CBSE Class 12 Syllabus 2027: Subject-Wise Topics, Marks Weightage and PDF Download

Electric charge; Coulomb’s law and superposition; Electric field lines and Gauss’s law; Electrostatic potential and potential energy; Equipotential surfaces; Capacitors — capacitance, parallel plate, energy stored; Dielectrics and polarisation; Ohm’s law; V-I characteristics; Drift velocity; Resistivity; Temperature dependence; Kirchhoff’s laws; Wheatstone bridge; Potentiometer applications

Biot-Savart law; Ampere’s circuital law; Lorentz force; Cyclotron; Bar magnet as magnetic dipole; Earth’s magnetism; Magnetic properties of materials; Faraday’s laws and Lenz’s law; Motional EMF; Self and mutual inductance; AC voltage and current; Impedance; Resonant circuits; Power factor; Transformers

Displacement current; EM spectrum and uses; Reflection and refraction at spherical surfaces; Total internal reflection; Lenses and mirrors (sign convention and formula); Microscopes and telescopes; Huygens’ principle; Young’s double slit experiment; Interference; Single slit diffraction; Resolving power; Polarisation by reflection and scattering

Photoelectric effect; Einstein’s photoelectric equation; Work function; Particle nature of light (photon); de Broglie wavelength; Davisson and Germer experiment

Rutherford’s scattering experiment; Bohr’s model and energy levels; Hydrogen spectrum; Atomic mass and nuclear binding energy; Radioactivity (alpha, beta, gamma decay); Decay law; Nuclear fission and fusion

Energy bands in conductors, insulators, semiconductors; p-type and n-type semiconductors; p-n junction diode (forward and reverse bias); Half-wave and full-wave rectifiers; Zener diode; npn and pnp transistors; Logic gates: NOT, AND, OR, NAND, NOR

Types of solutions; concentration terms (molarity, molality, mole fraction, mass percentage); vapour pressure; Raoult’s law; ideal and non-ideal solutions; colligative properties (relative lowering of vapour pressure, elevation of boiling point, depression of freezing point, osmotic pressure); determination of molar mass; abnormal molar mass; Van’t Hoff factor

Electrochemical cells; Galvanic cells; electrode potential; standard electrode potential; Nernst equation; Gibbs energy and EMF; conductance in electrolytic solutions; specific and molar conductance; Kohlrausch’s law; electrolysis; Faraday’s laws; primary and secondary batteries; fuel cells; corrosion

Rate of chemical reactions; factors affecting rate; rate expression and rate constant; order and molecularity; integrated rate equations (zero order and first order); half-life; pseudo first order reactions; Arrhenius equation; activation energy; temperature dependence; collision theory

Electronic configuration of d-block elements; general properties (atomic radii, ionisation enthalpy, oxidation states, colour, magnetic properties); potassium dichromate — preparation, properties, uses; potassium permanganate — preparation, properties, uses; lanthanoids; lanthanoid contraction; actinoids

Ligands and coordination number; IUPAC nomenclature; Werner’s theory; Valence Bond Theory (VBT); Crystal Field Theory (CFT) — splitting, colour, magnetic properties; isomerism (structural: ionisation, linkage, coordination; stereoisomerism: geometrical, optical); biological importance of coordination compounds

Nomenclature; nature of C-X bond; methods of preparation; physical and chemical properties; SN1 and SN2 mechanisms; stereochemistry of substitution; optical activity; polyhalogen compounds (DDT, freons, their effects)

Nomenclature and classification; preparation of alcohols and phenols; physical and chemical properties; acidic nature of phenols; reactions of phenol (electrophilic substitution); ethers — preparation and properties; commercially important alcohols and phenols

Nomenclature; nucleophilic addition reactions; reduction and oxidation; aldol condensation; Cannizzaro reaction; Clemmensen and Wolff-Kishner reduction; carboxylic acids — acidity; esterification; decarboxylation; Tollens’ test; Fehling’s test; Benedict’s test

Nomenclature and classification; preparation methods; physical and chemical properties; basicity comparison; reactions with acids; acylation and sulphonation; diazonium salts — preparation, properties, and synthetic applications (Sandmeyer and Gattermann reactions)

Carbohydrates — classification, monosaccharides (glucose and fructose), disaccharides, polysaccharides; proteins — amino acids, peptide bonds, structure, denaturation, enzymes; vitamins — fat-soluble and water-soluble; nucleic acids — DNA and RNA structure and function; hormones

Types of relations (reflexive, symmetric, transitive, equivalence); types of functions (one-one, onto, bijective); composition; invertible functions; binary operations; principal value of inverse trig functions; domain and range of inverse trig functions; properties and graphs of inverse trig functions

Types of matrices; algebra of matrices; transpose; symmetric and skew-symmetric matrices; elementary row and column operations; invertible matrices; cofactors; properties of determinants; adjoint; area of triangle; system of linear equations (Cramer’s rule, matrix method)

Continuity and differentiability; chain rule; derivatives of composite, implicit, parametric, and inverse trig functions; Rolle’s theorem and Lagrange’s MVT; rate of change; increasing and decreasing functions; tangents and normals; maxima and minima (first and second derivative test); integration as inverse of differentiation; substitution; partial fractions; integration by parts; definite integrals; properties; area bounded by curves; formation and solution of differential equations (variable separable, homogeneous, linear first order)

Vectors and scalars; types of vectors; addition and scalar multiplication; dot product (scalar product) and cross product (vector product); scalar triple product; direction cosines and ratios; equations of lines and planes; angle between lines, planes, line and plane; distance of a point from a plane; coplanarity of lines

Formulation of LPP; graphical method; feasible and infeasible regions; corner point method; diet, allocation, and transportation type problems

Conditional probability; multiplication theorem; independent events; total probability theorem; Bayes’ theorem; random variables and probability distributions; mean and variance of random variable; Bernoulli trials; binomial distribution

Flower structure (microsporangium and megasporangium); development of male and female gametophytes; pollination types (self and cross); agents of pollination; outbreeding devices; pollen-pistil interaction; double fertilisation; post-fertilisation events; seed and fruit formation; apomixis; polyembryony; male reproductive system — testes, accessory glands; female reproductive system — ovaries, oviducts; spermatogenesis and oogenesis; menstrual cycle; fertilisation in humans; embryonic development; implantation; pregnancy; parturition; lactation; population explosion and growth; birth control methods; STDs; infertility; ART techniques (IVF, GIFT, ZIFT, AI)

Mendel’s laws; monohybrid cross; test cross; dihybrid cross; chromosomal theory; linkage and crossing over; sex determination (XX-XY; ZW-ZZ; X0); sex-linked inheritance (haemophilia, colour blindness); mutation; chromosomal disorders (Down syndrome, Turner’s, Klinefelter’s); pedigree analysis; DNA structure (Watson-Crick model); DNA packaging in chromosomes; DNA replication (enzymes and mechanism); transcription in prokaryotes and eukaryotes; genetic code and its features; translation (ribosomes, tRNA); gene regulation — lac operon (inducible); Human Genome Project (goals, findings); DNA fingerprinting; origin of life; Darwin’s theory of natural selection; Hardy-Weinberg law; evolution evidence (fossil record, comparative anatomy, embryology); adaptive radiation; speciation; brief account of human evolution

Common diseases in humans — typhoid, pneumonia, malaria, amoebiasis, ringworm; immunity types (innate and acquired; humoral and cell-mediated); active and passive immunity; vaccination; allergy; auto-immune diseases; AIDS — causative agent, transmission, prevention; cancer — types and treatment; drugs and alcohol abuse; effects and prevention; microbes in household products (curd, bread, toddy); industrial products (antibiotics, ethanol, organic acids, bioactive molecules); sewage treatment (primary and secondary); biogas production from microbes; biocontrol agents (Bacillus thuringiensis, Trichoderma, NPV); biofertilizers (Rhizobium, mycorrhiza, cyanobacteria)

Principles of genetic engineering; restriction endonucleases — types and action; cloning vectors (plasmid, bacteriophage); Ti plasmid; recombinant DNA technology steps; PCR — principle and applications; gel electrophoresis; bioreactors; downstream processing; BT cotton (Cry proteins, Bollgard); BT brinjal; golden rice; gene therapy — ADA deficiency example; molecular diagnostics — ELISA; DNA probe; transgenic animals — benefits; ethical issues in biotechnology; biopiracy and patents

Organism and its environment; major abiotic factors; population attributes (birth rate, death rate, age distribution, sex ratio); population growth — exponential and logistic models; life history variations; population interactions — predation, competition, parasitism, commensalism, mutualism, amensalism; ecosystem structure — biotic and abiotic; productivity (GPP, NPP, secondary productivity); decomposition steps; energy flow (ten percent law); ecological pyramids; nutrient cycling (carbon and phosphorus); succession; ecosystem services; biodiversity — genetic, species, ecological; patterns (latitudinal gradient, species-area relationship); importance of biodiversity; biodiversity loss causes (HIPPO); conservation — in situ (national parks, wildlife sanctuaries, biosphere reserves) and ex situ (seed banks, cryopreservation, botanical gardens, zoological parks)