CBSE Class 12 Syllabus 2027: Subject-Wise Topics, Weightage and PDF Download

Electric charge, conductors and insulators, Coulomb’s law, superposition principle, electric field and field lines, electric flux, Gauss’s theorem and applications. Electric potential, potential difference, equipotential surfaces, potential energy of a system of charges, conductors in electrostatic field, dielectrics, polarization, capacitors (parallel plate), energy stored in a capacitor.

Electric current, drift velocity, mobility and relation with electric current. Ohm’s law, V-I characteristics, resistivity and conductivity, temperature dependence of resistance, electrical energy and power. Carbon resistors, colour code, series and parallel combinations, Kirchhoff’s laws, Wheatstone bridge, metre bridge (principle only), potentiometer (principle and application).

Concept of magnetic field, Oersted’s experiment. Biot-Savart law, magnetic field on the axis of a circular current loop. Ampere’s law, solenoid, toroid. Force on a moving charge in uniform magnetic and electric fields, cyclotron. Force on a current-carrying conductor, force between two parallel current-carrying conductors. Torque on a current loop, moving coil galvanometer. Bar magnet, magnetic field lines, Earth’s magnetism, magnetic susceptibility and permeability, diamagnetic, paramagnetic and ferromagnetic substances, permanent magnets and electromagnets.

Electromagnetic induction, Faraday’s laws, induced EMF and current, Lenz’s law, eddy currents. Self and mutual inductance. Alternating currents, peak and RMS values, reactance and impedance. LC oscillations (qualitative only), LCR series circuit, resonance. Power in AC circuits, power factor. AC generator and transformer.

Electromagnetic waves and their characteristics (qualitative ideas only). Transverse nature of EM waves. Electromagnetic spectrum (radio waves, microwaves, infrared, visible, ultraviolet, X-rays, gamma rays) including elementary facts about their uses.

Reflection of light, spherical mirrors, mirror formula. Refraction of light, total internal reflection, optical fibres, refraction at spherical surfaces, lenses, thin lens formula, lens maker’s equation, magnification. Refraction through a prism, dispersion, scattering of light. Optical instruments: microscopes and astronomical telescopes. Wave optics: wavefront, Huygens’ principle. Interference, Young’s double slit experiment, fringe width. Diffraction, single slit diffraction. Polarisation, Brewster’s law, polaroids.

Dual nature of radiation. Photoelectric effect, Hertz and Lenard’s observations. Einstein’s photoelectric equation — particle nature of light. Matter waves — wave nature of particles, de Broglie relation. Davisson-Germer experiment (experimental details only).

Alpha-particle scattering experiment, Rutherford’s model of atom, Bohr model, energy levels, hydrogen spectrum. Composition and size of nucleus. Radioactivity — alpha, beta and gamma particles and their properties. Radioactive decay law. Mass-energy relation, mass defect; binding energy per nucleon. Nuclear fission and fusion.

Energy bands in conductors, semiconductors, and insulators (qualitative ideas only). Semiconductor diode — I-V characteristics in forward and reverse bias. Diode as a rectifier. LED, photodiode, solar cell, and Zener diode as a voltage regulator. Junction transistor, transistor action, characteristics. Transistor as an amplifier (common emitter configuration). Logic gates (OR, AND, NOT, NAND, NOR). Transistor as a switch.

Types of solutions, expression of concentration (mole fraction, molality, molarity), solubility and factors affecting it, Henry’s law. Vapour pressure of solutions and Raoult’s law. Ideal and non-ideal solutions, colligative properties: relative lowering of vapour pressure, elevation of boiling point, depression of freezing point, osmotic pressure. Abnormal molecular mass, van’t Hoff factor.

Redox reactions, EMF of a cell, standard electrode potential, Nernst equation and its applications, relationship between Gibbs energy change and EMF. Conductance in electrolytic solutions, specific and molar conductivity, Kohlrausch’s law. Electrolysis and Faraday’s laws of electrolysis. Dry cell, electrolytic cells and Galvanic cells, lead accumulator, fuel cells, corrosion.

Rate of a reaction (average and instantaneous), factors affecting rate of reaction — concentration, temperature, catalyst. Order and molecularity of a reaction. Rate law and specific rate constant, integrated rate equations, half-life (first order reactions only). Concept of collision theory (elementary idea). Activation energy, Arrhenius equation.

General introduction, electronic configuration, occurrence and characteristics of transition metals. General trends in properties of the first row transition metals: metallic character, ionization enthalpy, oxidation states, ionic radii, colour, catalytic property, magnetic properties, interstitial compounds, alloy formation. Preparation and properties of K2Cr2O7 and KMnO4. Lanthanoids: electronic configuration, oxidation states, lanthanoid contraction and its consequences. Actinoids: electronic configuration, oxidation states and comparison with lanthanoids.

Coordination compounds: introduction, ligands, coordination number, colour, magnetic properties and shapes. IUPAC nomenclature of mononuclear coordination compounds. Bonding: Werner’s theory, VBT and CFT (elementary ideas). Structural and stereo isomerism. Importance of coordination compounds in qualitative analysis, extraction of metals, and biological systems.

Haloalkanes: nomenclature, nature of C-X bond, physical and chemical properties, mechanism of substitution reactions (SN1 and SN2). Optical rotation. Haloarenes: nature of C-X bond, substitution reactions (directive influence of halogen for monosubstituted compounds only). Uses and environmental effects of dichloromethane, trichloromethane, tetrachloromethane, iodoform, freons, DDT.

Alcohols: nomenclature, methods of preparation, physical and chemical properties (of primary alcohols only), identification of primary, secondary and tertiary alcohols, mechanism of dehydration. Uses of methanol and ethanol. Phenols: nomenclature, preparation, physical and chemical properties, acidic nature of phenol, electrophilic substitution reactions, uses. Ethers: nomenclature, methods of preparation, physical and chemical properties, uses.

Aldehydes and Ketones: nomenclature, nature of carbonyl group, methods of preparation, physical and chemical properties (mechanisms of nucleophilic addition, Clemmensen and Wolff-Kishner reductions, Cannizzaro reaction), importance in synthetic organic chemistry. Carboxylic Acids: nomenclature, acidic nature, methods of preparation, physical and chemical properties, uses.

Amines: nomenclature, classification, structure, methods of preparation, physical and chemical properties, uses. Identification of primary, secondary and tertiary amines. Diazonium salts: preparation, chemical reactions, and importance in synthetic organic chemistry. Coupling reaction.

Carbohydrates: classification (aldoses and ketoses), monosaccharides (glucose and fructose), D-L configuration, oligosaccharides (sucrose, lactose, maltose), polysaccharides (starch, cellulose, glycogen), importance. Proteins: elementary idea of amino acids, peptide bond, polypeptides, primary and secondary structure, denaturation. Enzymes: elementary idea only. Vitamins: classification and functions. Nucleic acids: DNA and RNA, biological functions.

Types of relations: reflexive, symmetric, transitive and equivalence. One-to-one and onto functions. Inverse trigonometric functions: definition, range, domain, principal value branch, properties. Elementary properties of inverse trigonometric functions.

Matrices: concept, notation, order, equality, types and operations. Transpose, symmetric and skew-symmetric matrices. Invertible matrices. Determinants: properties, minors, cofactors. Adjoint and inverse of a matrix. Consistency, inconsistency and number of solutions of a system of linear equations by examples, solving system of linear equations using matrix method.

Continuity and differentiability, chain rule, derivatives of inverse trigonometric functions, implicit functions, exponential and logarithmic functions. Rolle’s and Lagrange’s Mean Value Theorems. Applications of derivatives: rate of change, increasing/decreasing functions, maxima and minima. Integration as inverse of differentiation, integration by substitution and parts, integration using partial fractions. Definite integrals and properties. Applications: areas under curves. Differential equations: order and degree, general and particular solutions, variable separable, homogeneous equations, linear differential equations.

Vectors: types, addition, multiplication by a scalar. Position vector, direction cosines and ratios. Dot product and cross product. Scalar triple product. 3D Geometry: direction cosines and ratios of a line, Cartesian and vector equations of a line, coplanar and skew lines, shortest distance. Cartesian and vector equations of a plane. Angle between a line and a plane, angle between two planes, distance of a point from a plane.

Introduction to linear programming problems, mathematical formulation, graphical method of solution for problems in two variables. Feasible and infeasible regions, feasible and infeasible solutions. Optimal feasible solution (up to three non-trivial constraints).

Conditional probability, multiplication theorem on probability. Independent events, total probability, Bayes’ theorem. Random variable and its probability distribution, mean and variance. Repeated independent (Bernoulli) trials and binomial distribution.

Flower structure, development of male and female gametophytes, pollination types, fertilization, development of endosperm, embryo, seed and fruit. Male and female reproductive systems in humans, gametogenesis, menstrual cycle, fertilization, embryo development, pregnancy, parturition, lactation. Reproductive health, family planning, contraception methods, STIs, infertility.

Mendel’s laws, chromosomal theory of inheritance, sex determination, linkage and crossing over, mutation, pedigree analysis. DNA structure, packaging, replication, transcription, genetic code, translation, regulation of gene expression (lac operon), Human Genome Project, DNA fingerprinting. Origin of life, biological evolution, evidence, Darwin’s theory, mutation theory, Hardy-Weinberg principle, adaptive radiation, human evolution.

Pathogens (diseases caused by bacteria, viruses, fungi, protozoa, helminths), innate and acquired immunity, vaccination, cancer, drugs and alcohol abuse. Microbes in food processing, industrial production, sewage treatment, energy generation, as biocontrol agents and biofertilizers.

Genetic engineering tools (restriction enzymes, vectors, host organisms), PCR, gel electrophoresis, recombinant DNA technology, cloning. Applications in health (recombinant insulin, gene therapy), agriculture (Bt crops, pest resistance), diagnostic and forensic applications. Ethical and biosafety issues in biotechnology.

Organisms and environment, population attributes, population growth models (logistic and exponential), life history variation, population interactions. Ecosystems: structure and function, productivity, decomposition, energy flow, nutrient cycling, ecological succession, ecosystem services. Biodiversity: types, patterns, loss, conservation strategies — in situ (national parks, biosphere reserves, wildlife sanctuaries, sacred groves) and ex situ (seed banks, zoological parks).

Flamingo (Prose): The Last Lesson, Lost Spring, Deep Water, The Rattrap, Indigo, Poets and Pancakes, The Interview, Going Places.
Flamingo (Poetry): My Mother at Sixty-six, An Elementary School Classroom in a Slum, Keeping Quiet, A Thing of Beauty, A Roadside Stand, Aunt Jennifer’s Tigers.
Vistas (Supplementary Reader): The Third Level, The Tiger King, Journey to the End of the Earth, The Enemy, Should Wizard Hit Mommy?, On the Face of It, Evans Tries an O-level, Memories of Childhood.
Questions include MCQs, short-answer and long-answer (value-based) questions on theme, character, and textual content.

Part A – Accounting for Not-for-Profit Organizations, Partnership Firms and Company Accounts: Accounting for not-for-profit organizations, partnership accounts (goodwill, admission, retirement, dissolution), company accounts (issue and forfeiture of shares, issue and redemption of debentures).
Part B – Analysis of Financial Statements: Financial statements of a company, comparative statements, common size statements, accounting ratios, cash flow statement.

Part A – Principles and Functions of Management: Nature and significance of management, principles of management (Taylor and Fayol), business environment, planning, organising, staffing, directing, controlling.
Part B – Business Finance and Marketing: Financial management (financial planning, capital structure, fixed and working capital), financial markets (money market, capital market, stock exchange, SEBI), marketing management, consumer protection.

Part A – Introductory Macroeconomics: National income and related aggregates, money and banking, determination of income and employment, government budget and the economy, balance of payments, exchange rates.
Part B – Indian Economic Development: Development experience 1947-90, economic reforms since 1991, current challenges (poverty, human capital, rural and employment development, infrastructure, sustainable economic development), development experience of India compared with China and Pakistan.