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Reproduction is the production of young ones from the existing ones. This is the chief means of the existence and survival of species on the earth.
Reproduction is of two types -
- Asexual reproduction
- Sexual reproduction
Asexual Reproduction: The kind of reproduction without the union of gametes is called asexual reproduction. The offspring from this kind of reproduction is identical to the parent. It is commonly seen in less advanced organisms like amoeba, paramecium, plasmodium, etc.
Asexual Reproduction
Sexual Reproduction: The kind of reproduction through the union of gametes is called sexual reproduction. It occurs in all higher plants and animals. It takes place through special organs called gonads. Male gonads produce male gametes and female gonads produce female gametes. Fertilisation can be external or internal. On fertilisations haploid male and female gametes unite to form a diploid zygote. The zygote grows into an embryo and an adult.
Sexual Reproduction
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MCQs on Reproduction in Organisms
Ques. Which of the following statements is true regarding reproduction?
- It is an energy-conserving process
- It is seen in all organisms including viruses.
- It is for the perpetuation of species
- It is not important for evolution.
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Answer: c) It is for the perpetuation of species
Explanation: a) is wrong because reproduction is an energy-wasting process, b) is wrong because it is not seen in viruses, d) is wrong because it is important for evolution. c) is right as it is a must for the multiplication and existence of a species.
Ques. What is the term used to describe a mass of similar organisms formed from a single parent?
- Clone
- Progeny
- Offspring
- Callus
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Answer: a) Clone
Explanation: The term used to describe a mass of similar organisms formed from a single parent is the clone. Progeny and offspring are young ones borne to a single parent or two parents. A callus is a uniform mass of tissue formed in a test tube from an explant in tissue culture experiments.
Ques. Which of the following is a correct match?
- Paramecium - longitudinal binary fission
- Plasmodium - transverse binary fission
- Amoeba - binary fission and multiple fission
- Leishmania - budding
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Answer: c) Amoeba - binary fission and multiple fission
Explanation: Transverse binary fission occurs in Paramecium; multiple fission occurs in Plasmodium; Longitudinal binary fission occurs in Leishmania. Amoeba is such a microscopic organism in which both binary fission and multiple fission occur.
Ques. Which of the following is a wrong match?
- Offset - Eichornia
- Root tuber - Turmeric
- Stem tuber - Potato
- Rhizome - Ginger
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Answer: b) Root tuber - Turmeric
Explanation: Eichornia is propagated through offsets; Potato is propagated through stem tubers with eyes; Ginger has a horizontal and underground modified shoot called a rhizome. Turmeric is also propagated by underground rhizomes, just like that of ginger.
Ques. There is a plant in which the leaf develops tiny buds and plantlets along its margin. Identify the plant.
- Agave
- Murraya
- Sweet potato
- Bryophyllum
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Answer: d) Bryophyllum
Explanation: Agave is propagated by floral buds; Murraya is propagated by radical buds (buds on roots); sweet potato is a root crop that is propagated by buds on roots; Bryophyllum is propagated by epiphyllous buds along the leaf margins.
Ques. Which of the following statements is true regarding sexual reproduction?
- It involves only one parent.
- It does not require a reduction division called meiosis.
- It creates variations and evolution.
- It is the most common type of reproduction in lower organisms.
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Ans: c) It creates variations and evolution.
Explanation: Sexual reproduction starts with a reduction division called meiosis. It results in the formation of male and female gametes in male and female parents. It is the most common type of reproduction in higher plants and animals, Because of the fusion of gametes and mixing of DNA, variations, and thereby evolution take place.
Ques. The process of formation of gametes is facilitated by
- Equational division
- Reduction division
- Mitotic division
- Amitotic division
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Answer: b) Reduction division
Explanation: Mitotic division and equational division are the same. Here there is no reduction of chromosome number. The amitotic division is a primitive kind of cell division. Reduction division is meiosis.
Ques. What is not true regarding flowering plants?
- Many flowering plants produce seeds.
- Many flowering plants pollinate through insects.
- All flowering plants show double fertilization.
- Triple fusion is the fusion of an egg and a male gamete.
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Answer: d) Triple fusion is the fusion of an egg and a male gamete.
Explanation: Many flowering plants produce seeds and pollinate through insects. In double fertilisation, one male gamete unites with an egg cell and another with a secondary polar nucleus. The fusion of two polar nuclei and a male gamete is called triple fusion.
Ques. Which of the following is the wrong pair?
- Calyx - protection
- Corolla - attraction
- Androecium - seed formation
- Gynoecium - fertilisation
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Answer: c) Androecium - seed formation
Explanation: Calyx is the green outermost whorl of a flower that protects the flower in its bud condition; corolla consists of colourful petals that attract insects for pollination; Androecium consists of anthers that release pollen grains; Gynoecium consists of an ovary where fertilisation takes place.
Ques. Where does fertilisation take place in human females?
- Uterus
- Cervix
- Fallopian tube
- Vagina
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Ans: c) Fallopian tube
Explanation: In the uterus implantation of the foetus takes place; the cervix is the base of the vagina; the vagina is a tube at the beginning of the female reproductive system; Fertilisation takes place in fallopian tubes. Here sperm and ova reach.
Ques. What are the female hormones secreted by ovaries in human beings?
- Testosterone and estrogen
- Estrogen and progesterone
- Testosterone and progesterone
- Estrogen and prolactin
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Answer: b) Estrogen and progesterone
Explanation: Testosterone is a male hormone produced by testes; estrogen and progesterone are female hormones produced by ovaries; prolactin is produced by the pituitary gland after the birth of a child.
Ques. Which of the following sets of animals show external fertilisation?
- Fish, frog, and salamander
- Fish, snake, and echidna
- Snake, goat, and whale fish
- Fish, frog, and turtle.
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Answer: a) Fish, frog, and salamander
Explanation: External fertilisation is seen in fishes and amphibians (frogs and salamanders). Internal fertilisation is seen in reptiles (snake and turtle) and mammals (echidna and whale fish)
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