GATE 2024 Psychology (XH-C5) Question Paper PDF (Available) - Download Solutions with Answer Key Pdf

Step 1: Interpreting the analogy.
The sequence "simmer — seethe — smolder" suggests a gradual increase in intensity related to heat or emotion.

Similarly, in "break — raze —," we need a word that indicates a stronger, more destructive action than "raze."

Step 2: Reviewing the options.
- Obfuscate: Refers to making something unclear or confusing, not related to destruction.
- Obliterate: Means to completely destroy, making it suitable for the analogy.
- Fracture: Refers to breaking into parts, which is less intense than "raze."
- Fissure: Indicates a crack or split, also less severe than "raze."

Step 3: Concluding the solution.
"Obliterate" is the most appropriate word to complete the analogy as it represents the greatest level of destruction.

Step 1: Problem setup.
House numbers on one side are consecutive odd integers starting from 301. On the other side, they are consecutive even integers starting from 302. Let "n" represent the number of houses on each side.

Step 2: Sum of odd-numbered houses.
Using the arithmetic progression formula, the sum is: n × (n + 300).

Step 3: Sum of even-numbered houses.
Similarly, the sum of even-numbered houses is: n × (n + 301).

Step 4: Calculating the difference in sums.
Given that the difference between the sums is 27:
301n - 300n = 27, which simplifies to n = 27.

Step 5: Final conclusion.
The number of houses on each side of the road is 27.

Step 1: Simplify the given equation.
Starting with:
(p/q)^p/q = (p/q)^{(p/q - 1)}
Rewriting as:
q^q / p^q = p^{p/q - 1}.
Equating the powers of p and q:
q^p = p^q.

Step 2: Verification.
The relationship q^p = p^q satisfies the given equation.

Step 1: Analyze the given sequence.
The sequence shows a pattern where each number is one less than a power of 2.

Step 2: Express each term.
3 = 2² - 1, 7 = 2³ - 1, 15 = 2⁴ - 1, X = 2⁵ - 1 = 31.
The subsequent terms follow the same pattern: 63 = 2⁶ - 1, 127 = 2⁷ - 1, 255 = 2⁸ - 1.

Step 3: Conclusion.
The missing term X is 31.

Step 1: Understand the motion of the second and minute hands.
The second-hand completes one full revolution (360 degrees) in 60 seconds, while the minute-hand completes one revolution in 3600 seconds (1 hour).

Step 2: Calculate the crossings in one minute.
In one minute, the second-hand crosses the minute-hand exactly once.

Step 3: Calculate the crossings between 12:05:00 and 12:55:00.
The time interval between 12:05:00 and 12:55:00 is 50 minutes. Hence, the second-hand and minute-hand will cross each other exactly 50 times during this period.

Step 4: Conclusion.
The total number of crossings is 50.

Step 1: Analyze the grammar.
Each blank requires a verb that agrees with the subject and fits the tense of the sentence.

- (i) holds: Matches the singular subject "athletics."
- (ii) waits: Agrees with the singular subject "crowd."
- (iii) culminate: Fits the progression of actions leading to a conclusion.
- (iv) pivots: Aligns with the description of the athlete's motion.

Step 2: Conclusion.
The correct answer is (4).

Step 1: Problem Setup.
We are tasked with finding the number of unique circular arrangements of 5 units, out of which 2 are alike (E and E).

Step 2: Formula for circular arrangements.
The total number of arrangements in a circle, accounting for repetition, is given by:
Number of arrangements = (n-1)! / k!.
Here, n = 5 and k = 2 (for E and E).

Step 3: Substituting the values.
Number of unique arrangements = (5-1)! / 2! = 4! / 2 = 12.

Step 4: Conclusion.
The total number of unique arrangements is 12.

Step 1: Understanding Capacity Factor.
The capacity factor is the ratio of actual electricity generation to the maximum possible electricity generation over a given time.

Step 2: Extract data from the chart.
T1: 14,000 MWh / 20 MW.
T2: 9,000 MWh / 25 MW.
T3: 8,000 MWh / 30 MW.
T4: 7,000 MWh / 35 MW.

Step 3: Calculate the Capacity Factor for each technology.
T1: 0.7 (70%)
T2: 0.36 (36%)
T3: 0.267 (26.7%)
T4: 0.2 (20%)

Step 4: Conclusion.
T1 has the highest capacity factor (70%).

The rule specifies that the number in each cell indicates the count of crosses (X) in its immediate neighbors. To solve this:

1. Identify the cells with numbers in the first three columns. The numbers guide the arrangement of crosses around each cell to satisfy the count. Each number limits the placement of X in its neighboring cells.
2. Determine the empty column's capacity for crosses. Check the fourth column for constraints imposed by neighboring numbers in the third column. Ensure the placement of crosses in the fourth column does not violate the numbers in the third column.
3. Calculate the maximum number of crosses in the fourth column. By observing the constraints and ensuring no violations, it is possible to place 2 crosses in the empty column.

Thus, the maximum number of crosses in the empty column is 2.

Step 1: Use the trigonometric relationship.
During the half-moon phase, the Earth-Moon-Sun form a right triangle. Using the tangent of the Moon-Earth-Sun angle (89.85°):
tan(θ) = Earth-Moon distance / Earth-Sun distance.
Rewriting:
Earth-Sun distance = Earth-Moon distance / tan(θ).

Step 2: Substitute the values.
With θ = 89.85°, tan(θ) ≈ 0.002618. Hence:
Earth-Sun distance / Earth-Moon distance = 1 / 0.002618 ≈ 382.

Step 3: Conclusion.
The ratio of Earth-Sun to Earth-Moon distances is closest to 382.

The passage illustrates Amma’s strong feelings about women’s rights and her vocal dissatisfaction with the inequality she faced. While she continues her role as a mother and wife, her complaints and dissatisfaction reflect a sense of protest. The key phrase, "I am a doormat on which everyone wipes their emotional dirt off," highlights her resistance to societal expectations, albeit in a subdued manner.

Key Analysis:
- Amma’s strong feelings and complaints about being taken for granted indicate she is protesting her situation.
- She does not accept her condition passively, ruling out resignation.
- Her dissatisfaction does not suggest a compromise or contentment but aligns with an underlying protest.

The passage describes the tightness and discomfort experienced by the speaker. The use of the words "feet," "shoes," and "pain" clearly indicates that the answer should relate to footwear. Thus, the correct choice is:
(i) patent-leather shoes
(ii) shoes
(iii) patent-leather shoes
(iv) feet

In this context, "ignite" refers to awakening or inspiring inner energy and positivity. The word "encourage" best matches the meaning of "ignite" here, as it implies motivating or instilling energy for constructive efforts.

Option (B) uses proper punctuation rules for dialogue and quoted speech:

• The quoted statement is enclosed in single quotation marks.
• Commas are correctly placed after "book" and "said."
• The internal quotation maintains proper punctuation for clarity.

The correct tense sequence is:

• (i) "had" indicates a past effect attributed to Darwin's work.
• (ii) "has" signifies the continuing influence of this work on the development of environmental politics in the present.

The relationship between ‘Music’ and ‘Notes’ is that Notes are the basic components or elements that constitute Music.
Similarly, in the case of ‘House: Bricks,’ Bricks are the basic components used to construct a House.

Incorrect options:

• (A) Water: Cold drink – Water is an ingredient, not a structural component.
• (B) Paper: Class Notes – Class Notes are written on Paper but are not structural components of Paper.
• (D) Graphite: Charcoal – Graphite is a material in Charcoal but does not constitute the entire structure.

To determine the code for "CLICK," we need to identify the pattern used to code the given words:

1. Assign numerical values to the letters based on their position in the alphabet:
   • A = 1, B = 2, C = 3, ..., Z = 26.
2. Compute the sum of the letter values for "RAMAN" and "MAP":
   • RAMAN = 18 + 1 + 13 + 1 + 14 = 47. Add 5 → 52.
   • MAP = 13 + 1 + 16 = 30. Add 3 → 33.
3. Apply the same pattern to "CLICK":
   • CLICK = 3 + 12 + 9 + 3 + 11 = 38. Add 5 → 43.

Analyzing each assumption:

1. "Suffering is because of wants" aligns with "Desire is the cause of suffering."
2. "Life is not always full of suffering" is valid because "Life has suffering" does not imply it is constant.
3. "The eightfold path can reduce suffering" is directly supported by "Desire can be reduced by following the noble eightfold path."
4. "Suffering is caused by life" is not valid; while life has suffering, the cause is identified as desire.

Thus, only assumptions 1, 2, and 3 are valid.

To determine the code for "CREATION," analyze the pattern used to encode "KARAMCHAND" into "ICPCKEFCLF."

1. Divide "KARAMCHAND" into pairs of letters: KA, RA, MC, HA, ND. Transform each pair:
   • KA → IC: Shift each letter two steps backward.
   • RA → PC: Shift each letter two steps backward.
   • MC → KE: Shift each letter two steps backward.
   • HA → FC: Shift each letter two steps backward.
   • ND → LF: Shift each letter two steps backward.
2. Apply the same pattern to "CREATION":
   • CR → AT: Shift each letter two steps backward.
   • EA → CC.
   • TI → RK.
   • ON → MP.
3. Combine the transformed pairs: ATCCRKMP.

Thus, the correct answer is (A) ATCCRKMP.

The arrangement rule involves two processes:

1. Words are arranged in alphabetical order from left to right in each step.
2. Numbers are arranged in descending order from right to left in each step.

For the input: cb kb eb 58 49 23 38 jb nb gb 69 82,

Step-by-step arrangement proceeds as follows:

Step 1: eb cb kb 49 23 38 jb nb gb 69 82 58

Step 2: eb cb gb kb 23 38 jb nb 82 69 58 49

Step 3: eb cb gb jb kb 38 nb 82 69 58 49 23

Step 4: eb cb gb jb kb nb 82 69 58 49 38 23

In Step 4, 58 is the third from the right.

We need to deduce the code for "earned maximum points" by analyzing the given phrases and their codes:

1. Analyze the given codes:
   • 'they play cricket together' = mv kb lb iv
   • 'they score maximum points' = gb lb mb kv
   • 'cricket score earned points' = mb gv kb kv
   • 'points are earned together' = kv mv ob gv
2. Identify individual word codes:
   • From 'points': Appears in multiple phrases → Code for 'points' is kv.
   • From 'earned': Appears in multiple phrases → Code for 'earned' is gv.
   • From 'maximum': Appears in one phrase → Code for 'maximum' is gb.
3. Combine the codes for 'earned', 'maximum', and 'points':
   • 'earned' = gv
   • 'maximum' = gb
   • 'points' = kv

Final code for 'earned maximum points': gv gb kv.

The argument in the passage is that human intelligence increased due to structural changes in the brain, not overall size. Let’s evaluate the options:

• Option (A): Weakens the argument by refuting the hypothesis of region-specific brain development being linked to human progress.
• Option (B): Is irrelevant as it speculates on Neanderthals' extinction, which does not contradict the argument.
• Option (C): Is speculative and unrelated to the argument's premise.
• Option (D): Does not weaken the argument as it highlights Neanderthals' behavior rather than structural changes.

Thus, the correct answer is (A).

The narrator reflects on their writing style and preferences, which indicates a self-conscious and confessional tone. They openly discuss their personal experiences and choices, demonstrating a desire to communicate their perspective effectively.

• Self-conscious: Reflects the narrator's awareness of their writing style and limitations.
• Confessional and communicating: Demonstrates a willingness to share their experiences and writing philosophy.
• Incorrect options:
  • Apologetic and regretful: The narrator shows no regret or apology.
  • Egotistical and vain: There is no indication of arrogance in the passage.

The stated problem focuses on student absenteeism in a post-pandemic scenario. The most logical steps would involve:

1. Understanding the reasons for absenteeism through surveys (Option C).
2. Addressing the issues faced by students via counselling sessions (Option B).

Analysis of incorrect options:

• Option A: Disciplinary action is reactive and does not address the underlying issues.
• Option D: Changing course content without understanding the reasons for absenteeism may not resolve the issue.

Thus, the most appropriate steps are conducting surveys (Option C) and organizing counselling sessions (Option B).

Analyzing the passage:

1. Statement (A): Supported by the author's explicit goal to inform educators about "brain science related to emotion and learning."
2. Statement (C): Valid because the passage highlights that "integrating the lens of emotion and the brain" may be new for educators, indicating the uniqueness of the approach.
3. Statement (D): A logical inference, as the author emphasizes designing learning experiences that "support emotions for learning."

Note: Statement (B) does not follow directly as the focus is on integrating emotions rather than general strategies for teaching.

Analyzing the statement:

• A's mother is the daughter of B's mother. This means that B's mother is A's grandmother.
• Therefore, B is either A's maternal uncle or maternal aunt, depending on B's gender.

Since the gender of B is not specified in the question, both options Uncle (A) and Aunt (B) are plausible.

Systematic sampling is a probability sampling technique where a random starting point is chosen, and every kth element is selected from the population.

1. Key Points:
   • The sampling interval (k) is kept constant throughout.
   • This method ensures that the sample is evenly distributed over the population.

Thus, the correct answer is (B) Systematic sampling.

The strength of a correlation is determined by the absolute value of the correlation coefficient (r).
Key Points:

1. The closer the absolute value of r is to 1, the stronger the correlation.
2. In this case:
   • |-0.86| = 0.86
   • |+0.68| = 0.68
   • |+0.59| = 0.59
   • |-0.05| = 0.05
3. Therefore, -0.86 represents the strongest relationship.

The independent variable is the factor that the researcher manipulates to observe its effect on the dependent variable.
In this experiment:

1. The researcher is manipulating room temperature to study its effect on aggression.
2. The dependent variable is aggression, as it is being measured in response to the change in room temperature.

In a left-skewed (negatively skewed) distribution:

1. The tail of the distribution extends to the left.
2. This indicates that most of the data points are concentrated at higher values, while fewer data points are at lower values.

Psychoanalysis, developed by Sigmund Freud, relies heavily on the case study method to understand individual psychological processes.
Key Points:

• Case studies provide detailed insights into unconscious motives and past experiences.
• Surveys and observations are not the primary methods in psychoanalysis.

In statistical terms:

• A Type I error (false positive) occurs when a true null hypothesis is rejected. In this case, the court wrongly convicts an innocent victim.
• A Type II error (false negative) occurs when a false null hypothesis is not rejected. Here, the court fails to convict the actual criminal due to a lack of evidence.

• The criminal's acquittal for lack of evidence is a Type II error.
• Sentencing the victim wrongly is a Type I error.

In Darwinian terms:

• Fitness refers to an organism's ability to survive in its environment and produce a large number of fertile offspring.
• It is a key concept in natural selection, where organisms with higher fitness are more likely to pass on their genes to the next generation.

• (A) Selection: Refers to the process driving evolution but does not directly define the ability to produce offspring.
• (B) Intersexual competition: Refers to competition between individuals of the same species for mates.
• (C) Evolution: Refers to the change in genetic composition over generations, but fitness is a component of this process.

Step 1: Understanding Emotion-focused Coping:
Emotion-focused coping is a strategy where individuals attempt to manage their emotional responses to a stressful situation instead of addressing the problem itself.

Step 2: Application to the Question:
The question describes regulating emotions to minimize distress, which is directly aligned with the concept of emotion-focused coping.

Grounded theory emphasizes that theoretical ideas and concepts should emerge directly from the data collected, rather than being imposed prior to data collection.

Incorrect options:

• (B) Theory precedes the data: Grounded theory does not advocate this.
• (C) Integration of data with researchers’ interpretations: This is a general research methodology aspect but does not define grounded theory.
• (D) Conducting in-depth interviews and focus groups: While these are methods, they do not define grounded theory.

In a normal distribution:

• Approximately 68% of the data lies within one standard deviation (±1) from the mean.
• Approximately 95% of the data lies within two standard deviations (±2) from the mean.
• Approximately 99% of the data lies within three standard deviations (±3) from the mean.

Step 1: Definition of Binocular Cues:
Binocular cues are depth perception cues that rely on the use of both eyes.

Step 2: Role of Convergence:
Convergence occurs when the eyes turn inward to focus on nearby objects. The extent of inward turning provides information about the object's distance.

Step 3: Elimination of Other Options:
Other options, such as motion parallax and texture gradient, are monocular cues, while convergence is a binocular cue.

Step 1: Matching Schedules with Descriptions:
- Fixed Ratio: Matches with (c), as reinforcement is given after a fixed number of responses.
- Fixed Interval: Matches with (d), as reinforcement is provided after a fixed time interval.
- Variable Ratio: Matches with (a), as reinforcement is provided after an unpredictable number of responses.
- Variable Interval: Matches with (b), as reinforcement is provided after varying time intervals.

Step 2: Verifying the Matches:
The matching sequence is I-c, II-d, III-a, IV-b.

Step 1: Understanding the Process:
Long-term memory retrieval often involves reconstructing information by gathering bits from different sources.

Step 2: Applying the Concept:
This process is referred to as constructive processing, where the memory is not just retrieved but actively reconstructed.

Step 1: Definition of Heuristics and Biases:
This model explains decision-making based on simplifying strategies or rules of thumb derived from past experiences and events.

Step 2: Eliminating Other Options:
- Bounded rationality considers cognitive limitations but not explicitly heuristics.
- Social and economic rationality models focus on social interactions and economic factors, respectively.

Step 3: Correct Model:
The correct model is Judgment heuristics and biases.

Step 1: Defining Cognitive Imitation:
Cognitive imitation involves understanding and replicating a sequence of actions in different contexts.

Step 2: Application to the Scenario:
Monkey-A learns not just by mimicking but by understanding the sequence, indicating cognitive imitation.

Matching Theories and Psychologists:
- Classical Conditioning: Ivan Pavlov
- Instrumental Conditioning: E. L. Thorndike
- Insightful Learning: W. Kohler
- Trial & Error Learning: B. F. Skinner

The correct match is I-a, II-b, III-c, IV-d.

Charles Spearman is known for his two-factor theory of intelligence (d).
Arthur Jensen is associated with Level-I & Level-II abilities (a).
L. L. Thurstone's theory focuses on the structure of intelligence (c).
Robert Sternberg proposed the triarchic theory of intelligence (b).
J. P. Guilford's work emphasizes primary mental abilities (e).

Thus, the correct match is I-d, II-a, III-c, IV-b, V-e.

Phenomenological theory focuses on individuals' subjective experiences and their interpretations of reality.
It emphasizes how people perceive the world uniquely from their own frame of reference.
Thus, the correct answer is Phenomenological theory (C).

A hypothesis is a tentative answer that describes the relationship between independent and dependent variables.
The Alternate Hypothesis states a specific relationship or effect.
The Null Hypothesis states no significant relationship exists between the variables.
Thus, both Alternate Hypothesis (A) and Null Hypothesis (B) are correct.

Independent variables are manipulated to observe their effects on dependent variables.
They are referred to as Explanatory Variables because they explain changes in the dependent variable.
They are also called Exogenous Variables as they originate outside the model being studied.
Thus, the correct answers are (A) and (C).

Data fabrication and salami slicing are unethical research practices.
Data collection and statistical analysis, when conducted ethically, are not considered unethical.
Thus, the correct answer is (C, D).

In observational, correlational, and descriptive research methods, variables are not actively manipulated.
In experimental research, variables are manipulated to observe their effects.
Thus, the correct answer is (A, C, D).

Distribution-free tests, also known as non-parametric tests, do not assume a specific data distribution.
- Pearson correlation assumes normality and is not distribution-free.
- Spearman's rho is a non-parametric measure of rank correlation, making it distribution-free.
- Kruskal-Wallis H test is a non-parametric equivalent of ANOVA, hence distribution-free.
- Analysis of variance (ANOVA) assumes normality and equal variances, so it's not distribution-free.
Thus, the correct answer is (B, C).

- Visual sensory memory (A) holds visual information briefly, for a fraction of a second.
- Short-term memory (C) temporarily holds information while it's being processed or used.
- Selective attention (B) helps transfer information to long-term memory but is not directly responsible for the transfer.
- Echoic memory (D) lasts longer than iconic memory (visual sensory memory).
Thus, the correct answer is (A, C).

- Object permanence (A) develops in the sensorimotor stage, not the pre-operational stage.
- Centration (B), focusing on one feature, and irreversibility (C), inability to reverse actions, are key features of the pre-operational stage.
- Conservation and reversibility (D) develop in the concrete operational stage (7-11 years).
Thus, the correct answer is (B, C).

- IRT explains how test items function in relation to a latent trait or ability (A).
- It assesses item functionality by analyzing response patterns (B).
- IRT assumes a single latent trait rather than many underlying traits (C).
- Logistic functions with parameters model the relationship between ability and item response in IRT (D).
Thus, the correct answer is (A, B, D).

Groupthink occurs when a group's desire for harmony results in irrational decision-making.
- Excessive optimism and risk-taking (A) and interpreting silence as consent (B) are characteristics of groupthink.
- Members reducing effort (C) describes social loafing, not groupthink.
- Lack of clarity (D) is unrelated to groupthink.
Thus, the correct answer is (A, B).

Fiedler's Contingency Model focuses on the fit between leadership style and situation favorableness.
- Leader-member relations (A): Quality of relationships between leader and members.
- Leader's position power (B): Authority associated with the leader's role.
- Personal power (C) and individual consideration (D) are unrelated to Fiedler's model.
Thus, the correct answer is (A, B).

Culture-fair tests are designed to minimize cultural and language biases by focusing on non-verbal reasoning and problem-solving abilities.
1. Raven's Progressive Matrices (A): Generally considered culture-fair as it relies on abstract reasoning without language dependency.
2. Dynamic Progressive Matrices (B): While related to Raven's matrices, it may involve elements that are not entirely free of cultural influences.
3. Advanced Progressive Matrices (C): Typically classified as culture-fair due to its focus on non-verbal reasoning.
4. Millennium Progressive Matrices (D): This variation may introduce cultural dependencies, making it less culture-fair in certain contexts.
Thus, the correct answers are (B, D).

Reliability assesses the consistency and stability of a test's results:
- (A) Test-retest reliability: Consistency over time.
- (B) Inter-rater reliability: Consistency across evaluators.
- (C) Split-half reliability: Consistency within a test.
- (D) Validity measures accuracy, not reliability.
Thus, the correct answers are (A, B, C).

Defense mechanisms are unconscious strategies to manage difficult emotions:
- (A) Projection: A classic defense mechanism.
- (B) Frustration: An emotional state, not a defense mechanism.
- (C) Introspection: A reflective process, not a defense mechanism.
- (D) Rationalization: A classic defense mechanism.
Thus, the correct answers are (B, C).

Effect size quantifies the difference between group means:
Effect size = (Mean of experimental group - Mean of population) / Standard deviation
Effect size = (540 - 500) / 100 = 0.40
Thus, the effect size is 0.40.

Steps to calculate the standard deviation:
1. Calculate the mean:
Mean = (8 + 6 + 6 + 9 + 6 + 5 + 6 + 2) / 8 = 48 / 8 = 6
2. Calculate the squared differences from the mean:
(8 - 6)^2 = 4, (6 - 6)^2 = 0, ..., (2 - 6)^2 = 16
3. Sum of squared differences: 4 + 0 + ... + 16 = 30
4. Calculate the variance: Variance = 30 / 8 = 3.75
5. Calculate the standard deviation: √3.75 ≈ 1.92
Thus, the standard deviation is 1.92.