CBSE Class 12 Syllabus 2027: Subject-Wise Topics, Weightage and PDF Download

Chapter 1: Electric Charges and Fields — Coulomb’s law, Electric field and field lines, Electric flux, Gauss’s theorem and applications.
Chapter 2: Electrostatic Potential and Capacitance — Electric potential, Equipotential surfaces, Potential energy, Capacitors (series and parallel), Van de Graaff generator.

Chapter 3: Current Electricity — Ohm’s law, Resistivity, Colour code for resistors, Kirchhoff’s laws, Wheatstone bridge, Metre bridge, Potentiometer.

Chapter 4: Moving Charges and Magnetism — Biot-Savart law, Ampere’s law, Force on a conductor, Cyclotron, Galvanometer, Ammeter, Voltmeter.
Chapter 5: Magnetism and Matter — Bar magnet, Magnetic dipole, Earth’s magnetism, Dia-, Para- and Ferromagnetism, Permanent magnets and electromagnets.

Chapter 6: Electromagnetic Induction — Faraday’s laws, Lenz’s law, Eddy currents, Mutual and self-inductance, Transformers.
Chapter 7: Alternating Current — Peak and rms values, LC oscillations, Resonance, Power factor, Wattless current.

Chapter 8: Electromagnetic Waves — Displacement current, EM spectrum (radio waves, microwaves, infrared, visible, UV, X-rays, gamma rays) and their uses.

Chapter 9: Ray Optics and Optical Instruments — Reflection, Refraction, Total internal reflection, Lenses and mirrors, Microscopes and telescopes.
Chapter 10: Wave Optics — Huygens’ principle, Interference (Young’s double slit experiment), Diffraction, Polarisation.

Chapter 11: Dual Nature of Radiation and Matter — Photoelectric effect, Einstein’s photoelectric equation, de Broglie hypothesis, Davisson-Germer experiment.
Chapter 12: Atoms — Rutherford’s model, Bohr’s model, Atomic spectra, Hydrogen spectrum.
Chapter 13: Nuclei — Radioactivity (alpha, beta, gamma decay), Nuclear binding energy, Nuclear fission and fusion.

Chapter 14: Semiconductor Electronics — Energy band theory, p-n junction diode, Rectifiers (half wave and full wave), Zener diode, Transistor action, Transistor as amplifier and switch, Logic gates (OR, AND, NOT, NAND, NOR).

Types of solutions, Raoult’s law, Vapour pressure, Colligative properties (osmotic pressure, boiling point elevation, freezing point depression), Van’t Hoff factor, Abnormal molar masses.

Electrolytic and metallic conductance, Kohlrausch’s law, Electrolysis, Galvanic cells, EMF, Nernst equation, Gibbs energy, Equilibrium constant, Fuel cells, Corrosion.

Rate of reaction, Rate law, Integrated rate equations (zero and first order), Half-life, Activation energy, Arrhenius equation, Collision theory.

General properties of transition metals, Preparation and properties of KMnO4 and K2Cr2O7, Lanthanoids — electronic configuration and oxidation states, Actinoids.

Werner’s theory, IUPAC nomenclature, Isomerism (structural and stereo), Valence Bond theory, Crystal Field theory, Stability constants, Importance of coordination compounds.

Classification, IUPAC nomenclature, Preparation, Nucleophilic substitution reactions (SN1, SN2), Optical rotation, Reactions of aryl halides.

Preparation, physical and chemical properties of alcohols, phenols, and ethers. Acidic nature of phenols. Williamson synthesis. Lucas test.

Nomenclature, Nucleophilic addition reactions, Aldol condensation, Cannizzaro reaction, Tollens’ and Fehling’s tests, Carboxylic acid derivatives and reactions.

Classification, Preparation, Basicity and factors affecting it, Electrophilic substitution in aniline, Diazonium salts and their uses.

Carbohydrates (classification and reducing sugars), Proteins (structure and functions), Enzymes, Vitamins, Nucleic acids (DNA and RNA).

Classification of polymers, Addition and condensation polymerisation, Copolymerisation, Natural and synthetic rubber, Biodegradable polymers.

Drugs — classification and mechanism of action, Chemicals in food (preservatives, artificial sweeteners), Cleansing agents (soaps and detergents).

Relations and Functions — Types of relations (reflexive, symmetric, transitive), Types of functions, Invertible functions, Composition of functions.
Inverse Trigonometric Functions — Domain and range, Principal value branch, Properties and identities.

Matrices — Types of matrices, Operations, Transpose, Symmetric and skew-symmetric matrices, Elementary operations, Invertible matrices.
Determinants — Cofactors, Adjoint, Properties, Applications (area of triangle, solutions of equations).

Continuity and Differentiability (9 marks) — Continuity, Chain rule, Derivatives of implicit functions, Logarithmic differentiation, Rolle’s and Mean Value theorems.
Applications of Derivatives (8 marks) — Rate of change, Increasing/decreasing functions, Tangents and normals, Approximations, Maxima and minima.
Integrals (9 marks) — Integration by substitution, By parts, Partial fractions, Definite integrals and their properties.
Applications of Integrals (5 marks) — Area under simple curves, Area between two curves.
Differential Equations (7 marks) — Order and degree, Formation of DEs, Methods of solving (variable separable, homogeneous, linear).

Vectors — Magnitude and direction cosines, Types of vectors, Dot product, Cross product, Scalar triple product.
Three-Dimensional Geometry — Direction cosines and ratios of a line, Equations of lines and planes, Coplanarity, Angle between planes, Distance from a point to a plane.

Linear Programming Problems — Mathematical formulation, Feasible and infeasible regions, Corner point method, Objective function, Optimal solution.

Conditional probability, Multiplication theorem, Independence of events, Bayes’ theorem, Probability distribution of a random variable, Mean and variance, Bernoulli trials, Binomial distribution.

Chapter 1: Reproduction in Organisms — Modes of reproduction, Vegetative propagation, Asexual and sexual reproduction, Life span of organisms.
Chapter 2: Sexual Reproduction in Flowering Plants — Flower structure, Male and female gametophytes, Pollination, Fertilisation, Double fertilisation, Development of endosperm and embryo, Apomixis, Polyembryony.
Chapter 3: Human Reproduction — Male and female reproductive systems, Spermatogenesis, Oogenesis, Menstrual cycle, Fertilisation, Implantation, Embryonic development, Parturition, Lactation.
Chapter 4: Reproductive Health — Population stabilisation, Contraceptive methods (barrier, chemical, IUDs, surgical), MTP, Sexually transmitted infections, Infertility and ART.

Chapter 5: Principles of Inheritance and Variation — Mendel’s laws, Incomplete dominance, Co-dominance, Multiple alleles, Pleiotropy, Linkage and crossing over, Sex determination (XX-XY, ZZ-ZW), Mutation, Chromosomal disorders, Pedigree analysis.
Chapter 6: Molecular Basis of Inheritance — DNA structure (Watson-Crick model), Packaging of DNA, DNA replication, Transcription, Translation, Regulation of gene expression (lac operon), Human Genome Project, DNA fingerprinting.
Chapter 7: Evolution — Origin of life (chemical evolution), Theories of evolution (Lamarckism, Darwinism, Modern synthetic theory), Hardy-Weinberg principle, Adaptive radiation, Brief account of human evolution.

Chapter 8: Human Health and Disease — Common diseases (typhoid, pneumonia, common cold, malaria, amoebiasis, ascariasis, elephantiasis), Immunity (innate and acquired), Active and passive immunity, Lymphoid organs, Vaccination, Allergies, Auto-immunity, Cancer types and treatment, AIDS, Drugs and alcohol abuse.
Chapter 9: Strategies for Enhancement in Food Production — Animal husbandry, Inbreeding and outbreeding, Plant breeding steps (introduction, hybridisation, mutation, polyploidy), Biofortification, Single cell protein, Tissue culture and somatic hybridisation.
Chapter 10: Microbes in Human Welfare — Microbes in food processing (fermentation), Industrial products (antibiotics, organic acids, enzymes), Biogas production, Sewage treatment, Biocontrol agents, Biofertilisers.

Chapter 11: Biotechnology — Principles and Processes — Recombinant DNA technology, Restriction enzymes, Cloning vectors (plasmids, bacteriophages), Competent host cells, PCR, Gel electrophoresis, Bioreactors.
Chapter 12: Biotechnology and Its Applications — Bt crops (Bt cotton, Bt brinjal), Pest-resistant plants, RNA interference, Genetically engineered insulin, Gene therapy, Molecular diagnosis (PCR, ELISA), Golden rice, Ethical issues in GMOs, Biopiracy.

Chapter 13: Organisms and Populations — Organism-environment interaction, Habitat and niche, Population attributes (birth rate, death rate, age pyramids), Population growth models (logistic and exponential), Interspecific interactions (predation, parasitism, mutualism, commensalism).
Chapter 14: Ecosystem — Ecosystem structure and function, Productivity, Decomposition, Energy flow, Ecological pyramids, Nutrient cycles (carbon, phosphorus), Ecosystem services.
Chapter 15: Biodiversity and Conservation — Patterns of biodiversity, Importance of biodiversity (direct and indirect values), Loss of biodiversity and its causes, Hotspots, Endangered species, Conservation strategies (in situ — national parks, biosphere reserves; ex situ — gene banks, zoological parks).
Environmental Issues — Air pollution (sources and effects), Water pollution, Solid waste management, Agrochemicals, Greenhouse effect and global warming, Ozone depletion, Deforestation and its impact.