CBSE Class 12 Syllabus 2027: Revised Syllabus Released, Subject Wise PDF and Deleted Topics

Coulomb’s law, superposition, electric field and field lines, Gauss’s theorem, applications (conducting sphere, plane sheet). Electrostatic potential, equipotential surfaces, capacitors (parallel plate, series/parallel), energy stored, dielectrics and polarisation, Van de Graaff generator.

Drift velocity, Ohm’s law, resistivity and temperature dependence, series and parallel combinations, Kirchhoff’s laws, Wheatstone bridge, metre bridge, potentiometer (EMF and internal resistance measurement), cell combinations.

Biot-Savart law, Ampere’s law, solenoid and toroid, Lorentz force, cyclotron, moving-coil galvanometer. Bar magnet as dipole, Earth’s magnetism, diamagnetic, paramagnetic, ferromagnetic substances, hysteresis loop, permanent magnets.

Faraday’s law, Lenz’s law, eddy currents, self and mutual inductance. AC circuits: peak and RMS values, phasors, LCR series resonance, power factor, wattless current, LC oscillations, transformers.

Displacement current, Maxwell’s equations (qualitative), transverse EM waves, electromagnetic spectrum — radio waves, microwaves, infrared, visible, UV, X-rays, gamma rays — with properties and uses of each band.

Reflection at curved mirrors, refraction (Snell’s law), total internal reflection, lenses (thin lens formula, lens-maker’s equation, power, combination), prisms, scattering of light, microscopes and telescopes. Huygens’ principle, Young’s double slit (fringe width, conditions), diffraction at single slit, resolving power, polarisation (Malus’s law, Brewster’s law).

Photoelectric effect, work function, threshold frequency, stopping potential, Einstein’s photoelectric equation, de Broglie wavelength, Davisson-Germer experiment (wave nature of matter).

Alpha-scattering experiment, Rutherford’s nuclear model, Bohr model, energy levels, hydrogen spectrum. Nuclear composition, binding energy per nucleon, mass-energy relation, radioactivity (alpha/beta/gamma), radioactive decay law, half-life, nuclear fission (chain reaction) and nuclear fusion.

Energy bands in semiconductors, p-n junction diode (forward and reverse bias, I-V characteristics), Zener diode as voltage regulator, LED, photodiode, solar cell, junction transistor (CE configuration as amplifier and switch), logic gates (AND, OR, NOT, NAND, NOR, truth tables).

Types of solutions, solubility, vapour pressure, Raoult’s law (volatile and non-volatile solute), ideal and non-ideal solutions. Colligative properties: boiling point elevation, freezing point depression, osmotic pressure. Abnormal molar mass, van’t Hoff factor.

Galvanic cells, electrode potential, standard electrode potential, Nernst equation, EMF of a cell, Gibbs energy and cell EMF. Electrolytic conductance, molar conductivity, Kohlrausch’s law. Faraday’s laws of electrolysis. Batteries (primary, secondary), fuel cells, corrosion.

Rate of reaction, rate laws, rate constant, order and molecularity. Integrated rate equations (zero-order and first-order), half-life, pseudo-first-order reactions. Activation energy, Arrhenius equation, collision theory.

Transition metals: electronic configurations, variable oxidation states, magnetic properties, catalytic properties, alloy formation, interstitial compounds. Important compounds: KMnO4 and K2Cr2O7 — preparation and properties. Lanthanoids: electronic configuration, lanthanoid contraction. Actinoids: comparison with lanthanoids.

Ligands, coordination number, IUPAC nomenclature, Werner’s theory. Isomerism: structural (ionisation, linkage) and stereoisomerism (geometrical and optical). Bonding: Valence Bond Theory, Crystal Field Theory. Stability constants, biological and industrial applications.

Nomenclature, chirality and optical rotation. Preparation from alkanes, alkenes, and alcohols. Reactions: SN1 and SN2 (mechanism and stereochemistry), elimination, Wurtz reaction, Finkelstein reaction. Reactions of aryl halides, nucleophilic aromatic substitution. Uses and environmental impact of polyhalogen compounds.

Classification, IUPAC nomenclature. Preparation and chemical properties of alcohols: oxidation, dehydration, esterification. Acidic character of phenols; reactions: Kolbe’s reaction, Reimer-Tiemann, electrophilic substitution. Williamson’s synthesis; preparation and properties of ethers.

Nomenclature, preparation of aldehydes and ketones. Nucleophilic addition reactions (mechanism), aldol condensation, Cannizzaro reaction, cross-aldol. Carboxylic acids: acidity, preparation, reactions — esterification, decarboxylation, Hell-Volhard-Zelinsky reaction.

Classification and nomenclature, basicity (factors affecting, comparison with ammonia). Preparation: reduction of nitro compounds, Gabriel phthalimide synthesis, Hofmann bromamide reaction. Chemical reactions: alkylation, acylation, carbylamine test. Diazonium salts: Sandmeyer reaction, coupling reactions, uses.

Carbohydrates: mono-, di-, polysaccharides; structure of glucose and fructose; reducing and non-reducing sugars. Proteins: amino acids, peptide bond, primary to quaternary structure, denaturation. Enzymes: mechanism and importance. Vitamins: fat-soluble and water-soluble. Nucleic acids: DNA double helix, RNA types, biological roles.

Types of relations (reflexive, symmetric, transitive, equivalence), types of functions (one-one, onto, bijective), composition, invertible functions, binary operations. Inverse trig functions: principal value branches, graphs, identities and properties.

Matrices: types, operations (addition, scalar multiplication, product), transpose, symmetric and skew-symmetric, elementary row transformations. Determinants: properties, cofactors, area of triangle, adjoint, inverse matrix, Cramer’s rule, system of linear equations.

Continuity and differentiability: chain rule, implicit, logarithmic, parametric differentiation; second-order derivatives; Rolle’s and Lagrange’s MVT. Applications of Derivatives: rate of change, tangents, normals, increasing/decreasing, maxima and minima. Integrals: substitution, partial fractions, by parts; definite integrals; area under curves and between two curves. Differential Equations: order and degree, variable separable, homogeneous, linear (integrating factor method).

Vectors: types, addition, scalar and vector products, scalar triple product, projection. 3D Geometry: direction cosines, direction ratios, equation of a line in 3D (vector and Cartesian), equation of a plane, angle between two planes, distance from a point to a plane.

Formulation of LPP from word problems, graphical method, feasible and infeasible regions, feasible and infeasible solutions, optimal feasible solution (corner point method), different types of problems (diet, manufacturing, transportation).

Conditional probability, multiplication theorem, independent events, total probability theorem, Bayes’ theorem. Random variables and probability distributions, mean and variance. Bernoulli trials, binomial distribution — mean and variance.

Asexual reproduction, vegetative propagation. Sexual reproduction in flowering plants: microsporogenesis, megasporogenesis, pollination (types), double fertilisation, seed and fruit development. Human reproduction: male and female reproductive systems, gametogenesis, menstrual cycle, fertilisation, implantation, foetal development. Reproductive health: contraception methods, STDs, MTP, infertility and assisted reproductive technologies (IVF, ZIFT, GIFT).

Mendel’s laws, chromosomal theory of inheritance, incomplete dominance, co-dominance, sex determination, sex-linked inheritance, genetic disorders (Down’s syndrome, haemophilia, colour blindness), pedigree analysis. DNA structure (Watson-Crick model), replication (semiconservative), transcription (prokaryotic and eukaryotic), genetic code, translation, gene regulation (lac operon), Human Genome Project, DNA fingerprinting. Origin of life, theories of evolution, Hardy-Weinberg principle, adaptive radiation, speciation, human evolution.

Human health and disease: innate and acquired immunity, vaccines, common diseases (typhoid, malaria, cancer), AIDS (HIV structure and transmission), drugs and alcohol abuse. Microbes in human welfare: dairy products, beverages, antibiotics, sewage treatment, biogas production, biocontrol agents (Bt, Trichoderma), biofertilisers (Rhizobium, Azolla, mycorrhiza).

Principles: recombinant DNA technology — restriction enzymes, vectors, PCR, gel electrophoresis, bioreactors, downstream processing. Applications: Bt crops, herbicide-tolerant plants, golden rice, insulin production (Humulin), gene therapy, transgenic animals, ELISA, biopiracy, GEAC regulations.

Organisms and populations: habitat, niche, population attributes, logistic and exponential growth models, interspecific interactions (mutualism, competition, predation, parasitism, commensalism, amensalism). Ecosystem: structure, productivity, energy flow, nutrient cycling (carbon and phosphorus). Biodiversity: types, patterns, threats, in situ (biosphere reserves, national parks, wildlife sanctuaries) and ex situ (seed banks, zoos) conservation. Environmental issues: air and water pollution, greenhouse effect, ozone depletion, deforestation, solid waste management.

Two unseen passages (one factual, one discursive or literary, 400–500 words each). Questions include MCQs, short answers, vocabulary in context, and inference questions.

Writing tasks: Notice, Advertisement, formal and informal letters (letter to editor, job application), Article, Report, Speech, Debate. Grammar: gap-filling, sentence reordering, error correction. Tests format adherence and language accuracy.

Flamingo Prose: The Last Lesson, Lost Spring, Deep Water, The Rattrap, Indigo, Poets and Pancakes, The Interview, Going Places. Flamingo Poetry: My Mother at Sixty-Six, An Elementary School Classroom in a Slum, Keeping Quiet, A Thing of Beauty, A Roadside Stand, Aunt Jennifer’s Tigers. Vistas (Supplementary Reader): The Third Level, The Tiger King, The Enemy, On the Face of It, Memories of Childhood, Journey to the End of the Earth. Questions test reference-to-context, short and long answers, and value-based responses.

Concept, characteristics, and objectives of management; levels of management (top, middle, lower); management as science, art, and profession; coordination as the essence of management.

Fayol’s 14 principles (division of labour, authority, discipline, unity of command, initiative, etc.); Taylor’s scientific management — principles and techniques (time study, motion study, differential piece wage, functional foremanship); difference between Fayol and Taylor.

Concept and importance of business environment; dimensions: economic, social, technological, political, legal; impact of LPG policy changes (liberalisation, privatisation, globalisation) on Indian business.

Concept, importance, and limitations of planning; planning process; types of plans: objectives, strategies, policies, procedures, rules, programmes, budgets — with examples of each.

Concept and importance; organising process; organisational structures — functional and divisional (with merits and demerits); formal and informal organisation; delegation (authority, responsibility, accountability); decentralisation vs centralisation.

Concept and importance; staffing process; recruitment — internal sources (promotion, transfer) and external sources (direct recruitment, campus recruitment, employment exchange); selection process (steps); training and development — on-the-job (apprenticeship, coaching, job rotation) and off-the-job (vestibule, lecture, simulation) methods.

Elements of directing: supervision (importance), motivation (Maslow’s hierarchy of needs, financial incentives: pay, bonus, profit sharing; non-financial incentives: recognition, status, autonomy), leadership styles (authoritarian, democratic, laissez-faire) and qualities, communication (formal and informal channels, barriers, measures to overcome barriers).

Concept and importance; relationship between planning and controlling; controlling process (setting performance standards, measuring actual performance, comparing, analysing deviations, taking corrective action); techniques: ROI, budgetary control, ratio analysis, responsibility accounting.

Concept, role, and objectives of financial management; financial planning; capital structure — meaning and factors affecting; fixed capital (meaning, factors affecting) and working capital (meaning, types, factors affecting).

Concept and types: money market (instruments: Treasury Bill, Commercial Paper, Call Money, Certificate of Deposit, Commercial Bill) and capital market; primary market (New Issue Market, methods of flotation: public issue, offer for sale, private placement, rights issue) and secondary market (stock exchange — functions, BSE, NSE, OTCEI); SEBI — objectives and functions.

Marketing vs selling vs market; marketing mix — 4Ps: Product (levels and classification, branding, packaging, labelling), Price (factors affecting pricing), Place (channels of distribution — types, functions, choice), Promotion (advertising, personal selling, sales promotion, public relations); product life cycle (stages and strategies).

Importance of consumer protection; rights of consumers (right to safety, information, choice, redressal, representation, consumer education) and responsibilities; ways of consumer protection; Consumer Protection Act 2019 — salient features; consumer redressal agencies: District Commission (up to Rs. 1 crore), State Commission (up to Rs. 10 crore), National Commission (above Rs. 10 crore); role of consumer organisations and NGOs.

Nature of partnership, Partnership Deed, fixed and fluctuating capital accounts, Profit and Loss Appropriation Account, interest on capital and drawings, salary and commission to partners, past adjustments, guarantee of profit.

Goodwill: concept, methods of valuation (average profit, super profit, capitalisation). Admission: new ratio, sacrificing ratio, goodwill treatment, revaluation. Retirement and death: gaining ratio, revaluation, executor’s account. Dissolution: Realisation Account, settlement of accounts, piecemeal distribution.

Types of shares, issue at par/premium/discount, pro-rata allotment, calls-in-arrears, calls-in-advance, forfeiture and reissue of shares, presentation in Balance Sheet as per Companies Act 2013.

Types of debentures, issue at par/premium/discount, interest on debentures, issue as collateral security, redemption methods: lump sum, draw of lots, purchase from open market, conversion into shares, Debenture Redemption Reserve.

Comparative and common size statements. Accounting Ratios: liquidity (current ratio, quick ratio), solvency (debt-equity, proprietary, interest coverage), activity (inventory turnover, debtors turnover, fixed assets turnover), profitability (GP ratio, NP ratio, operating profit ratio, ROI).

Concept, cash and cash equivalents (AS-3 Revised). Classification: Operating activities (indirect method), Investing activities, Financing activities. Preparation from financial data. Adjustments for non-cash items (depreciation, goodwill written off) and working capital changes.

Utility analysis: total and marginal utility, law of diminishing marginal utility, consumer’s equilibrium (single and two-commodity cases). Demand: law of demand, factors affecting demand, demand schedule and curve. Price elasticity of demand: percentage method and total expenditure method, degrees, factors affecting.

Production function, returns to a factor, returns to scale. Cost concepts: fixed, variable, total, average (AFC, AVC, AC), marginal cost — curves and relationships. Revenue concepts: TR, AR, MR — under different market forms. Supply: law of supply, factors affecting supply, price elasticity of supply.

Perfect competition: characteristics, equilibrium of firm and industry (short run and long run). Monopoly: characteristics, price determination, price discrimination. Monopolistic competition: features, product differentiation, equilibrium. Oligopoly: characteristics, price rigidity, kinked demand curve. Price determination under perfect competition through demand-supply interaction.

Circular flow of income, macroeconomic aggregates: GDP, GNP, NDP, NNP (at market price and factor cost), real vs nominal GDP. Measurement methods: product/value-added method, income method, expenditure method. Personal income, personal disposable income, GDP and welfare.

Functions of money, money supply (M1, M2, M3, M4). Commercial banks: credit creation. Central bank (RBI): functions, instruments of monetary policy — bank rate, CRR, SLR, repo rate, open market operations, moral suasion.

Aggregate demand (consumption + investment), aggregate supply, effective demand, investment multiplier (derivation and numerical). Inflationary gap and deflationary gap; fiscal policy to correct demand gaps.

Objectives of government budget; components: revenue receipts, capital receipts, revenue expenditure, capital expenditure. Balanced, surplus, and deficit budgets; measures of government deficit: revenue deficit, fiscal deficit, primary deficit. Fiscal policy as an economic tool.

Balance of payments: current account (trade in goods, services, transfers) and capital account (FDI, FPI, loans). Foreign exchange rate: fixed, flexible, and managed float; demand for and supply of foreign exchange; determination of exchange rate under flexible system; merits and demerits.