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Blood is the most vital fluid in our body. The loss of blood, during an accident or injury, can lead to a variety of conditions, and in extreme cases, it might even prove to be fatal. Hence, the knowledge about their blood groups might prove to be life-saving for a person in case of blood transfusions. In this article, we will discuss how to know the blood group of any person with the help of a blood group test kit.
| Table of Content |
Key Terms: Bloodgroup, fluid, lancet, Anti-A, transfusion, Blood, Blood Cell, Platelets, Erythrocytes
Blood Group of a Person
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Human beings mainly have four types of blood groups: A, B, AB, and O. The system for differentiating the blood group was given by Karl Landsteiner, an Austrian biologist in the year 1901. The type of blood group a person has is mainly determined by the presence or absence of the antibodies and the antigens on the surface of Erythrocytes, which are also known as our red blood cells. Human blood consists of red blood cells, white blood cells, and platelets which play a vital role in the transportation and regulation of blood.
Why is awareness of our Blood Groups important for us?
In case of some emergencies and accidents, patients need a blood transfusion and to select the appropriate blood for transfusion, it is important for the doctors to know what the patient`s blood group is.
Read more : Mendelian Inheritance
Aim
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The main purpose of this experiment is to learn or understand the concept of blood grouping of different ABO blood group systems and to determine our blood group type.
| Important Topics | ||
|---|---|---|
| Incomplete dominance | Mendelian Genetics | Chromosome theory of inheritance |
| Linkage and crossing over | Inheritance Definition | Chromosomal Abnormalities |
Landsteiner’s law
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Landsteiner’s law states that if an antigen is present on a patient’s red blood cell, the corresponding antibody will not be present in the patient`s plasma under normal conditions.
Read Also: Class 12 Chromosome Theory of Inheritance
Materials required
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The materials required for conducting the experiment are listed below:
- Toothpicks
- Clean glass slide
- Alcohol swabs
- Sterile cotton balls
- Blood sample
- Lancet
- Biohazard disposal container
- Antibodies (Anti-A, B, and D)
All this equipment will be available in a blood test tool kit.
Read Also : difference between incomplete dominance and codominance
Procedure
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Below are the steps for conducting the experiment in an effective way.
- Take a clean glass slide and on this slide, draw three circles.
- Open the monoclonal antibody kit to add antibodies in the circles drawn on the slide.
- In the first circle, add Anti-A, to the second circle, put Anti-B, and in the third circle, add Anti-D using a dropper.
- Put the slide containing the antibodies in a safe place without disturbing it.
- After that, wipe the ring finger and gently rub near the fingertip, where the blood sample will be collected
- Wipe off the first drop of blood by pricking the fingertip with the lancet.
- Gently press the fingertip and allow the blood to fall on the three circles on the slide.
- Use a cotton ball to stop the blood flow if required.
- Take a toothpick and mix the blood sample gently and wait for a minute to observe the result.
Conclusion
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Below is a chart that helps predict the type of blood group along with its RH factor.
| Blood type | A | B | O | AB |
| RH- positive | A+ | B+ | O+ | AB+ |
| RH- negative | A- | B- | O- | AB- |
Precautions
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For the safety measure, put the alcohol swabs, lancet, cotton balls, glass slides, and toothpicks into the biohazard disposal container after completing the experiment.
Read Also : Difference Between Antigen And Pathogen
Things to Remember
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- There are four major blood groups and eight types collectively called the ABO blood group system.
- The grouping of blood types is done based on the presence or absence of specific antigens and antibodies i.e., Anti-A and Anti-B
- Blood groups include –
- Group A – Antigen A and Antibody B
- Group B – Antigen B and Antibody A
- Group AB – Both Antigen A and B and no Antibody.
- Group O – No Antigens and Both A and B Antibodies.
- Based on the presence of the third kind of Antigen, the RH factor, the above four blood groups are classified into eight different blood groups.
- A positive – Presence of RH+
- A negative – Presence of RH-
- B positive – Presence of RH+
- B negative – Presence of RH-
- AB positive – Presence of RH+
- AB negative – Presence of RH-
- O positive – Presence of RH+
- O negative – Presence of RH-
- This topic is included in chapter 12, Genetics and Evolution, of class 12th NCERT Biology. As per the CBSE syllabus for session 2021-22, the whole chapter carries a weightage of 18 marks in the examination.
Previous Years Questions
- Which of the following is an example of pleiotropy ?…..[ CUCET 2011]
- Who proposed the chromosomal theory of inheritance ?….[CUCET 2010]
- The children of a father with type 'O' blood and mother with type….[COMEDK UGET 2012]
- Epicanthus skin fold above the eyes and transverse palmer….[COMEDK UGET 2007]
- Distance between the genes and percentage of….[COMEDK UGET 2015]
- Which one of the following is a sex-linked disease….[CUCET 2010]
- The science that deals with the application of principles….[CUCET 2010]
- A 10 years old patient is found to have the following….[COMEDK UGET 2012]
- Which of the following genes shows the heterozygous...[BHU UET 2008]
- Which chromosomal constitution refers to Jacob's syndrome….[BHU UET 2012]
- Which of the following is an example of intergenic gene….
- Which of the following is not considered as a mutagen…
- Haemophilia is an example of….
- In order to lessen the suffering of phenylketonurics...[AMUEEE 2014]
- In Mendel's experiments with garden pea, round seed shape..[JKCET 2015]
- Genotypic and phenotypic ratio in monohybrid cross remains..[JKCET 2011]
Sample Questions
Ques. What is a blood group test? [1 mark]
Ans. A blood group test is a simple test that helps us to determine the blood group of a person. It is also called ABO blood grouping.
Ques. Which blood group is called Universal Doner and Universal Recipient? [3 marks]
Ans. Since type O blood group can be donated to patients of any blood group as this blood group has neither A nor B present on the surface of the red blood cell. So, blood group O is called a universal donor.
The blood group AB is called the Universal recipient because the person with this type of blood group can receive blood from any of the available blood groups. This is because this type of blood group has both A and B antigens present on the surface of red blood cells.
Ques. Which is the rarest blood group? [1 mark]
Ans. AB- is known to be the rarest blood group type. But the rarest blood types differ from one part of the world to other.
Ques. How important is it to know blood groups? [2 marks]
Ans. During any emergency, where blood transfusion is a must in order to avoid further complications, it is important to know the blood group so that the right type of blood group is chosen for transfusion.
Ques. On what basis are blood groups determined? [1 mark]
Ans. Blood groups are determined on the basis of the presence or absence of antigens on the surface of red blood surfaces and antibodies in the blood plasma.
Ques. What is Landsteiner`s law?[2 marks]
Ans. Landsteiner`s law is very important and helpful in determining the blood type of any individual. It states that if an antigen is present on a patient’s red blood cell, the corresponding antibody will not be present in the patient`s plasma under normal conditions.
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