CBSE Class 12 Political Science Question Paper 2026 with Solutions Set 2 - Available Here

Concept:

In India, political parties sometimes form alliances to gain a majority in the Parliament and form the government at the centre. These alliances are known as coalitions. Different coalitions have governed India since the 1990s.


National Democratic Alliance (NDA): A coalition led by the Bharatiya Janata Party (BJP). It has formed the central government multiple times (1998, 1999, 2014, 2019).
United Progressive Alliance (UPA): A coalition led by the Indian National Congress that formed the government in 2004 and 2009.
National Front and United Front: Earlier coalitions that formed governments for shorter periods in the 1980s and 1990s.


Thus, the alliance that has formed the government at the centre the maximum number of times is the National Democratic Alliance (NDA).


Step 1: Understanding coalition governments.

Coalition governments are formed when multiple political parties come together to obtain a parliamentary majority.

Step 2: Comparing the alliances.

Among the given alliances, the NDA has formed the government at the centre the most number of times.

Step 3: Conclusion.

Therefore, the correct answer is National Democratic Alliance (NDA). Quick Tip: The NDA coalition has ruled India several times since 1998, making it the alliance that has formed the central government the maximum number of times.

Concept:

Veto Power refers to the special power held by the five permanent members of the United Nations Security Council (UNSC) to block or reject any substantive resolution.

The five permanent members (P5) are:

United States
United Kingdom
Russia
China
France


This power was granted after the Second World War when the United Nations was established in 1945.


Step 1: Understanding Veto Power.

It allows permanent members of the UNSC to reject resolutions even if other members support them.

Step 2: Identifying who has this power.

Only the five permanent members of the Security Council possess veto power.

Step 3: Conclusion.

Therefore, option (B) correctly describes veto power. Quick Tip: The five permanent members of the UN Security Council (USA, UK, Russia, China, France) possess veto power.

Concept:

Shock Therapy refers to the rapid transition from a socialist economy to a market-based economy in the former Soviet Union and Eastern European countries during the early 1990s.

Major consequences of shock therapy included:

Decline in the value of the Russian currency (Rouble)
Economic crisis and collapse in many regions
Disintegration of collective farming systems
Reduction of government welfare programmes


Thus, social welfare was weakened rather than strengthened.


Step 1: Understanding shock therapy.

It introduced rapid privatization and economic liberalisation in former communist countries.

Step 2: Identifying its consequences.

Many economies suffered recession, inflation, and unemployment.

Step 3: Finding the incorrect statement.

The statement that social welfare got strengthened is incorrect because welfare systems actually weakened.

Step 4: Conclusion.

Therefore, option (C) is NOT a consequence of shock therapy. Quick Tip: Shock Therapy caused economic hardship in many former Soviet states, including inflation, unemployment, and decline in welfare systems.

Concept:

Chronological order means arranging events according to the year in which they occurred. Understanding the historical timeline of political events in India helps determine the correct order.


Keshavananda Bharti Case (1973): The Supreme Court declared the Basic Structure Doctrine, stating that Parliament cannot alter the basic structure of the Constitution.
Railway Strike (1974): A massive railway strike led by George Fernandes demanding better working conditions for railway employees.
National Emergency (1975): Prime Minister Indira Gandhi declared a national emergency on the basis of internal disturbances.
Sixth General Election (1977): Elections were held after the Emergency period ended.


Step 1: Identify the earliest event.

The Basic Structure doctrine was declared in the Keshavananda Bharti case in 1973. Hence, (iv) comes first.

Step 2: Find the next event.

The nationwide railway strike led by George Fernandes occurred in 1974. Hence, (ii) comes next.

Step 3: Identify the following event.

The National Emergency was declared in 1975. Hence, (i) follows.

Step 4: Determine the last event.

The Sixth General Election took place in 1977. Hence, (iii) comes last.

Step 5: Final chronological order: \[ (iv) \rightarrow (ii) \rightarrow (i) \rightarrow (iii) \] Quick Tip: Remember the timeline: Basic Structure (1973) → Railway Strike (1974) → Emergency (1975) → Sixth General Election (1977).

Concept:

After independence, India adopted a planned development strategy for economic growth. The model of Five Year Plans was inspired by the planning system of the Soviet Union (USSR).

However, during the mid-1960s India faced serious economic problems due to droughts, wars with China (1962) and Pakistan (1965), and inflation. As a result, the government temporarily suspended Five Year Plans from 1966 to 1969. This period is known as the Plan Holiday.


The Assertion (A) is true because India’s planning model was influenced by the USSR.
The Reason (R) is also true because the Plan Holiday began in 1966 due to economic crisis.
However, the reason does not explain why India adopted the Five Year Plans.



Step 1: Evaluate Assertion (A).

India’s Five Year Plans were indeed inspired by the planning system of the Soviet Union. Hence, Assertion (A) is true.

Step 2: Evaluate Reason (R).

The Plan Holiday began in 1966 because of severe economic crisis. Hence, Reason (R) is true.

Step 3: Check the relationship between A and R.

The reason does not explain the inspiration behind Five Year Plans; it only explains why planning was temporarily suspended.

Step 4: Conclusion.

Both statements are true, but the reason is not the correct explanation of the assertion. Quick Tip: India adopted the Five Year Plan model from the Soviet Union, but the Plan Holiday (1966–1969) occurred due to economic crisis and wars.

Concept:

India adopted Five Year Plans to promote planned economic development after independence. The first two plans had different priorities and development strategies.


First Five Year Plan (1951–1956): Drafted mainly by K.N. Raj. Its primary focus was on agriculture, irrigation, and food production because the country faced severe food shortages.
Second Five Year Plan (1956–1961): Based on the Mahalanobis Model designed by P.C. Mahalanobis. It focused mainly on industrial development, particularly heavy industries and public sector enterprises.


Thus, the first plan focused on agriculture rather than industrial production.


Step 1: Evaluate option (A).

The first plan was drafted by K.N. Raj and the second plan was based on the Mahalanobis model. Hence, this statement is correct.

Step 2: Evaluate option (B).

The first plan focused on agriculture and the second on industries. This is also correct.

Step 3: Evaluate option (C).

The second plan made large allocations for heavy industries and public sector projects. Hence, this is correct.

Step 4: Evaluate option (D).

This statement incorrectly says that the first plan aimed to raise industrial production, while in reality it focused mainly on agriculture.

Step 5: Conclusion.

Therefore, option (D) is the statement that is NOT correct. Quick Tip: Remember the focus: First Five Year Plan → Agriculture; Second Five Year Plan → Heavy industries (Mahalanobis model).

Concept:

Security is generally classified into two categories: traditional security and non-traditional security.


Traditional Security: It mainly concerns military threats, wars, and protection of a country's territorial integrity and sovereignty.
Non-Traditional Security: It includes threats such as climate change, terrorism, pandemics, and environmental problems.


Examples:

Russia–Ukraine War: A military conflict between two countries, which falls under traditional security concerns.
Global temperature rise: A climate change issue related to non-traditional security.
9/11 attacks: An example of terrorism, considered a non-traditional security threat.
COVID-19 pandemic: A health-related global threat, also part of non-traditional security.



Step 1: Understand traditional security.

Traditional security mainly deals with military conflicts and wars between states.

Step 2: Analyze the options.

Among the given options, the Russia–Ukraine war is a direct military conflict.

Step 3: Conclusion.

Therefore, the correct answer related to the traditional notion of security is Russia–Ukraine War. Quick Tip: Traditional security focuses on military threats and wars, whereas non-traditional security includes issues like climate change, terrorism, and pandemics.

Concept:

During the political developments of the 1970s in India, several movements, slogans, and political groups emerged that were associated with specific leaders and regions.


Congress for Democracy: This party was formed by Jagjivan Ram in 1977 after he left the Congress Party.
Garibi Hatao: This famous political slogan was given by Indira Gandhi during the 1971 election campaign.
Student movement led by Morarji Desai: This movement took place in Gujarat, known as the Navnirman Movement.
Total Revolution: This movement was led by Jayaprakash Narayan against corruption and for democratic reforms.


Step 1: Match (a).

Congress for Democracy was associated with Jagjivan Ram. Hence, (a) → (iii).

Step 2: Match (b).

The slogan Garibi Hatao was given by Indira Gandhi. Hence, (b) → (iv).

Step 3: Match (c).

The student movement led by Morarji Desai took place in Gujarat. Hence, (c) → (i).

Step 4: Match (d).

The Total Revolution movement was led by Jayaprakash Narayan. Hence, (d) → (ii).

Step 5: Final matching: \[ (a)-(iii),\quad (b)-(iv),\quad (c)-(i),\quad (d)-(ii) \] Quick Tip: Remember: Garibi Hatao – Indira Gandhi; Total Revolution – Jayaprakash Narayan; Congress for Democracy – Jagjivan Ram; Navnirman movement – Gujarat.

Concept:

Rajiv Gandhi, the former Prime Minister of India, was campaigning for the 1991 General Elections. During this campaign, he visited several states to address public rallies and support his party candidates.

On 21 May 1991, Rajiv Gandhi was in Tamil Nadu for an election rally at Sriperumbudur. During this visit, he was assassinated in a bomb blast carried out by a suicide bomber associated with the Liberation Tigers of Tamil Eelam (LTTE).

Thus, Tamil Nadu was the last state he toured for his election campaign.


Step 1: Identify the context of the question.

The question refers to Rajiv Gandhi’s election campaign during the 1991 general elections.

Step 2: Recall the historical event.

Rajiv Gandhi was assassinated during a rally in Sriperumbudur, which is located in Tamil Nadu.

Step 3: Conclusion.

Therefore, the last state he toured for his campaign was Tamil Nadu. Quick Tip: Rajiv Gandhi was assassinated on 21 May 1991 at Sriperumbudur in Tamil Nadu during the general election campaign.

Concept:

Co-operative Security is an approach in international relations where multiple countries work together to address common security threats. These threats often include non-traditional issues such as terrorism, climate change, pandemics, and environmental problems.

Unlike traditional security, which focuses on military power and defense of national borders, cooperative security emphasizes collaboration, dialogue, and joint decision-making among countries to maintain global peace and stability.


Countries cooperate through international organisations and agreements.
Collective efforts help address global challenges that cannot be solved by a single nation.


Step 1: Understand cooperative security.

It involves cooperation among nations to deal with shared global threats.

Step 2: Analyze the options.

Option (D) correctly states that several countries work together to find a collective solution to non-traditional threats.

Step 3: Conclusion.

Therefore, the correct statement describing cooperative security is option (D). Quick Tip: Co-operative Security means countries working together through dialogue, agreements, and institutions to tackle global threats such as terrorism, climate change, and pandemics.

Concept:

The Baltic Republics are three countries located on the eastern coast of the Baltic Sea in Northern Europe. These countries were once part of the Soviet Union but became independent after its disintegration in 1991.

The three Baltic Republics are:

Estonia
Latvia
Lithuania


These countries share historical, cultural, and geographical similarities and are collectively referred to as the Baltic States.


Step 1: Understand the term Baltic Republics.

Baltic Republics refer to the countries situated along the Baltic Sea that were formerly part of the Soviet Union.

Step 2: Identify the correct countries.

The three countries are Estonia, Latvia, and Lithuania.

Step 3: Eliminate incorrect options.

Slovenia and Romania are not Baltic countries, so options (B), (C), and (D) are incorrect.

Step 4: Conclusion.

Therefore, the correct trio of Baltic Republics is Estonia, Latvia, and Lithuania. Quick Tip: Remember the Baltic States as \textbf{ELL}: Estonia, Latvia, and Lithuania.

Concept:

The International Monetary Fund (IMF) is a global financial institution established in 1944 to promote international monetary cooperation, ensure financial stability, facilitate international trade, and reduce poverty.


The IMF monitors the global financial system and provides financial assistance and policy advice to member countries.
However, voting power in the IMF is not equal for all members. It is based on the financial contributions (quotas) of member countries.


Countries that contribute more financially to the IMF have greater voting power.


Step 1: Evaluate Statement I.

The IMF oversees international financial regulations and institutions, so Statement I is true.

Step 2: Evaluate Statement II.

All 189 member countries do not have equal voting power; voting rights depend on their financial contribution.

Step 3: Conclusion.

Thus, Statement I is true but Statement II is false. Quick Tip: In the IMF, voting power is based on financial contribution (quota), so larger economies have more influence than smaller countries.

Concept:

Traditional security mainly refers to the protection of a nation’s sovereignty, territorial integrity, and political independence from external military threats. It focuses largely on the use of military power and defence strategies to safeguard a state from attacks by other states.

Four major threats of traditional security are:


War:
War between two or more countries poses a major threat to national security as it can lead to destruction of life, property, and territorial loss.

Military attack or invasion:
When one country attacks or invades another country’s territory, it threatens the sovereignty and independence of the affected nation.

Nuclear weapons and arms race:
The development and possession of nuclear weapons by countries increases the risk of large-scale destruction and global conflict.

Terrorism supported by other states:
Some states support terrorist groups that carry out attacks in other countries, which threatens national security and stability.



Conclusion:

Traditional security threats mainly arise from military conflicts, external aggression, nuclear weapons, and state-supported terrorism. Quick Tip: Traditional security focuses mainly on military threats such as war, invasion, nuclear weapons, and terrorism supported by states.

Concept:

People move from one country or region to another for various reasons such as economic opportunities, safety, or better living conditions. Based on the reasons for movement, they are generally classified as refugees or migrants. Although both involve movement of people, their causes and legal status are different.

Two major differences between refugees and migrants are:


Reason for Movement:

Refugees: They are forced to leave their country due to war, persecution, violence, or natural disasters.
Migrants: They move voluntarily to another country mainly for better employment, education, or improved living conditions.


Legal Protection:

Refugees: They receive international protection under international laws and conventions such as the UN Refugee Convention.
Migrants: They do not have the same international legal protection and must follow the immigration laws of the country they move to.




Conclusion:

Thus, refugees are people forced to flee their country due to threats to their safety, whereas migrants move voluntarily in search of better opportunities. Quick Tip: Refugees flee for safety (forced movement), while migrants move mainly for better opportunities (voluntary movement).

Concept:

A Coalition Government is formed when two or more political parties join together to form a government because no single party secures a clear majority in the legislature. In India, coalition governments became common at the central level after the 1989 general elections.

Main reason for the formation of coalition governments after 1989:


Decline of One-Party Dominance:
For several decades after independence, the Indian National Congress dominated national politics. However, by the late 1980s, the popularity and electoral strength of the Congress declined. As a result, no single party was able to secure a clear majority in Parliament.

Rise of Regional Parties:
Many regional political parties emerged and gained strong support in different states. These parties represented regional interests and played a crucial role in national politics, making coalition governments necessary.

Fragmentation of the Party System:
The political landscape became more fragmented with the presence of multiple national and regional parties. This fragmentation made it difficult for any one party to form a government independently.

Need for Alliances:
Since no single party had a majority, political parties had to form alliances with others to achieve the required majority in Parliament and form the government.


Conclusion:

Thus, the main reason for the formation of coalition governments after 1989 was the decline of one-party dominance and the growing influence of regional parties, which led to a fragmented political system requiring alliances. Quick Tip: Coalition governments in India became common after 1989 mainly because no single party could win a majority and regional parties gained significant political influence.

Concept:

The North-East region of India includes states such as Assam, Arunachal Pradesh, Meghalaya, Manipur, Mizoram, Nagaland, Tripura and Sikkim. This region has a unique geographical location which has greatly influenced the development of regional demands and political movements.

Impact of geographical location on regional demands:


Physical Isolation from the Rest of India:

The North-East is connected to the rest of India only through a narrow corridor called the Siliguri Corridor (Chicken's Neck). This geographical isolation has created a sense of distance and neglect, leading to demands for greater autonomy and development.

International Borders with Several Countries:

The region shares borders with countries such as China, Myanmar, Bangladesh, Bhutan and Nepal. Due to these international borders, cross-border migration and cultural influences have increased, which has sometimes intensified ethnic tensions and regional demands.

Diverse Ethnic and Cultural Groups:

The region is home to many tribes and ethnic communities with distinct languages and cultures. Because of this diversity and geographical separation, many groups demanded recognition of their identity and creation of separate states.

Difficult Terrain and Development Issues:

The mountainous terrain, dense forests and poor connectivity have slowed economic development. As a result, people in the region have raised demands for better infrastructure, economic opportunities and political autonomy.


Conclusion:

Thus, the geographical isolation, international borders, ethnic diversity and difficult terrain of the North-East region have significantly influenced the expression of its regional demands. Quick Tip: The North-East region's isolation, difficult terrain, international borders and ethnic diversity have strongly shaped its regional movements and demands.

Concept:

The Students' Movement in Gujarat (1974) was a major political protest known as the Navnirman Movement. It began as a protest by students against rising prices and corruption in the state government and later turned into a mass movement involving many sections of society.

Two main reasons for the Students' Movement in Gujarat were:


Rise in Prices and Economic Hardships:
There was a sharp increase in the prices of essential commodities and hostel food charges. This created dissatisfaction among students and common people, leading to protests.

Corruption in the State Government:
The government led by Chief Minister Chimanbhai Patel was accused of corruption and misuse of power. This angered the public and strengthened the student-led agitation.


Conclusion:

Thus, rising prices and widespread corruption in the state government were the major reasons for the Students' Movement in Gujarat in 1974. Quick Tip: The 1974 Gujarat Students' Movement (Navnirman Movement) started due to price rise and corruption in the state government.

Concept:

South Asia includes countries such as India, Pakistan, Bangladesh, Nepal, Sri Lanka, Bhutan, Maldives and Afghanistan. Because of its strategic location, political instability in some areas and economic importance, outside powers such as the United States, China, Russia and other Western countries have had a significant influence on the region.

Impact of outside powers on South Asian countries:


Political Influence and Strategic Alliances:

Major powers often try to influence political developments in South Asian countries by forming alliances and providing diplomatic support. For example, during the Cold War, Pakistan maintained close ties with the United States, while India had closer relations with the Soviet Union.

Military Assistance and Arms Supply:

Outside powers provide military aid, training and weapons to countries in the region. This sometimes increases tensions and rivalry among neighbouring states.

Economic Assistance and Development Projects:

External powers provide loans, investments and development aid to South Asian countries. For instance, China has invested heavily in infrastructure projects in several countries in the region.

Influence on Regional Conflicts:

External involvement sometimes affects internal and regional conflicts by supporting certain governments or political groups, which can either stabilize or intensify tensions in the region.


Conclusion:

Thus, outside powers have played an important role in shaping the political, economic and security dynamics of South Asian countries through alliances, economic assistance and military involvement. Quick Tip: Outside powers influence South Asia mainly through political alliances, military aid, economic investments and involvement in regional conflicts.

Concept:

The nature of government formation in India has changed over time. In the early years after independence, India experienced one-party dominance, whereas after 1989, coalition governments became common due to political fragmentation and the rise of regional parties.

Four major differences are:


Nature of Government:

Early Elections (1952, 1957, 1962): Single-party dominance, mainly by the Indian National Congress.
After 1989: Coalition governments formed by multiple parties.


Stability:

Early Governments: More stable due to clear majority.
Coalition Governments: Sometimes unstable due to dependence on support from multiple parties.


Role of Regional Parties:

Early Period: Regional parties had limited influence.
After 1989: Regional parties gained importance and played a key role in government formation.


Decision-Making:

Early Governments: Decisions were taken mainly by one dominant party.
Coalition Governments: Decisions are taken through consensus among coalition partners.



Conclusion:

Thus, early governments were single-party and stable, while post-1989 governments are coalition-based with shared power and greater regional representation. Quick Tip: Before 1989 → One-party dominance; After 1989 → Coalition governments with regional party influence.

Concept:

A coalition government is formed when two or more political parties come together to form a government. In India, coalition governments have become common since 1989 and have contributed to inclusive and representative governance.

Four advantages of coalition governments are:


Better Representation:
Coalition governments include multiple parties, ensuring representation of diverse regions, communities and interests.

Promotion of Federalism:
Regional parties get a voice at the national level, strengthening the federal structure of India.

Consensus-Based Decision Making:
Decisions are taken after discussions among different parties, reducing the chances of arbitrary decisions.

Check on Autocracy:
No single party dominates, which prevents concentration of power and promotes democratic functioning.


Conclusion:

Thus, coalition governments promote inclusiveness, cooperation, and democratic decision-making in Indian politics. Quick Tip: Coalition governments ensure representation, strengthen federalism, and promote consensus-based and democratic governance.

Concept:

India and Russia (earlier the Soviet Union) have maintained a long-standing and friendly relationship since the early years of India's independence. Their relationship has been based on mutual trust, cooperation and strategic interests in areas such as defence, technology and international politics.

Two major reasons for strong relations between India and Russia are:


Defence and Military Cooperation:
Russia has been one of the largest suppliers of defence equipment to India. The two countries cooperate in the production of military technology, such as fighter aircraft, submarines and missiles. This strong defence partnership has strengthened strategic relations between the two nations.

Support in International Politics:
Russia has often supported India on important international issues, particularly in forums like the United Nations. For example, the Soviet Union used its veto power in the UN Security Council several times in favour of India during conflicts such as the Kashmir issue.


Conclusion:

Thus, defence cooperation and mutual support in international politics have played a major role in maintaining strong relations between India and Russia. Quick Tip: India–Russia relations are strong mainly due to defence cooperation and Russia’s diplomatic support to India in international forums.

Concept:

The Bharatiya Jana Sangh (BJS) was founded in 1951 by Dr. Syama Prasad Mookerjee. The party aimed to build a strong and progressive India based on the principles of nationalism, cultural unity and economic development. Many of its policies and ideological positions reflected the goal of strengthening the nation politically, culturally and economically.

Yes, the statement is correct. The following arguments support it:


Promotion of Cultural Nationalism:
The Bharatiya Jana Sangh emphasized the idea of cultural nationalism and aimed to promote Indian traditions and values in order to strengthen national unity.

Strong National Security:
The party advocated a strong defence policy and national security to protect India's sovereignty and territorial integrity.

Economic Self-Reliance:
The Bharatiya Jana Sangh supported economic development based on self-reliance and indigenous production to make the country economically strong.

National Integration:
The party supported policies that aimed at strengthening national integration, including the complete integration of Jammu and Kashmir with India.


Conclusion:

Thus, through its emphasis on nationalism, economic development, strong defence and national integration, the Bharatiya Jana Sangh aimed to make India a progressive and strong nation. Quick Tip: The Bharatiya Jana Sangh focused on cultural nationalism, strong defence, economic self-reliance and national integration to strengthen India.

Concept:

India and Pakistan became independent in 1947 after the partition of British India. Since then, both countries have experienced periods of cooperation as well as conflicts due to political, territorial and security issues.

Two areas of co-operation:


Trade and Economic Relations:
India and Pakistan have engaged in limited trade and economic exchanges which help in improving mutual relations and economic cooperation.

People-to-People Contacts and Cultural Exchanges:
Both countries share historical, cultural and linguistic similarities. Cultural programmes, sports events and diplomatic dialogues help in promoting understanding between the people of the two countries.


Two reasons for conflicts:


Kashmir Issue:
The dispute over Jammu and Kashmir has been the major cause of tension and wars between India and Pakistan.

Cross-Border Terrorism:
India has accused Pakistan of supporting militant groups operating across the border, which has increased tensions between the two countries.


Conclusion:

Thus, although there are areas of cooperation, territorial disputes and security concerns have often led to conflicts between India and Pakistan. Quick Tip: India–Pakistan relations include limited cooperation in trade and cultural exchanges, while major conflicts arise due to the Kashmir dispute and cross-border terrorism.

Concept:

India and Nepal share close historical, cultural and geographical ties. The two countries maintain friendly relations and cooperate in several areas, though some political and territorial issues have also caused tensions.

Two areas of co-operation:


Economic and Trade Relations:
India is one of Nepal’s largest trading partners and provides economic assistance and development support for infrastructure, energy and education.

Open Border and Cultural Ties:
India and Nepal share an open border which allows citizens of both countries to travel and work freely. The two nations also share strong cultural and religious connections.


Two reasons for conflicts:


Border Disputes:
Differences over territories such as Kalapani and Lipulekh have created tensions between the two countries.

Political and Economic Differences:
At times Nepal has expressed concerns about India's influence in its internal affairs, which has led to diplomatic tensions.


Conclusion:

Thus, India and Nepal share strong cooperation in economic and cultural areas, but border issues and political misunderstandings occasionally lead to conflicts. Quick Tip: India–Nepal relations are marked by strong trade, cultural ties and open borders, while border disputes and political differences sometimes create tensions.

Concept:

Non-Congressism was a political strategy proposed by Dr. Ram Manohar Lohia. It aimed to oppose the dominance of the Indian National Congress by encouraging all non-Congress parties to unite and form alliances against it. The idea was that if opposition parties worked together, they could challenge the Congress Party, which had been dominating Indian politics since independence.

Example:


1967 General Elections:
In the 1967 elections, several opposition parties joined together to form coalition governments in many states such as Uttar Pradesh, Bihar and Punjab. These governments were known as Samyukta Vidhayak Dal (SVD) governments. The alliance of different parties successfully defeated the Congress in several states, demonstrating the idea of non-Congressism in practice.


Conclusion:

Thus, non-Congressism was a strategy of political unity among opposition parties to challenge Congress dominance, and it became visible during the 1967 elections when coalition governments replaced Congress in several states. Quick Tip: Non-Congressism was the idea of uniting all opposition parties to defeat the Congress Party, first clearly seen during the 1967 elections.

Concept:

Different political movements and agreements in India are associated with particular states and leaders.


Tamil Nadu:
E.V. Ramasami Naicker (Periyar) was a prominent leader of the Dravidian Movement, which originated in Tamil Nadu.

Punjab:
Master Tara Singh strongly supported the demand for a separate Punjabi-speaking state, which later resulted in the formation of Punjab in 1966.

Assam:
The Assam Movement against illegal immigrants and outsiders was started by student organizations such as the All Assam Students' Union (AASU).

Mizoram:
The Mizo Peace Accord was signed in 1986 between Prime Minister Rajiv Gandhi and Mizo National Front leader Laldenga, leading to peace and the creation of Mizoram as a state. Quick Tip: Key associations: Periyar → Tamil Nadu, Master Tara Singh → Punjab, Student movement against outsiders → Assam, Rajiv Gandhi–Laldenga Peace Accord → Mizoram.

Concept:

The United Nations Security Council (UNSC) is one of the most important organs of the United Nations responsible for maintaining international peace and security.

The Security Council has:

Five permanent members: United States, Russia, China, France and the United Kingdom.
Ten non-permanent members: Elected for two-year terms by the UN General Assembly.


The five permanent members also have the veto power, which allows them to block any substantive resolution of the Security Council.

Step 1: Identify the UN organ mentioned in the question.

The organ that has five permanent members is the Security Council.

Step 2: Conclusion.

Therefore, the correct answer is Security Council. Quick Tip: The UN Security Council has 5 permanent members (USA, UK, Russia, China and France) who possess veto power.

Concept:

The United Nations (UN) is funded by contributions from its member countries. These contributions are based on factors such as the economic strength and capacity of each country.


The United States of America contributes the largest share to the UN budget.
Countries with stronger economies contribute more, while developing countries contribute less.


Step 1: Understanding UN funding.

The UN budget is supported by member states based on their financial capacity.

Step 2: Identifying the largest contributor.

Among the given options, the United States contributes the most.

Step 3: Conclusion.

Therefore, the correct answer is America. Quick Tip: The USA is the largest contributor to the UN budget due to its strong economy.

Concept:

The United Nations Security Council (UNSC) originally had 6 non-permanent members. To improve representation of newly independent countries from Asia and Africa, the UN General Assembly decided to increase the number of non-permanent members.

Step 1: Understanding the reform.

In 1963, the UN General Assembly adopted a resolution to expand the Security Council.

Step 2: Result of the reform.

The number of non-permanent members increased from 6 to 10.

Step 3: Conclusion.

Therefore, the correct answer is 1963. Quick Tip: In 1963 the UN Security Council was expanded and the number of non-permanent members increased from 6 to 10.

Concept:

There have been several proposals for reforms in the United Nations Security Council (UNSC) because many countries believe that its current structure does not represent modern global political realities.


The Security Council is often criticized for lacking equitable representation.
Its decisions are sometimes seen as dominated by a few powerful countries.
Many countries from Asia, Africa and South America demand greater representation.


However, the Security Council does not have its own standing army. It depends on member countries to provide forces for peacekeeping missions.

Step 1: Analyze the statements.

Statements (A), (B) and (C) describe common criticisms regarding the need for reform.

Step 2: Identify the incorrect statement.

Statement (D) is incorrect because the Security Council does not possess a permanent army.

Step 3: Conclusion.

Therefore, the statement that is NOT correct is option (D). Quick Tip: The UN Security Council does not have its own army; peacekeeping forces are provided by member countries.

Concept:

The cartoon compares two time periods—``Yesterday'' and ``Today''—to highlight a shift in global concerns.

Step 1: Observation.

Earlier, concern was about hunger and poverty in developing countries.

Step 2: Present scenario.

Now, the focus has shifted to competition and employment issues.

Step 3: Conclusion.

The cartoon reflects a change from concern for poverty to concern about economic competition and job loss. Quick Tip: The cartoon shows a shift from humanitarian concerns to economic self-interest in global relations.

Concept:

The cartoon highlights the changing attitude of developed countries like the USA towards developing nations.

Step 1: Earlier attitude.

Earlier, America showed concern for poverty and hunger in developing countries.

Step 2: Present attitude.

Now, it is more concerned about economic competition and job losses due to outsourcing.

Step 3: Conclusion.

There is a shift from a humanitarian approach to a self-interested economic approach. Quick Tip: America's attitude has shifted from helping developing countries to protecting its own economic interests.

Concept:

Globalization refers to increasing interconnection between countries through trade, technology and employment opportunities.

Step 1: Positive impact.

Developing countries like India and China get more job opportunities and economic growth due to globalization.

Step 2: Negative impact.

Developed countries like the USA may face job losses due to outsourcing.

Step 3: Conclusion.

Thus, globalization creates opportunities for some countries while causing economic concerns for others. Quick Tip: Globalization creates jobs in developing countries but may lead to job losses in developed countries due to outsourcing.

Concept:

After the Second World War, Japan suffered massive destruction due to the atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki. Despite this devastation, Japan rebuilt its economy rapidly and emerged as a major economic power in the world.

Four factors responsible for Japan’s emergence as a new centre of power are:


Economic Reconstruction and Industrial Growth:
Japan focused on rebuilding its economy by developing modern industries, technology and manufacturing.

Support from the United States:
The United States provided financial assistance, security support and access to markets which helped Japan’s economic recovery.

Skilled Workforce and Technology:
Japan invested heavily in education, technology and innovation which increased productivity and industrial efficiency.

Peace Constitution and Focus on Development:
Japan adopted a peaceful constitution and avoided large military spending, allowing it to concentrate resources on economic growth.


Conclusion:

Thus, strong economic planning, US support, technological development and peaceful policies helped Japan become a major centre of power. Quick Tip: Japan became a major power through rapid industrial growth, technological advancement, US support and a focus on economic development.

Concept:

China introduced several economic reforms after 1978 under the leadership of Deng Xiaoping to transform its economy from a strictly socialist system to a more market-oriented economy.

Four policies adopted by China for economic growth are:


Economic Reforms and Open Door Policy:
China opened its economy to foreign trade and investment to boost industrial and economic growth.

Establishment of Special Economic Zones (SEZs):
China created SEZs where foreign companies could invest with fewer restrictions and better facilities.

Encouragement of Private Enterprise:
The government allowed private businesses and enterprises to operate, increasing economic activity and employment.

Modernization of Agriculture and Industry:
China modernized agriculture and industries by introducing new technologies and improving productivity.


Conclusion:

Thus, economic reforms, SEZs, foreign investment and modernization helped China achieve rapid economic growth. Quick Tip: China's economic growth was driven by open-door policies, SEZs, foreign investment and modernization of agriculture and industry.

Concept:

At the time of India's independence in 1947, there were about 565 princely states. These states were ruled by kings or princes and were not directly under British India. After independence, these princely states had the option to join India, join Pakistan or remain independent. Their uncertain position posed serious challenges to India's national security.

Threats posed by princely states:


Possibility of Fragmentation:
If princely states had chosen to remain independent, India could have been divided into many small states, threatening national unity.

External Influence:
Some princely states could have developed relations with foreign countries, which might have threatened India's sovereignty and security.

Strategic Location:
Certain princely states were located in strategically important regions, and their independence could have created security risks.

Internal Instability:
Differences between rulers and the people in these states could have created internal conflicts affecting national stability.


Conclusion:

Thus, the uncertain political status of princely states after independence posed a threat to India's national security until their integration into the Indian Union. Quick Tip: The integration of princely states by Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel played a crucial role in maintaining India's unity and security.

Concept:

The Partition of India in 1947 led to the creation of two independent nations—India and Pakistan. Although it marked the end of British rule, it also created several social, political and humanitarian problems.

Major problems faced during partition:


Communal Violence:
Large-scale violence broke out between Hindus, Muslims and Sikhs, resulting in the loss of thousands of lives.

Mass Migration:
Millions of people migrated across the borders of India and Pakistan to settle in areas where their religious community was in majority.

Refugee Crisis:
A huge number of refugees had to be rehabilitated, creating economic and social challenges for both countries.

Loss of Property and Livelihood:
Many people lost their homes, property and sources of livelihood during the migration.


Conclusion:

Thus, communal violence, migration, refugee problems and economic losses were some of the major challenges during the partition of India. Quick Tip: The Partition of India in 1947 led to massive migration, communal violence and refugee crises affecting millions of people.

Concept:

Jawaharlal Nehru played a significant role in shaping India's foreign policy after independence. His ideas emphasized peace, cooperation and independence in international relations.

Role of Nehru in shaping foreign policy:


Policy of Non-Alignment:
Nehru promoted the policy of non-alignment, which meant that India would not join any military alliance during the Cold War.

Promotion of Peaceful Coexistence:
He supported peaceful relations among countries and opposed war and aggression.

Support for Anti-Colonial Movements:
India under Nehru supported freedom movements in Asia and Africa.

Panchsheel Principles:
Nehru introduced the Panchsheel principles to promote peaceful relations between nations.


Conclusion:

Thus, Nehru laid the foundation of India's foreign policy based on peace, cooperation and independent decision-making. Quick Tip: Nehru's foreign policy focused on non-alignment, peaceful coexistence and support for anti-colonial movements.

Concept:

India and China initially had friendly relations after independence, but several issues later led to conflicts between the two countries.

Main causes of conflict:


Border Dispute:
Differences over the boundary lines in regions such as Aksai Chin and Arunachal Pradesh led to tensions.

Tibet Issue:
India's decision to grant asylum to the Dalai Lama after the Chinese occupation of Tibet increased tensions between the two countries.

Chinese Construction in Aksai Chin:
China built a road linking Tibet with Xinjiang through Aksai Chin, which India considers its territory.


Conclusion:

Thus, border disputes, the Tibet issue and territorial disagreements were the main causes of conflict between India and China. Quick Tip: The India-China conflict was mainly due to border disputes, the Tibet issue and the Chinese road in Aksai Chin.

Concept:

Indigenous people are the original inhabitants of a region who have their own distinct culture, traditions, languages and ways of living closely connected to nature.

Threats faced by indigenous people:


Loss of Land and Resources:
Development projects such as mining, dams and industries often displace indigenous communities.

Cultural Assimilation:
Globalization and modernization sometimes threaten their traditional culture and identity.

Economic Exploitation:
Indigenous communities are often marginalized and face poverty and exploitation.

Environmental Degradation:
Deforestation and environmental damage affect their traditional lifestyle and survival.


Conclusion:

Thus, indigenous people face threats to their land, culture, livelihood and environment. Quick Tip: Indigenous people are native communities whose survival is threatened by displacement, cultural loss and environmental damage.

Concept:

The terms Global North and Global South refer to the division between developed and developing countries. Their environmental concerns differ due to differences in economic development and priorities.

Examples of differences:


Industrial Pollution vs Development Needs:
Developed countries focus on reducing industrial pollution, while developing countries prioritize economic development.

Climate Change Responsibility:
Countries of the Global South argue that developed countries should take greater responsibility for climate change since they contributed more to pollution in the past.

Resource Use:
Developed countries emphasize environmental protection, while developing countries emphasize sustainable use of resources for development.


Conclusion:

Thus, environmental priorities differ between the Global North and Global South due to differences in economic development and historical responsibility. Quick Tip: Global North focuses on environmental protection, while Global South balances environmental concerns with economic development.