CBSE Class 12 Syllabus 2027: Subject-Wise Topics, Marks Weightage and PDF Download

Two unseen passages (factual or discursive, 400–500 words each). Questions cover MCQs, short answers, vocabulary in context, and note-making. Skills tested: global comprehension, local comprehension, inference.

Writing tasks: Notice, Advertisement, Formal Letters (letter to editor, job application, complaint), Report, Article, Speech / Debate. Grammar: gap-filling (tenses, modals, prepositions, articles), sentence reordering, error correction.

Flamingo (Prose): The Last Lesson, Lost Spring, Deep Water, The Rattrap, Indigo, Poets and Pancakes, The Interview, Going Places.
Flamingo (Poetry): My Mother at Sixty-Six, An Elementary School Classroom in a Slum, Keeping Quiet, A Thing of Beauty, A Roadside Stand, Aunt Jennifer’s Tigers.
Vistas (Supplementary Reader): The Third Level, The Tiger King, Journey to the End of the Earth, The Enemy, On the Face of It, Memories of Childhood.

Electric charges and conservation, Coulomb’s law in vector form, superposition principle, electric field and field lines, Gauss’s theorem and applications (wire, sphere, plane), electric potential, equipotential surfaces, energy of a system of charges, conductors and insulators, dielectrics and polarisation, capacitors (series and parallel), energy stored in a capacitor, Van de Graaff generator.

Drift velocity and mobility, Ohm’s law, resistivity and temperature dependence, V-I characteristics, carbon resistors and colour code, series and parallel combinations, Kirchhoff’s laws (junction and loop), Wheatstone bridge, metre bridge, potentiometer (measurement of EMF and internal resistance), combination of cells.

Biot-Savart law, Ampere’s law, solenoid and toroid, Lorentz force, motion of a charge in a magnetic field, cyclotron, force between parallel conductors, torque on a current loop, moving-coil galvanometer. Bar magnet as a dipole, Earth’s magnetism, diamagnetism, paramagnetism, ferromagnetism, hysteresis loop, permanent magnets.

Faraday’s laws, Lenz’s law, motional EMF, eddy currents, self-inductance, mutual inductance, AC generator. Peak and RMS values, reactance and impedance, LCR series circuit, resonance, power in AC circuits, power factor, wattless current, LC oscillations, transformer.

Reflection at spherical mirrors, refraction (Snell’s law), total internal reflection, lenses (thin lens formula, lens-maker’s equation, power, combination), refraction through prisms, scattering of light, optical instruments (simple and compound microscope, astronomical telescope). Huygens’ principle, interference (Young’s double-slit, fringe width), diffraction at single slit, resolving power, polarisation (Brewster’s law, Malus’s law, polaroids).

Alpha-particle scattering, Rutherford’s nuclear model, Bohr model, energy levels, hydrogen spectrum. Composition and size of nucleus, binding energy per nucleon, mass-energy relation, radioactivity (alpha/beta/gamma decay), radioactive decay law, half-life, nuclear fission and chain reaction, nuclear fusion.

Energy bands in conductors, semiconductors, and insulators, intrinsic and extrinsic semiconductors, p-n junction, forward and reverse bias, rectifier, Zener diode as voltage regulator, LED, photodiode, solar cell, transistor (CE configuration), transistor as amplifier and switch, logic gates (AND, OR, NOT, NAND, NOR), universal gates.

Amorphous and crystalline solids, crystal lattices, unit cells (cubic, bcc, fcc), packing efficiency, density calculation from unit cell, point defects (Schottky and Frenkel, stoichiometric and non-stoichiometric), electrical and magnetic properties of solids.

Types of solutions, solubility (Henry’s law), Raoult’s Law for volatile and non-volatile solutes, ideal and non-ideal solutions. Colligative properties: relative lowering of vapour pressure, elevation of boiling point, depression in freezing point, osmotic pressure; abnormal molar mass, van’t Hoff factor.

Galvanic cells, electrode potential, standard electrode potential, Nernst equation, EMF of a cell, Gibbs energy and EMF. Electrolytic conductance, molar conductivity, Kohlrausch’s law. Faraday’s laws of electrolysis. Batteries (primary, secondary, fuel cells), corrosion.

Rate of reaction, factors affecting rate, rate expression, rate constant, order and molecularity. Integrated rate equations (zero-order and first-order), half-life, pseudo-first order reactions. Temperature dependence: Arrhenius equation, activation energy, collision theory.

Modes of occurrence of metals, concentration methods (froth flotation, magnetic separation, leaching). Thermodynamic and electrochemical principles of extraction. Refining methods (distillation, liquation, electrolytic). Extraction of copper, zinc, iron, and aluminium.

Group 15: properties of nitrogen family, oxides of nitrogen, ammonia, nitric acid, phosphorus allotropes, oxoacids of phosphorus. Group 16: oxygen, allotropes of sulphur, SO2, H2SO4 (contact process). Group 17: properties of halogens, interhalogen compounds, oxoacids of halogens. Group 18: noble gases, xenon compounds.

Transition metals: general characteristics, electronic configuration, variable oxidation states, colour, magnetic properties, catalytic properties. Important compounds: KMnO4 and K2Cr2O7 (preparation, properties, uses). Lanthanoids and actinoids: electronic configuration, oxidation states, lanthanoid contraction.

Ligands, coordination number, colour, IUPAC nomenclature, Werner’s theory. Isomerism: structural (ionisation, linkage, hydrate, coordination) and stereoisomerism (geometrical and optical). Bonding: VBT, CFT. Stability constants, biological and industrial applications.

Classification, nomenclature, optical rotation, chirality. Preparation from alcohols and alkenes. Reactions: SN1 and SN2 (mechanism and stereochemistry), elimination reactions, Wurtz reaction, Finkelstein reaction. Reactions of aryl halides, nucleophilic aromatic substitution. Polyhalogen compounds (DDT, Freons, chloroform).

Classification, nomenclature, methods of preparation. Reactions of alcohols (oxidation, dehydration, esterification). Acidic character of phenols; reactions of phenols (Kolbe’s reaction, Reimer-Tiemann, halogenation, sulphonation). Williamson’s synthesis; reactions of ethers.

Nomenclature, preparation and reactions of aldehydes and ketones. Nucleophilic addition reactions (mechanism). Aldol condensation, Cannizzaro reaction, cross-aldol. Reactivity comparison: aldehydes vs ketones. Carboxylic acids: acidity, preparation, reactions (esterification, decarboxylation, Hell-Volhard-Zelinsky reaction).

Classification, nomenclature, basicity (factors affecting, comparison with ammonia). Preparation: reduction of nitro compounds, Gabriel phthalimide synthesis, Hofmann bromamide reaction. Reactions: alkylation, acylation, carbylamine test. Diazonium salts: Sandmeyer reaction, coupling reactions.

Carbohydrates: classification (monosaccharides, disaccharides, polysaccharides), structure of glucose and fructose, glycosidic bond. Proteins: amino acids, peptide bond, primary to quaternary structure, denaturation. Enzymes, vitamins (fat- and water-soluble). Nucleic acids: DNA double helix, RNA types, biological roles.

Classification of polymers (source, structure, mode of polymerisation). Addition and condensation polymerisation. Copolymerisation. Natural rubber and vulcanisation. Important synthetic polymers: nylon-6, nylon-6,6, polyester (Dacron), Bakelite, PHBV. Biodegradable polymers.

Drugs: classification (analgesics, tranquillisers, antibiotics, antiseptics, disinfectants, antacids, antihistamines), drug-target interaction. Chemicals in food: preservatives, artificial sweetening agents, antioxidants. Cleansing agents: soaps and synthetic detergents, action of cleansing agents.

Types of relations (reflexive, symmetric, transitive, equivalence); types of functions (one-one, onto, bijective); composition; invertible functions; binary operations. Inverse trig functions: domain, range, principal value branches, identities.

Matrices: types, operations (addition, scalar multiplication, multiplication), transpose, symmetric and skew-symmetric. Determinants: properties, minors, cofactors, area of triangle, adjoint, inverse, Cramer’s rule, solving linear equations (matrix method).

Continuity, differentiability (chain rule, implicit, logarithmic, parametric). Second-order derivatives, Rolle’s theorem, MVT. Applications: rate of change, tangents/normals, maxima/minima. Integration: substitution, partial fractions, by parts; definite integrals and properties; area under curves and between two curves. Differential equations: formation, variable separable, homogeneous, linear (integrating factor).

Vectors: types, addition, scalar multiplication, dot product, cross product, scalar triple product. 3D Geometry: direction cosines, direction ratios, equations of lines and planes (vector and Cartesian), angle between two lines/planes, distance from a point to a plane.

Conditional probability, multiplication theorem, independent events, total probability theorem, Bayes’ theorem. Random variable, probability distribution, mean and variance. Bernoulli trials, binomial distribution.

Asexual reproduction in organisms, sexual reproduction in flowering plants (microsporogenesis, megasporogenesis, pollination, double fertilisation, seed and fruit formation, apomixis). Human reproduction: male and female reproductive systems, gametogenesis, menstrual cycle, fertilisation, embryo development, parturition, lactation. Reproductive health: STDs, contraception methods, MTP, infertility (IVF, ZIFT, GIFT).

Mendel’s laws, chromosomal theory of inheritance, linkage and crossing over, sex determination, sex-linked inheritance, mutations, genetic disorders (Down’s syndrome, haemophilia, colour blindness). Molecular basis: DNA structure (Watson-Crick model), replication (semiconservative), transcription (prokaryotes and eukaryotes), genetic code, translation, gene regulation (lac operon), Human Genome Project, DNA fingerprinting. Evolution: origin of life, Darwinism, Hardy-Weinberg principle, adaptive radiation, human evolution.

Human health and disease: common diseases (typhoid, malaria, amoebiasis), AIDS (HIV structure, transmission), cancer (types, causes, treatment), immunity (innate and acquired, vaccines), drugs and alcohol abuse. Microbes in human welfare: food processing (dairy, bread, beverages), antibiotics, sewage treatment, biogas, biocontrol agents (Bt, Trichoderma), biofertilisers (Rhizobium, Azolla, mycorrhiza).

Principles: recombinant DNA technology — tools (restriction enzymes, vectors, gel electrophoresis, PCR), cloning, bioreactors. Applications: GM organisms (Bt cotton, herbicide-tolerant plants), insulin production (Humulin), gene therapy (ADA deficiency), transgenic animals, ELISA, DNA fingerprinting, biopiracy, GEAC.

Organisms and populations: habitat, niche, population growth models (logistic and exponential), interspecific interactions (mutualism, competition, predation, parasitism, commensalism). Ecosystem: structure, productivity, energy flow, nutrient cycling (carbon and phosphorus). Biodiversity: types, patterns, loss (causes), conservation (in-situ: biosphere reserves, national parks; ex-situ: seed banks, zoos).

Fundamentals: Nature of partnership, Partnership Deed, fixed and fluctuating capital accounts, Profit and Loss Appropriation Account, interest on capital and drawings, past adjustments, guarantee of profit.
Goodwill: concept, factors affecting, methods of valuation — Average Profit, Super Profit, Capitalisation.
Reconstitution — Admission: new and sacrificing ratios, treatment of goodwill (AS-26), revaluation of assets/liabilities, adjustment of accumulated profits, adjustment of capitals.
Retirement and Death: gaining ratio, goodwill treatment, revaluation, settlement of amount due, treatment of Joint Life Policy, executor’s account on death.
Dissolution: settlement of accounts, Realisation Account, piecemeal distribution.

Share Capital: types of shares (equity, preference), issue at par/premium/discount, calls-in-arrears, calls-in-advance, pro-rata allotment, forfeiture and reissue of shares.
Debentures: types, issue at par/premium/discount, issue as collateral security, redemption methods (sinking fund, payment at maturity, purchase in open market, conversion), Debenture Redemption Reserve.
Financial Statements: Balance Sheet (Schedule III format), Statement of Profit and Loss — preparation and adjustments.

Comparative Statements (horizontal analysis), Common Size Statements (vertical analysis). Accounting Ratios: Liquidity (Current Ratio, Quick Ratio), Solvency (Debt-Equity, Proprietary, Total Assets to Debt, Interest Coverage), Activity (Inventory Turnover, Debtors Turnover, Payables Turnover, Working Capital Turnover, Fixed Assets Turnover), Profitability (GP Ratio, NP Ratio, Operating Profit Ratio, ROI, EPS).

Meaning of cash and cash equivalents, AS-3 (Revised). Classification: Operating activities (indirect method), Investing activities, Financing activities. Preparation from financial data. Adjustments for non-cash items (depreciation, goodwill written off) and working capital changes.