CBSE Class 12 Syllabus 2027: Subject-Wise Topics, Topic-Wise Weightage and PDF Download

Passage 1: Discursive, literary, or narrative unseen passage — tasks on comprehension, analysis, inference, and interpretation — approximately 12 marks.
Passage 2: Case-based factual passage with visual inputs such as charts, graphs, or tables — approximately 10 marks.
Combined word limit for both passages: 700-750 words.

Notice writing (up to 50 words) or Advertisement — 4 marks.
Article writing or Report writing (120-150 words based on verbal inputs) — 8 marks.
Formal/business letter writing (based on a given situation) — 6 marks.

Flamingo — Prose: The Last Lesson, Lost Spring, Deep Water, The Rattrap, Indigo, Poets and Pancakes, The Interview, Going Places.
Flamingo — Poetry: My Mother at Sixty-Six, An Elementary School Classroom in a Slum, Keeping Quiet, A Thing of Beauty, A Roadside Stand, Aunt Jennifer’s Tigers.
Vistas (Supplementary Reader): The Third Level, The Tiger King, Journey to the End of the Earth, The Enemy, On the Face of It, Memories of Childhood, Evans Tries an O-Level.

Electric charges and conservation; Coulomb’s law; Electric field and field lines; Electric flux; Gauss’s law and applications; Electric potential; Equipotential surfaces; Potential energy; Capacitors and capacitance; Parallel plate capacitor; Dielectrics; Combination of capacitors; Energy stored in a capacitor

Electric current; Ohm’s law; Electrical resistance; Resistivity and conductivity; V-I characteristics; Drift velocity; Kirchhoff’s laws; Wheatstone bridge; Meter bridge; Potentiometer and its applications; Cells, EMF, and internal resistance; Cells in series and parallel

Biot-Savart law; Ampere’s circuital law; Straight wire and solenoid; Force on a moving charge; Force between parallel conductors; Torque on a current loop; Moving coil galvanometer; Cyclotron; Bar magnet properties; Gauss’s law in magnetism; Earth’s magnetic field; Dia-, para-, and ferromagnetic substances

Faraday’s laws of electromagnetic induction; Lenz’s law; Induced EMF and current; Eddy currents; Self-inductance; Mutual inductance; AC generator; Peak and RMS values; Reactance and impedance; LC oscillations; LCR circuits; Resonance; Power in AC circuits; Power factor; Transformers

Need for displacement current; Maxwell’s equations (qualitative); Electromagnetic waves characteristics; Transverse nature; Electromagnetic spectrum: radio waves, microwaves, infrared, visible light, UV, X-rays, gamma rays; Properties and uses of each type

Reflection at curved mirrors; Refraction; Total internal reflection; Refraction at spherical surfaces; Lenses; Prism — dispersion; Scattering of light; Optical instruments (simple and compound microscope, astronomical telescope); Huygens’ principle; Interference and Young’s double slit experiment; Diffraction at a single slit; Resolving power; Polarisation; Brewster’s law

Photoelectric effect; Hertz and Lenard’s observations; Einstein’s photoelectric equation; Particle nature of light — photon; Wave nature of matter; de Broglie hypothesis; de Broglie wavelength; Davisson-Germer experiment

Alpha particle scattering experiment; Rutherford’s nuclear model; Bohr model of hydrogen atom; Energy levels and spectral series; Atomic masses; Composition and size of nucleus; Nuclear force; Mass defect; Binding energy per nucleon; Nuclear fission and fusion; Radioactivity; Laws of radioactive decay; Half-life and mean life

Energy bands in conductors, semiconductors, insulators; Intrinsic and extrinsic semiconductors; p-n junction diode; I-V characteristics; Diode as rectifier; Special-purpose diodes (Zener diode, LED, photodiode, solar cell); Junction transistor; Action of transistor; Transistor as amplifier and switch; Logic gates (AND, OR, NOT, NAND, NOR); Truth tables

Types of solutions; Solubility; Henry’s law; Vapour pressure of solutions; Raoult’s law; Ideal and non-ideal solutions; Colligative properties — relative lowering of vapour pressure, elevation of boiling point, depression of freezing point, osmotic pressure; Determination of molar mass; Abnormal molar masses; Van’t Hoff factor

Electrochemical cells; Galvanic cells; Electrode potential; Nernst equation; Equilibrium constant from EMF; Electrochemical series; Conductance in electrolytic solutions; Kohlrausch’s law; Batteries (primary and secondary); Fuel cells; Corrosion

Rate of chemical reaction; Factors affecting rate; Rate law; Order and molecularity; Integrated rate equations (zero, first order); Half-life; Pseudo-first order reactions; Temperature dependence; Activation energy; Arrhenius equation; Collision theory of chemical reactions

General characteristics of transition elements; Electronic configuration; Variable oxidation states; Magnetic properties; Catalytic properties; Interstitial compounds; Alloy formation; Preparation and properties of KMnO4 and K2Cr2O7; Lanthanoids — electronic configuration and oxidation states; Actinoids

Werner’s theory; Ligands and their types; Coordination number; IUPAC nomenclature; Isomerism — structural and stereoisomerism; Valence bond theory; Crystal field theory; Colour and magnetic properties of coordination compounds; Stability constants; Biological importance (haemoglobin, chlorophyll)

Classification and nomenclature; Nature of the C-X bond; Preparation of haloalkanes; Physical and chemical properties; Substitution reactions — SN1 and SN2; Stereochemistry of SN reactions; Preparation and reactions of haloarenes; Polyhalogen compounds and their environmental effects

Classification and nomenclature; Preparation of alcohols and phenols; Physical and chemical properties; Acidic character of phenols vs. alcohols; Electrophilic aromatic substitution in phenols; Reactions of ethers; Industrially important compounds — methanol and ethanol

Nomenclature and nature of carbonyl group; Preparation of aldehydes and ketones; Physical and chemical properties; Nucleophilic addition; Aldol condensation; Cannizzaro reaction; Oxidation reactions; Uses of aldehydes and ketones; Carboxylic acids — preparation, physical and chemical properties, reactions, uses

Classification and nomenclature; Structure; Methods of preparation; Physical properties; Basic character of amines; Chemical reactions; Diazonium salts — preparation and importance in synthetic organic chemistry

Carbohydrates — mono-, di-, and polysaccharides; Proteins — amino acids, peptide bond, polypeptides, denaturation; Enzymes — mechanism and importance; Nucleic acids — structure of DNA and RNA; Vitamins; Hormones

Types of relations; Types of functions; Composition of functions; Invertible functions; Binary operations; Principal value branch; Domain and range of inverse trigonometric functions; Properties and graphs of inverse trigonometric functions; Elementary properties

Matrix notation; Types of matrices; Operations — addition, scalar multiplication, matrix multiplication; Transpose; Symmetric and skew-symmetric matrices; Elementary row and column operations; Invertible matrices; Minors and cofactors; Properties of determinants; Adjoint of a matrix; Area of a triangle; Solution of system of linear equations using Cramer’s rule and matrix method

Continuity and differentiability; Chain rule; Derivatives of composite, implicit, exponential, and logarithmic functions; Second-order derivatives; Rolle’s and Lagrange’s theorems; Rate of change; Increasing and decreasing functions; Tangents and normals; Approximations; Maxima and minima; Integration as inverse of differentiation; Methods of integration — substitution, partial fractions, integration by parts; Definite integrals and their properties; Area under curves; Formation and solution of differential equations — variable separable, homogeneous, linear first order

Types of vectors; Addition, subtraction, scalar multiplication; Scalar and vector products; Scalar triple product; Direction cosines and direction ratios; Equation of a line in vector and Cartesian form; Angle between two lines; Equation of a plane; Angle between two planes; Coplanarity of lines; Shortest distance between two skew lines; Distance of a point from a plane

Linear Programming Problem (LPP) formulation; Graphical method of solution; Feasible region; Corner point method; Optimal solution; Applications — diet problem, manufacturing problem, transportation problem

Conditional probability; Multiplication theorem on probability; Independent events; Total probability; Bayes’ theorem; Random variables and probability distributions; Mean and variance of a random variable; Bernoulli trials and binomial distribution

Flower structure; Microsporogenesis and megasporogenesis; Pollen-pistil interaction; Pollination (types and agents); Double fertilisation; Post-fertilisation events; Development of seed and fruit; Male and female reproductive systems; Menstrual cycle; Fertilisation and embryo development; Reproductive health; Contraception; STIs; ART — IVF, ZIFT, GIFT

Mendel’s laws of inheritance; Chromosomal theory of inheritance; Linkage and crossing over; Sex determination; Mutation; Genetic disorders — haemophilia, sickle cell anaemia, Down’s syndrome, colour blindness; DNA structure (Watson-Crick model); DNA replication; Transcription; Genetic code; Translation; Regulation of gene expression; Human Genome Project; DNA fingerprinting; Origin of life; Darwinism and Neo-Darwinism; Hardy-Weinberg principle; Speciation; Brief account of evolution

Immune system; AIDS; Cancer; Common diseases (typhoid, pneumonia, malaria, amoebiasis, ringworm); Drug and alcohol abuse; Plant breeding techniques; Biofortification; Animal husbandry; Single cell protein; Tissue culture; Role of microbes in household products; Industrial uses of microbes; Sewage treatment; Biogas production; Biofertilisers and biopesticides

Principles of biotechnology; Recombinant DNA technology (rDNA); Restriction endonucleases; Cloning vectors; Competent host; PCR; Gel electrophoresis; Transgenic organisms; GM crops — Bt cotton and Golden Rice; Insulin production; Gene therapy; Molecular diagnostics; ELISA; Ethical issues in biotechnology

Organisms and their environment; Population attributes and growth models (exponential and logistic); Population interactions; Ecosystem structure and function; Productivity; Decomposition; Energy flow; Nutrient cycling (carbon, phosphorus); Ecological succession; Ecosystem services; Biodiversity patterns; Loss of biodiversity; Conservation — in situ and ex situ; Environmental issues — air and water pollution, solid waste management, ozone depletion, greenhouse effect, deforestation