analysis (Pi theorem, similarity); flow measurement (Pitot tube, Venturi meter, orifice meter).

Crystal structures and crystallography; point, line and surface defects; phase diagrams and phase transformations (lever rule, eutectic, eutectoid); diffusion (Fick’s laws); mechanical properties (stress-strain, fracture, fatigue, creep); electrical and electronic properties (conductors, semiconductors, dielectrics); magnetic and optical properties; processing techniques (casting, powder metallurgy, thin film deposition); characterisation methods (XRD, SEM, TEM, spectroscopy).

Basic concepts and definitions; zeroth law; first law for closed and open systems; second law, entropy, Clausius inequality; availability and exergy analysis; properties of pure substances (phase change, steam tables); ideal gas and van der Waals gas; power cycles (Rankine, Brayton, Otto, Diesel); refrigeration cycles; psychrometrics (humid air, dew point, relative humidity); combustion thermodynamics (heating values, adiabatic flame temperature).

Earth’s atmosphere: composition, structure and general circulation; atmospheric thermodynamics (stability, lapse rate, CAPE); radiation balance (solar and terrestrial); synoptic-scale weather systems (cyclones, anticyclones, fronts); ocean structure (temperature, salinity, density); ocean currents and thermohaline circulation; tides; El Niño-Southern Oscillation (ENSO) and its teleconnections; planetary boundary layer and turbulence.

Classification of textile fibres; gross and fine structure of natural fibres (cotton, wool, silk); introduction to bast fibres; properties of man-made fibres (polyester, nylon, acrylic, viscose) and high-performance fibres (carbon, aramid, UHMWPE); blend identification and analysis. Yarn parameters (linear density of sliver, roving, yarn; twist; hairiness; tenacity; evenness testing; fault analysis). Fabric properties (thickness, compressibility, stiffness, shear, drape, crease recovery, tear and bursting strength, pilling, abrasion resistance; tensile testing of fabrics). Textile chemical processing: pretreatment, dyeing, printing, finishing. Weaving and knitting technology basics.

Engineering Mathematics: Linear Algebra, Calculus, Differential Equations, Probability and Statistics, Numerical Methods.
Basics of Mechatronics: Position, velocity, force and torque sensors; vision sensors; actuators (DC/AC motors, servo motors, stepper motors, pneumatic and hydraulic actuators); signal conditioning circuits; microcontrollers and PLCs in automation.
Principles of Robotics and Automation: Forward and inverse kinematics; Denavit-Hartenberg (DH) parameters and convention; robot workspace analysis and singularities; robot dynamics (Newton-Euler formulation); trajectory and path planning (joint-space and Cartesian-space); manufacturing automation concepts (CNC machining, flexible manufacturing systems, material handling, conveyor systems).