Adsorption Chromatography: Types, Principle, Procedure, Application

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Adsorption Chromatography is the process in which the mixtures are separated due to the movement of sample components through columns. The basis function of adsorption chromatography is to determine the purity/concentration of a compound. Along with this, it has many practical uses in life. It is due to adsorption chromatography that we are able to determine the concentration of drugs in a body.

Table of Content

Principles of Adsorption Chromatography
Process of Adsorption Chromatography
TLC Experiment of Adsorption Chromatography
Use of Adsorbents in Adsorption Chromatography
Types of Adsorption Chromatography
Pictorial Presentation of Adsorption Chromatography
Things to Remember
Sample Questions

Key Terms: Separation, adsorption chromatography, purification, adsorbent, sorbent, concentration, compound, chromatography

Principles of Adsorption Chromatography

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The principles of adsorption chromatography state that a substance will be accumulated on a solid surface of elements used as sorbent or adsorbent. Adsorption chromatography is a process in which chemicals are separated on the basis of their absorption and desorption at the stationary surface of a column or container. This process is also called liquid-solid chromatography.

The entire technique depends upon the degree of reaction that the chemicals can extract from a mixture.

This reaction can be viewed in three ways:

The strength of the chemical as opposed to its support.
The covering area of the support.
The level of displacement of the chemical from the support.
The strength of the mobile phase and its impact on the support.

Read More: Precipitation Titration

Process of Adsorption Chromatography

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To better understand chromatography, let’s first understand how the procedure unfolds in real life. The process of adsorption chromatography is completed in two phases.

The two phases of the chromatography are

Stationary Phase: The stationary phase is the initial stage in adsorbent chromatography. To move with the mobile phase, the forces are employed to remove solutes from the adsorbents.
Mobile Phase: In this stage, the liquid or gas is used as a stimulator in the mobile phase. The internal forces remove solutes from the adsorbent, and the motion with the mobile phase is allowed. In a case where the liquid is used, it is called liquid-solid chromatography (LSC). Whereas when the gas is used, it is called gas-solid chromatography (GSC).

Read More: Gatterman reaction

TLC Experiment of Adsorption Chromatography

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To conduct this experiment, you will need adsorbents, liquid gas, a capillary tube, a borosilicate glass plate (20*20 cm, 20*5 cm, 20*10), a chromatography jar/beaker, and an apparatus.

Steps of the Experiment

Pick out a dry and chromatographic beaker.
Apply soaked paper in the mobile phase to the walls to ensure the environment of the beaker is enamoured with solvent vapours.
Close the beaker after securing the mobile phase with it.
Achieve and maintain equilibrium within and outside the beaker.
Close the beaker after placing the plates in it.
Standby and wait for the solvent to move from the baseline.
Take the Thin-layer Chromatography (TLC) plates out and dry them.

Read Also: Mole fraction

Use of Adsorbents in Adsorption Chromatography

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An adsorbent is a substance that can absorb another substance. Adsorption is the process of merging the ions, atoms, and molecules of a gas, dissolved solids, or liquid to a surface. The process of adsorption is instrumental to adsorption chromatography. For the technique, three types of adsorbents are used.

Polar Acidic Support (Silica)

Silica is the most common polar and acidic support used in adsorption chromatography. The silanol groups absorb the surface and work in sync with the acidic support.

Polar Basic Support (Alumina)

Alumina is the major type of basic adsorbent used for polar and basic support. With properties similar to silica, the alumina retains polar compounds that work in sync with acidic substances. Florisil is also a major conductor of adsorption chromatography.

Non-polar Support (Charcoal)

Non-polar supports such as charcoal and polystyrene are used in adsorption chromatography for nonpolar absorbents.

Read More: Colligative properties

Types of Adsorption Chromatography

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Adsorption Chromatography can be split into three categories on the basis of structure, separation, and absorbents. Broadly, there are three kinds of adsorption chromatography, Column chromatography, thin-layer chromatography, and gas-solid chromatography.

Column Chromatography

Column chromatography is a process in which a column is packed with solid and is served for the stationary phase. Through the column, the mobile phase (liquid) is run. The adsorbent's strong affinity dictates the extent of separation occurring in a mixture.

The component with the absorption of stronger will appear at the top of the column, henceforth the movement downwards will be very slow. Simultaneously, the compounds moving fast will be absorbed weakly and will end up concentrating at the bottom of the beaker.

Thin-layer Chromatography

Thin-layer Chromatography is a process of studying the solutions or mixtures by understanding the absorption capabilities of liquids in them. The TLC exercise is carried out in three steps. The first step spots the differences in a mixture, the second step is to study the development undergone in phases, and the final step is to visualize the separation of absorption levels.

The TLC method requires very little sample as compared to the column chromatography. In thin-layer chromatography, the process of components in a mixture moving upwards with the passage of a solvent is called elution. Similarly, the downward motion of the mixture is called eluate.

Gas-solid Chromatography

Gas-solid Chromatography is the process of separating a mixture with the use of gases. Inert gases like helium or nitrogen are charged as the mobile phase, the solid is furnished by a stationary phase. Gas-solid chromatography produces limited results and is not very popular in scientific circles.

Read More: Chemical Tranquilizers

Pictorial Presentation of Adsorption Chromatography

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Here’s a pictorial representation of adsorption chromatography:

Here’s a pictorial representation of adsorption chromatography

Pictorial Presentation of Adsorption Chromatography

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Things to Remember

Adsorption chromatography is used to separate unsaturated fats, steroids, and lipids.
Adsorption chromatography can determine the identity of carbohydrates.
The factors to consider while administering the chromatography technique is the selection of the adsorbent, the choice of the solvent for the sample mixture, the temperature, the rate of solvent flow, and the column size.

Read More: Clemmesen Reduction Reaction

Sample Questions

Ques. What is the difference between adsorption and partition chromatography? (1 Mark)

Ans. Adsorption chromatography can be defined as the process in which the separation of mixture occurs due to adsorption. Whereas, partition chromatography is a technique in which the separation occurs due to the partition of substances. Adsorption is based on the principle of liquid-to-solid extraction, and partition is based on physical separation.

Ques. What is TLC? Is it partition or adsorption chromatography? (1 Mark)

Ans. Thin-layer chromatography is an adsorption chromatography technique. The TLC technique is a process involving a sheet of plastic, glass, or aluminium foil. The sheets are coated with cellulose or aluminium oxide, and acts as a stationary phase, whereas a single solvent acts as a mobile phase.

Ques. Explain the adsorption principle? (1 Mark)

Ans. Adsorption chromatography is a process in which chemicals are separated on the basis of their absorption and desorption at the stationary surface of a column or container. Adsorption occurs when the unsaturated forces at the surface form bonds with the charged adsorbate. The principles of adsorption chromatography state that a substance will be accumulated on a solid surface of elements used as sorbent or adsorbent.

Ques. What is a real-life example of adsorption chromatography? (2 Mark)

Ans. The gas mask used in a chemical factory is a real-life example of adsorption chromatography. The aluminium and silica masks adsorb the harmful chemicals and protect the personnel. Adsorption Chromatography is the separation of mixtures based on mutual altercation of the adsorbate with the adsorbent. Some of the most common adsorbents are silica gel G, Silica gel H, Silica gel S, cellulose microcrystalline and modified silica gel.

Ques. Why does the process of adsorption occur? (1 Mark)

Ans. The atoms on a surface are impacted by unbalanced forces and have surface energy in their molecules. When these substances collide with a surface, they are attracted to the forces and cling to the surface. Adsorption is an exothermic process. In it, the energy is liberated and the amount of heat that evolves from one mole is absorbed by the adsorbent. The process of adsorption is known as enthalpy.

Ques. What is the use of chromatography? (1 Mark)

Ans. Chromatography is used as a tool to analyse solutions and determine their composition. It is the maximum possible reading that can be administered to a homogenous mixture. It can also be used as a tool of separation and purification. The process of chromatography is used to create vaccines. It is also used to test food, beverages, drugs, forensics, and other solvents.

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Adsorption Chromatography: Types, Principle, Procedure, Application

Principles of Adsorption Chromatography

Process of Adsorption Chromatography

The two phases of the chromatography are

TLC Experiment of Adsorption Chromatography

Steps of the Experiment

Use of Adsorbents in Adsorption Chromatography

Types of Adsorption Chromatography

Pictorial Presentation of Adsorption Chromatography

Things to Remember

Sample Questions

CBSE CLASS XII Related Questions

1.
In the button cells widely used in watches and other devices the following reaction takes place:
Zn(s) + Ag₂O(s) + H₂O(l) \(\rightarrow\) Zn²⁺_(aq) + 2Ag(s) + 2OH^- (aq)
Determine \(\triangle _rG^\ominus\) and \(E^\ominus\) for the reaction.

2.
How would you account for the following:
Of the d⁴ species, Cr²⁺ is strongly reducing while manganese(III) is strongly oxidising.
Cobalt(II) is stable in aqueous solution but in the presence of complexing reagents it is easily oxidised.
The d¹ configuration is very unstable in ions.

3.
Depict the galvanic cell in which the reaction Zn(s) + 2Ag⁺(aq) → Zn²⁺(aq) + 2Ag(s) takes place. Further show:
(i) Which of the electrode is negatively charged?
(ii) The carriers of the current in the cell.
(iii) Individual reaction at each electrode.

4.
Write down the electronic configuration of:
(i) Cr³⁺ (iii) Cu⁺ (v) Co²⁺ (vii) Mn²⁺
(ii) Pm³⁺ (iv) Ce⁴⁺ (vi) Lu²⁺ (viii) Th⁴⁺

5.
The rate constant for the decomposition of hydrocarbons is 2.418 x 10^-5 s^-1 at 546 K. If the energy of activation is 179.9 kJ/mol, what will be the value of pre-exponential factor.

6.
Draw the structures of optical isomers of:
(i) \([Cr(C_2O_4)_3]^{3–}\)
(ii) \([PtCl_2(en)_2]^{2+}\)
(iii) \([Cr(NH_3)2Cl_2(en)]^{+}\)

Similar Chemistry Concepts

Comments

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Adsorption Chromatography: Types, Principle, Procedure, Application

Principles of Adsorption Chromatography

Process of Adsorption Chromatography

The two phases of the chromatography are

TLC Experiment of Adsorption Chromatography

Steps of the Experiment

Use of Adsorbents in Adsorption Chromatography

Types of Adsorption Chromatography

Pictorial Presentation of Adsorption Chromatography

Things to Remember

Sample Questions

CBSE CLASS XII Related Questions

1. In the button cells widely used in watches and other devices the following reaction takes place:Zn(s) + Ag2O(s) + H2O(l) \(\rightarrow\) Zn2+(aq) + 2Ag(s) + 2OH- (aq) Determine \(\triangle _rG^\ominus\) and \(E^\ominus\) for the reaction.

2. How would you account for the following: Of the d4 species, Cr2+ is strongly reducing while manganese(III) is strongly oxidising. Cobalt(II) is stable in aqueous solution but in the presence of complexing reagents it is easily oxidised. The d1 configuration is very unstable in ions.

3. Depict the galvanic cell in which the reaction Zn(s) + 2Ag+(aq) → Zn2+(aq) + 2Ag(s) takes place. Further show: (i) Which of the electrode is negatively charged? (ii) The carriers of the current in the cell. (iii) Individual reaction at each electrode.

4. Write down the electronic configuration of:(i) Cr3+ (iii) Cu+ (v) Co2+ (vii) Mn2+ (ii) Pm3+ (iv) Ce4+ (vi) Lu2+ (viii) Th4+

5. The rate constant for the decomposition of hydrocarbons is 2.418 x 10-5 s-1 at 546 K. If the energy of activation is 179.9 kJ/mol, what will be the value of pre-exponential factor.

6. Draw the structures of optical isomers of: (i) \([Cr(C_2O_4)_3]^{3–}\)(ii) \([PtCl_2(en)_2]^{2+}\)(iii) \([Cr(NH_3)2Cl_2(en)]^{+}\)

Similar Chemistry Concepts

Comments

SUBSCRIBE TO OUR NEWS LETTER

1.
In the button cells widely used in watches and other devices the following reaction takes place:
Zn(s) + Ag₂O(s) + H₂O(l) \(\rightarrow\) Zn²⁺_(aq) + 2Ag(s) + 2OH^- (aq)
Determine \(\triangle _rG^\ominus\) and \(E^\ominus\) for the reaction.

2.
How would you account for the following:
Of the d⁴ species, Cr²⁺ is strongly reducing while manganese(III) is strongly oxidising.
Cobalt(II) is stable in aqueous solution but in the presence of complexing reagents it is easily oxidised.
The d¹ configuration is very unstable in ions.

3.
Depict the galvanic cell in which the reaction Zn(s) + 2Ag⁺(aq) → Zn²⁺(aq) + 2Ag(s) takes place. Further show:
(i) Which of the electrode is negatively charged?
(ii) The carriers of the current in the cell.
(iii) Individual reaction at each electrode.

4.
Write down the electronic configuration of:
(i) Cr³⁺ (iii) Cu⁺ (v) Co²⁺ (vii) Mn²⁺
(ii) Pm³⁺ (iv) Ce⁴⁺ (vi) Lu²⁺ (viii) Th⁴⁺

5.
The rate constant for the decomposition of hydrocarbons is 2.418 x 10^-5 s^-1 at 546 K. If the energy of activation is 179.9 kJ/mol, what will be the value of pre-exponential factor.

6.
Draw the structures of optical isomers of:
(i) \([Cr(C_2O_4)_3]^{3–}\)
(ii) \([PtCl_2(en)_2]^{2+}\)
(iii) \([Cr(NH_3)2Cl_2(en)]^{+}\)