Magnetic Properties: Paramagnetic, Diamagnetic & Ferromagnetic

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Jasmine Grover

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Each and every substance that we find in our surroundings has some magnetic properties in it. Differing kinds of materials show totally different properties within the presence of a magnetic field.

The magnetic properties of a substance originate from the electrons present within the Atoms or molecules. Each electron in an atom behaves sort of like a little magnet. Electrons may be referred to as little loops of current that retain their magnetic moment.

The magnetic properties of a matter can be concluded by testing the arrangement of its electrons. When at least one electron is irregular in their orbit then the matter is paramagnetic in nature. Whereas when two electrons are attached together then the matter is called to be diamagnetic.

In case of unpaired electrons which give a similar direction is known as Ferromagnetic. When dipoles are presented in a balanced manner it is called Antiferromagnetic and in the case of Ferrimagnetic property there is a presence of an uneven number of unique and antiparallel presentations of magnetic moments. These magnetic moments come from 2 forms of motion of electrons:

  • The movement of an atom around the nucleus in its orbit.
  • When the electron spins around its own axis.

Key Terms: Solids, state of matter, Solid State, Properties of Solid, Antiferromagnetic, Ferrimagnetic property, Electrons, Orbit


Magnetic Properties of Solids

[Click Here for Sample Questions]

The magnetic properties of a solid is derived from the magnetic property of the ions or atoms present in those solids. Additionally, specifically the magnetism and magnetization of a solid can rely on the movement of electrons in an atom. It will therefore be aforesaid that every electron of an atom behaves sort of like a magnet, lending the entire solid its magnetic property.

This magnetic behavior of the electrons of an atom is because of the movement patterns. They have specifically 2 forms of movement,

  • Electrons makes a rotation around the nucleus of the atom
  • Electrons also spin on their own axis, spins on opposite sides are labelled with + and – signs.

These 2 motions of the electrons offer the atom and the substance their magnetic power. These constant motions build an electrical field around the electrons, almost like a loop of current that lends it its magnetic property. On the basis of their magnetic properties, solids are often classified into 5 classes. Let’s get into more detail below-.

  • Paramagnetic

These substances are feeble magnetised in an external magnetic field. The direction is the same direction of the magnetic field. So that they gain a net magnetization once we take away the paramagnetic substance from the field, the alignment of electrons is interrupted and therefore the substance will lose its magnetic property. Therefore paramagnetic substances don't seem to be permanent magnets.

Paramagnetism

Paramagnetism

Paramagnetism is because of at least one pair of unmatched electrons in its orbit shell that get magnetized within the magnetic field. Some common examples are O2, Cu2 etc. These paramagnetic substances notice a variety of applications in natural philosophy.

  • Diamagnetic

Just like paramagnetism, in diamagnetism too the substances are magnetised in an external magnetic field. However diamagnetic solids are repelled within the field. The magnetic property settled within them is in the opposite direction of the magnetic fields and therefore they have.

Diamagnetism

Diamagnetism

In diamagnetic substances, all electrons in their last shell are paired, there aren't any valence electrons. This can be the reason that the magnetic moment of their atoms is almost zero. Examples are substances like common salt, benzene etc. Being such bad conductors, we have a tendency to use them as insulators.

  • Ferromagnetic

Now, these solids are powerfully magnetised once we place them in an external magnetic field. Besides the terribly sturdy attraction forces, these solids will actually be magnetised permanently. This implies that even when the external magnetic fields are removed the solids can retain their magnetic properties.

Ferromagnetism

Ferromagnetism

It is a very popular theory that the ferromagnetic composition has unique characteristics. They have what we call ‘domains’ that is a unique assembly of metal ions. Every domain is analogous to a small magnet. In an electromagnetic field, these domains set up themselves and align themselves with the magnetic field. In an exceedingly non-magnetized metal, these domains are randomly organized and it cancels out their magnetic properties.

The examples of ferromagnetic solids include cobalt, Nickel, and chromium compounds etc. and they have widespread industrial and everyday uses.

  •  Antiferromagnetic

In antiferromagnetic, the domain structures of the solid are terribly the same as those of ferromagnetic solids. However here the domains are oppositely oriented. This implies they get rid of each other’s magnetism.

Antiferromagnetism

Antiferromagnetism Ordering
  • Ferrimagnetic

These substances occur when magnetic moments are aligned in both directions (parallel also as anti-parallel) however in unequal numbers. These are infirm attracted to magnetic fields. Additionally on heating, these substances can lose their ferromagnetism altogether. Examples are iron ore and ferrites of zinc and Mg.

Ferrimagnetism

Ferrimagnetic Ordering

The video below explains this:

Magnetic Properties of Substances value Detailed Video Explanation:

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Things to Remember

  • Magnetic properties occur due to the spin and orbital angular momentum of the electrons inside a compound. 
  • Compounds are diamagnetic when they contain no unpaired electrons. 
  • Molecular compounds containing one or more unpaired electrons are paramagnetic.
  • Magnetic properties of solids are: Diamagnetic, Paramagnetic, Ferromagnetic.
  • An interesting characteristic of transition metals is their ability to form magnets. Metal complexes that have unpaired electrons are magnetic.

Read More: 


Sample Questions

Ques. What are magnetic properties? (1 mark)

Ans. Anything that's magnetic has a torsion, sort of a magnet or a coil of electric current. A magnetic moment, with a dimension and a direction, is a vector volume. An electron contains a magnetic dipole moment of an electron, created by the intrinsic spin property of the electron, creating it an electric charge in motion.

Ques. How many kinds of magnetic properties are there? (1 mark)

Ans. Diamagnetism and paramagnetism that account for the majority of the periodic table of elements at room temperature are the 2 commonest varieties of magnetism. These elements are normally mentioned as non-magnetic, whereas ferromagnetic elements are literally referred to as those referred to as magnetic.

Ques. The temperature at the domain framework gets demolished and ferromagnetic substance is regenerated into the paramagnetic substance are referred to as :
i) critical temperature
ii) saturation temperature
iii) curie temperature
iv) Kraft temperature (1 mark)

Ans: the right option is “C”. Curie temperature or Curie point is the temperature at which certain substances lose their permanent magnetic elements, to get replaced by induced magnetism. The Curie point after Curie, who showed that magnetism was lost at a crucial temperature. And ferromagnetic substances regenerate into paramagnetic substances.

Ques. What's a magnetic material? (1 mark)

Ans. Magnetic materials are materials that are researched and primarily used for their magnetic characteristics. A material’s magnetic reaction is basically determined by the magnetic dipole moment related to the electrons’ intrinsic angular momentum, or spin.

Ques. What are the characteristics of a permanent magnet? (1 mark)

Ans. Permanent magnets are magnetic, and they are all aligned within the same direction with the electrons in their atoms. Their three-dimensional magnetic field lines begin at the north end and loop round the south end. The ability of the magnets depends on the item that comes into contact with the magnet.

Ques. What's magnetic Behavior? (1 mark)

Ans. Paramagnetism, diamagnetism, and ferromagnetism have several magnetic behaviors. Their tendency to create magnets is a stimulating feature of transition metals. Metal complexes that have electrons unmatched are magnetic. The paramagnetic impacts are boosted by more unpaired electrons.

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CBSE CLASS XII Related Questions

1.
Define the term solution. How many types of solutions are formed? Write briefly about each type with an example.

      2.

      Write equations of the following reactions: 
      (i)Friedel-Crafts reaction–alkylation of anisole.
      (ii)Nitration of anisole.

      (iii)Bromination of anisole in ethanoic acid medium.
      (iv)Friedel-Craft’s acetylation of anisole.

       

          3.

          Which of the following compounds would undergo aldol condensation, which the Cannizzaro reaction and which neither? Write the structures of the expected products of aldol condensation and Cannizzaro reaction. 
          \((i) Methanal \)
          \((ii) 2-Methylpentanal \)
          \((iii) Benzaldehyde \)
          \((iv) Benzophenone \)
          \((v) Cyclohexanone \)
          \((vi) 1-Phenylpropanone \)
          \((vii) Phenylacetaldehyde \)
          \((viii) Butan-1-ol \)
          \((ix) 2, 2-Dimethylbutanal\)

              4.

              Comment on the statement that elements of the first transition series possess many properties different from those of heavier transition elements.

                  5.
                  Depict the galvanic cell in which the reaction Zn(s) + 2Ag+(aq) → Zn2+(aq) + 2Ag(s) takes place. Further show: 
                   (i) Which of the electrode is negatively charged? 
                   (ii) The carriers of the current in the cell. 
                   (iii) Individual reaction at each electrode.

                      6.

                      Draw the structures of optical isomers of: 
                      (i) \([Cr(C_2O_4)_3]^{3–}\)
                      (ii) \([PtCl_2(en)_2]^{2+}\)
                      (iii) \([Cr(NH_3)2Cl_2(en)]^{+}\)

                          CBSE CLASS XII Previous Year Papers

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