CBSE Class 12 Political Science (59/4/2) Question Paper 2024 Available: Download Solution PDF with Answer Key

The Karbi community is primarily located in the Karbi Anglong district of Assam. This tribe is recognized as one of the indigenous communities in Assam. They speak the Karbi language and have a rich cultural heritage linked to the region.

Thus, the correct answer is (B) Assam. Quick Tip: The Karbi people are indigenous to Assam. It’s useful to remember their geographical location, which is central to Assam.

India played a crucial role in supporting Indonesia's struggle for independence from colonial rule. At the time, Indonesia was under Dutch colonial control. India’s efforts were particularly significant after World War II, when the Dutch were forced to relinquish their control over Indonesia, leading to its independence in 1949.

Thus, the correct answer is (D) Dutch. Quick Tip: India’s foreign policy during the 1940s and 1950s focused on supporting anti-colonial movements in Asia, especially in Indonesia, which was under Dutch rule.

Step 1: Understanding the assertion.

The Mizo National Front (MNF) indeed started an armed campaign for independence in the Mizo Hills (then part of Assam). This movement was a result of the Mizo people's desire for autonomy, and later it culminated in the formation of Mizoram in 1987.

Step 2: Understanding the reason.

After independence, the Mizo Hill area was indeed made an autonomous district within Assam, but the MNF’s armed campaign was not directly because of this. The creation of an autonomous district did not fully resolve the issues, and the MNF continued its struggle for full independence.

Thus, while both statements are true, the reason does not explain the assertion. Hence, the correct answer is (B). Quick Tip: Assertion and Reason questions often require understanding of historical context. Here, note the difference between the Mizo struggle for independence and the creation of the autonomous district.

Step 1: Understanding the historical event.

China annexed Tibet in 1950. This event is often referred to as the "Chinese invasion of Tibet." The People's Liberation Army (PLA) of China entered Tibet and took control, leading to the establishment of Chinese sovereignty over the region. Tibet was officially incorporated into China in 1951 under the "Seventeen Point Agreement."


Step 2: Conclusion.

Thus, the correct answer is 1950, the year China annexed Tibet. Quick Tip: The annexation of Tibet by China in 1950 was a critical moment in Sino-Tibetan relations and remains a controversial issue in international politics today.

Step 1: Historical context.

The first time a communist party came to power through democratic elections in India was in Kerala in 1957. This was a major event in Indian political history as it marked the rise of communism in a democratic context, with E.M.S. Namboodiripad becoming the Chief Minister of Kerala.


Step 2: Conclusion.

Hence, the correct answer is Kerala, as it was the first state where the Communist Party came to power through free and fair elections. Quick Tip: The election of 1957 in Kerala was a historic event in India, where the first democratically elected communist government took office.

Step 1: Understanding the Kyoto Protocol.

The Kyoto Protocol, adopted in 1997, required developed countries to reduce greenhouse gas emissions, recognizing their larger historical responsibility for global emissions. The treaty exempted developing countries, including India, China, and others, from binding emission reduction targets. This exemption was granted as these countries had not industrialized to the same extent as developed countries and thus had contributed less to historical emissions.


Step 2: Evaluating the reason.

The reason provided in the question states that India, China, and other developing countries were exempted because their contribution to greenhouse gases during industrialization was not significant. This is the correct explanation because, during the industrialization period, these countries had not yet reached the emission levels seen in developed nations. The exemption was based on their lower historical contribution to global emissions, which is the main reason they were not required to meet the same emission reduction targets under the Kyoto Protocol.

Step 3: Conclusion.

Both the assertion and the reason are correct, and the reason accurately explains why developing countries, including India and China, were exempted from the requirements of the Kyoto Protocol. Quick Tip: The Kyoto Protocol’s approach was based on the principle of "common but differentiated responsibilities," giving developing countries a more flexible stance on emission reductions.

Step 1: Understand the dates of these protocols and treaties.



Antarctic Treaty (a) was signed in 1959 to regulate international relations with respect to Antarctica.
Montreal Protocol (b) was signed in 1987 to phase out substances responsible for ozone depletion.
Antarctic Environmental Protocol (c) was adopted in 1991 to protect the Antarctic environment.
Kyoto Protocol (d) was adopted in 1997 as an international treaty that commits state parties to reduce greenhouse gases.


Step 2: Match the events with their respective years.

From the given information, the correct matching is: \[ a \rightarrow iv (1959), \quad b \rightarrow iii (1987), \quad c \rightarrow ii (1991), \quad d \rightarrow i (1997). \]
Thus, the correct answer is (A). Quick Tip: When matching treaties and protocols with years, remember key environmental treaties like the Antarctic Treaty (1959), Montreal Protocol (1987), and Kyoto Protocol (1997). These are pivotal in international environmental law.

Step 1: Understanding the definitions.

Migrants: Individuals who move from one place to another, especially across borders, in search of better living conditions or economic opportunities. This movement can be temporary or permanent.
Immigrants: People who move into a new country with the intention of settling there permanently. This term is often used legally in immigration contexts.
Refugees: Individuals who are forced to flee their home country due to conflict, persecution, or disaster.
Non-Residents: Typically refers to individuals who reside outside their native country, often for legal or taxation purposes, but the term is broader and not specific to economic migration.


Step 2: Applying to the context.

Since the question mentions "people who seek better economic opportunities," it implies voluntary movement motivated by employment or improved living standards. This is the definition of a migrant.

Step 3: Conclusion.

Thus, the most appropriate and inclusive term for people moving abroad for better economic prospects is migrants. Quick Tip: “Migrant” is the broadest term that includes all people moving for economic, social, or environmental reasons — not necessarily forced like refugees.

Step 1: Understanding the context of international relations.

In international relations, countries often engage in various diplomatic practices to avoid conflict and build mutual trust, especially when tensions are high. One such method is the exchange of information and transparency about military movements, defense policies, or intentions.


Step 2: Evaluating the options.

(A) Alliance Building: This refers to forming strategic partnerships, often through formal agreements like NATO. However, it doesn't necessarily involve sharing ideas with rivals.
(B) Arms Control: This refers to agreements between countries to limit or regulate the number and type of weapons, not the sharing of ideas or information in general.
(C) Confidence Building: This involves transparency and communication between nations, including rivals, to build trust and avoid misunderstandings that might lead to conflict.
(D) Balance of Power: This is a strategic concept where power is distributed to prevent any one nation from dominating, and does not refer to mutual communication.


Step 3: Conclusion.

The process of sharing ideas and information with rivals to reduce suspicion and build trust is best described by Confidence Building. Quick Tip: In diplomacy, confidence-building measures (CBMs) include transparency in military affairs, prior notification of exercises, and communication hotlines to prevent accidental escalation.

Step 1: Identify the key timeline in the question.

The question mentions a civil war lasting ten years, ending in 2001. That means the conflict started around 1991.

Step 2: Match this information with the history of Central Asian republics.

Tajikistan went through a violent civil war starting in 1992, soon after the collapse of the Soviet Union. The conflict was fought between pro-government forces and the United Tajik Opposition, and was rooted in regional, ethnic, and political rivalries.
The war officially ended with a peace agreement in 1997, but violence and instability continued until 2001.
Kazakhstan, Uzbekistan, and Azerbaijan did not experience civil wars of such length or intensity during that period.


Therefore, the correct answer is Tajikistan. Quick Tip: Tajikistan is the only Central Asian nation that had a long-running civil war after the USSR's fall. Remember: Civil war (1992–2001), ended with peace efforts but took years to stabilize.

Step 1: Understand the events and recall the actual years.

The Russian Revolution (i) took place in 1917. It led to the rise of the Soviet Union.
The end of World War II (iv) occurred in 1945.
The Soviet invasion of Afghanistan (ii) began in 1979 and lasted till 1989.
The disintegration of the Soviet Union (iii) happened in 1991, marking the end of the USSR.


Step 2: Arrange them in chronological order based on their dates. \[ (i) \rightarrow 1917, \quad (iv) \rightarrow 1945, \quad (ii) \rightarrow 1979, \quad (iii) \rightarrow 1991 \]
So, the correct chronological order is: \[ (i), (iv), (ii), (iii) \] Quick Tip: Always associate major events with dates. Remember: Russian Revolution (1917), WWII ends (1945), Soviet-Afghan War (1979), USSR Disintegration (1991).

Step 1: Understanding the issue of East Pakistan.

The people of East Pakistan (now Bangladesh) resented the domination of West Pakistan due to several reasons, primarily related to political, economic, and cultural disparities. East Pakistan was geographically separated from West Pakistan by about 1,600 kilometers of Indian territory. Despite contributing significantly to the economy, especially in terms of exports from agriculture (like jute), the people of East Pakistan were politically underrepresented. The central government in West Pakistan controlled all the major political decisions, and the resources were unfairly allocated, leaving East Pakistan economically underdeveloped.


Step 2: Additional factors of resentment.

Furthermore, the language issue also fueled the resentment. The majority in East Pakistan spoke Bengali, while Urdu was the official language imposed by West Pakistan. The lack of political autonomy, the imposition of policies favoring West Pakistan, and the feeling of being treated as second-class citizens led to widespread discontent and eventually culminated in the Bangladesh Liberation War, which resulted in the independence of Bangladesh in 1971. Quick Tip: The tension between East and West Pakistan is a classic example of regional imbalances and the importance of political representation in a federal system.

Step 1: Understanding the balance of power concept.

The "balance of power" is a concept in international relations that refers to the distribution of military and economic power among states to prevent any one state from becoming dominant over others. In traditional security terms, the balance of power theory suggests that national security is best maintained when no single nation is strong enough to impose its will on others.


Step 2: Application in traditional security.

In the context of traditional security, the balance of power helps prevent war and conflicts by ensuring that no nation or group of nations can become so powerful that it can dictate the terms of international relations. This principle was particularly significant in Europe during the 19th century and early 20th century, where the balance between great powers like Britain, France, and Germany was seen as crucial to maintaining peace.


Step 3: Conclusion.

Thus, the balance of power plays a crucial role in traditional security by promoting stability and deterring aggression through a fair distribution of power among states. Quick Tip: The balance of power is a key idea in traditional security that works to prevent any one state from becoming too powerful, ensuring global stability.

Step 1: Context of universal adult franchise.

India’s decision to implement universal adult franchise immediately after independence in 1947 was described as "bold and risky" because it was unprecedented for a newly independent country with a large illiterate and rural population. Universal adult franchise means granting voting rights to every adult citizen, irrespective of their education, gender, or socioeconomic status.


Step 2: The risks involved.

At the time, India had a massive population of around 350 million, and the majority were illiterate and lived in rural areas. There was also a history of caste, religious, and regional divisions, which made it uncertain whether the masses could effectively use their voting rights. Furthermore, the country had limited administrative experience and infrastructure to conduct elections on such a large scale.


Step 3: Conclusion.

Despite these challenges, India’s leadership took the bold step of introducing universal adult franchise, believing it would strengthen the democratic fabric of the nation. Over time, this experiment proved successful and laid the foundation for India’s robust democratic processes. Quick Tip: India’s experiment with universal adult franchise is an example of how democracy can thrive even in a country with challenges such as illiteracy and poverty.

Step 1: Two models of development.

Before India gained independence in 1947, there were two primary models of development that were discussed for the country’s future. The first model was the industrialization model, which emphasized the development of industries, the establishment of factories, and the promotion of urbanization. The second model was the agrarian-based model, which focused on improving agricultural productivity and the welfare of rural areas, which made up the majority of India’s population.


Step 2: Explanation of both models.

The industrialization model was promoted by leaders like Jawaharlal Nehru and was based on the idea that industrialization would create jobs, foster economic growth, and reduce poverty. However, the agrarian model, championed by leaders like Mahatma Gandhi, emphasized the importance of improving the condition of rural India and saw agriculture as the backbone of India’s economy.


Step 3: Conclusion.

These two models of development were in stark contrast, with one focusing on industrial growth and the other on rural development, shaping the policy debates in India leading up to independence. Quick Tip: Both industrialization and agrarian development were crucial to India’s post-independence growth, but the balance between them continues to be a key challenge.

Step 1: Understanding the balance of power concept.

The "balance of power" is a concept in international relations that refers to the distribution of military and economic power among states to prevent any one state from becoming dominant over others. In traditional security terms, the balance of power theory suggests that national security is best maintained when no single nation is strong enough to impose its will on others.


Step 2: Application in traditional security.

In the context of traditional security, the balance of power helps prevent war and conflicts by ensuring that no nation or group of nations can become so powerful that it can dictate the terms of international relations. This principle was particularly significant in Europe during the 19th century and early 20th century, where the balance between great powers like Britain, France, and Germany was seen as crucial to maintaining peace.


Step 3: Conclusion.

Thus, the balance of power plays a crucial role in traditional security by promoting stability and deterring aggression through a fair distribution of power among states. Quick Tip: The balance of power is a key idea in traditional security that works to prevent any one state from becoming too powerful, ensuring global stability.

Step 1: Understanding the socio-political context.

The political rise of the Other Backward Classes (OBCs) since 1990 can be attributed to a combination of social, political, and economic factors that empowered these communities to demand a larger political voice and social justice.

Step 2: Key reason for the rise.

One of the most significant reasons for the political rise of OBCs was the implementation of the Mandal Commission Report in 1990. The report recommended reservations for OBCs in government jobs and educational institutions, leading to increased representation of these groups in political, economic, and social spheres. This led to the emergence of OBC-based political parties and the rise of leaders from OBC communities.

Step 3: Other contributing factors.

The economic reforms of 1991, which included liberalization, also played a role by increasing economic opportunities for marginalized communities. Additionally, the weakening of the Congress party and the rise of regional parties provided OBCs with a platform to assert their political influence.

Step 4: Conclusion.

Thus, the implementation of the Mandal Commission's recommendations in 1990, coupled with social and economic changes, was a major factor in the political rise of the OBCs, giving them a stronger political voice and greater representation in the Indian political system. Quick Tip: The Mandal Commission's recommendations were a turning point in Indian politics, leading to greater political mobilization among the OBCs.

Step 1: Understanding Directive Principles of State Policy.

The Directive Principles of State Policy (DPSP) are guidelines or principles set out in Part IV of the Indian Constitution. These principles are meant to guide the State in the governance of the country, aiming for social and economic welfare. Some of these principles also promote international peace and security.

Step 2: Two Directive Principles promoting international peace and security.

1. Promotion of international peace and security (Article 51): This directive principle mandates that India shall strive to promote international peace and security. It emphasizes the country's commitment to fostering peaceful relations with other nations, upholding international law, and promoting the peaceful resolution of conflicts. India’s stance on disarmament and its support for peace treaties align with this principle.

2. Endeavor to foster respect for international law (Article 51): This principle advocates the State’s efforts to encourage respect for international law and treaties. By adhering to international agreements and promoting peaceful coexistence, India aims to contribute to a stable and secure international environment.


Step 3: Conclusion.

These Directive Principles not only guide India's foreign policy but also contribute to fostering global harmony, demonstrating India’s commitment to peaceful diplomacy and respect for international norms. Quick Tip: Article 51 of the Indian Constitution emphasizes promoting peace, disarmament, and respect for international law, aligning India’s policy with global peace efforts.

Step 1: Understanding Shock Therapy.

Shock Therapy refers to the sudden shift from a planned economy to a market economy, which was adopted by the former Soviet republics after the collapse of the Soviet Union. This rapid economic transition was aimed at curbing inflation, liberalizing trade, and privatizing state-owned enterprises.

Step 2: Two arguments for the statement.

1. Hyperinflation and economic instability: Shock Therapy led to the immediate liberalization of prices and the removal of subsidies. This caused inflation to skyrocket, leading to the collapse of savings and a steep decline in the purchasing power of the population. Many people in the former republics faced extreme poverty due to rising costs, and economic instability became widespread.

2. Loss of social welfare: The rapid privatization of state-owned industries led to mass unemployment and the loss of social security benefits. Many state-owned enterprises were sold to private investors, often foreign, leaving workers without jobs and without social safety nets. The collapse of social welfare systems further exacerbated the economic crisis for ordinary citizens.


Step 3: Conclusion.

While Shock Therapy was intended to modernize the economy, it led to severe economic disruptions, widespread poverty, and social instability in the former republics of the Soviet Union. Quick Tip: Shock Therapy, while aimed at economic reform, often led to immediate negative consequences such as hyperinflation, rising poverty, and unemployment due to rapid privatization.

Step 1: Understanding the context of the Emergency in 1975.

The Emergency in India was declared by Prime Minister Indira Gandhi on the grounds of internal disturbances. It lasted from 1975 to 1977, during which civil liberties were suspended, elections were postponed, and political opposition was suppressed.


Step 2: Lessons Learned.

Lesson 1: Importance of safeguarding democratic institutions. The imposition of Emergency showed how fragile democratic institutions can be in a country, especially when executive powers are misused. The importance of maintaining checks and balances to ensure that any power doesn't become autocratic was highlighted.
Lesson 2: Need for the protection of civil liberties. The Emergency demonstrated the critical need to protect individual rights and freedoms, as these were suspended during the Emergency. The experience reinforced the need for legal safeguards against arbitrary actions by the state.


Step 3: Conclusion.

The imposition of the Emergency taught India the importance of preserving democracy and the necessity of maintaining constitutional safeguards against abuses of power. Quick Tip: The Emergency of 1975 is a stark reminder of the potential for authoritarianism in democracies, emphasizing the need for constant vigilance.

Step 1: Understanding the consequences of the Emergency.

The Emergency in India had far-reaching political, social, and economic consequences, many of which still affect Indian politics today.


Step 2: Four Consequences.

Consequences 1: Suspension of civil liberties. The most immediate effect was the suspension of fundamental rights, including freedom of speech, assembly, and the press. Political opponents were arrested, and censorship was imposed on the media.
Consequences 2: Centralization of power. The Emergency saw a dramatic shift in power towards the Prime Minister’s office. The executive exercised unchecked power, bypassing the legislative and judicial branches of the government.
Consequences 3: Political opposition was suppressed. Opposition leaders and activists were either arrested or forced into hiding. Political parties and groups that opposed the ruling party were not allowed to function freely during this time.
Consequences 4: The 1977 General Elections. Following the end of the Emergency, a general election was held in 1977, which resulted in a massive defeat for Indira Gandhi and her party, the Congress. This marked a significant shift in Indian politics, with the Janata Party coming to power.


Step 3: Conclusion.

The imposition of the Emergency had a profound impact on Indian politics and governance. It led to the erosion of democratic norms and civil liberties but also sparked a political awakening that later led to greater political accountability. Quick Tip: The Emergency of 1975 serves as a reminder of the potential dangers of unchecked political power and the importance of democratic institutions.

Globalisation is characterised by various flows that connect different regions of the world. The four main flows related to globalisation are:


Trade Flows: These refer to the movement of goods and services across national borders. The liberalisation of trade through agreements like the World Trade Organization (WTO) has led to a significant increase in global trade, with multinational companies having access to new markets.

Financial Flows: This involves the movement of capital and financial assets across countries. Global financial markets, foreign direct investment (FDI), and the movement of portfolio investments have increased due to the opening of financial markets and the rise of multinational banks.

Information Flows: The movement of knowledge, ideas, and technology across borders is another key flow in globalisation. With the advent of the internet, social media, and digital communication technologies, information is shared instantaneously around the globe.

Cultural Flows: This refers to the spread of cultural elements such as media, entertainment, food, language, and lifestyles across the world. Western cultural products, like Hollywood films, have a global influence, and vice versa, through cultural exchange programs and media. Quick Tip: When discussing globalisation, think of it as a network of interconnections – trade, finance, information, and culture are all flowing together to shape our globalised world.

Despite its many benefits, globalisation has faced resistance for several reasons. Four key reasons for resistance to globalisation are:


Economic Inequality: Globalisation has led to greater wealth disparities, with the rich benefitting disproportionately. Critics argue that while some countries and corporations thrive, many people, especially in developing nations, remain impoverished or face job displacement due to outsourcing and automation.

Cultural Erosion: There is a fear that globalisation leads to the homogenisation of cultures, resulting in the erosion of local traditions, languages, and identities. Many people resist cultural dominance, particularly by Western countries, and seek to preserve their cultural heritage.

Environmental Impact: Globalisation has contributed to environmental degradation, with increased industrial activity and transportation leading to pollution, climate change, and resource depletion. Environmentalists argue that global economic expansion comes at the expense of sustainable development.

Loss of National Sovereignty: Some nations resist globalisation because they fear losing control over their political, economic, and legal systems. International organisations and agreements can limit the ability of governments to act in their national interest, particularly regarding trade, immigration, and financial policies. Quick Tip: Resistance to globalisation often stems from concerns about inequality, cultural preservation, environmental impact, and political autonomy. These concerns are central to debates on globalisation's benefits and challenges.

Step 1: Background of the Akali Movement.

The Akalis, a political party representing the Sikh community in Punjab, had been in conflict with the Central Government in India due to several political, economic, and social issues. This tension was especially significant in the initial years of their rule in Punjab, after they came to power in 1977.

Step 2: Two main reasons for the resentment of the Akalis.

1. Failure to fulfill the Anandpur Sahib Resolution: One of the major reasons for Akali resentment was the central government’s failure to implement the Anandpur Sahib Resolution, which called for greater autonomy for Punjab, especially on issues related to agriculture, culture, and language. The Akalis had hoped that the central government would give more power to the state government, but the lack of support for this resolution created disillusionment and anger.

2. Issues related to river water sharing: Another point of contention was the sharing of river water between Punjab and other neighboring states, especially Haryana. The Akalis believed that Punjab was not receiving a fair share of the river waters, which was vital for the state’s agricultural economy. The central government’s handling of the water-sharing agreements, particularly the refusal to create a permanent solution, led to further alienation of the Akalis.


Step 3: Conclusion.

These unresolved issues led to growing resentment among the Akalis, which later manifested in protests and further political conflict between the Akali leadership and the central government. Quick Tip: The tension between the Akalis and the central government during the late 1970s and early 1980s is key to understanding the political landscape of Punjab during this period.

The Earth Summit, formally known as the United Nations Conference on Environment and Development (UNCED), was held in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, in 1992. This conference was a landmark event in global environmental policy. Quick Tip: The 1992 Earth Summit led to important environmental agreements such as Agenda 21, the Rio Declaration, and the Convention on Biological Diversity.

The Kyoto Protocol, adopted in 1997, imposed binding emission reduction targets on developed countries. However, China, being a developing country at the time, was exempted from these obligations. Quick Tip: The Kyoto Protocol categorized countries into developed and developing nations, with only developed nations having binding emission reduction targets.

The Rio Summit in 1992 led to Agenda 21, the principle of sustainable development, and the concept of "common but differentiated responsibilities." The Kyoto Protocol, however, was adopted later in 1997 as part of the UNFCCC process. Quick Tip: The Rio Summit focused on sustainable development, while the Kyoto Protocol (1997) specifically addressed climate change by setting emission targets.

The ozone hole was first discovered over Antarctica in the mid-1980s. It was attributed to chlorofluorocarbon (CFC) emissions, leading to the 1987 Montreal Protocol, which aimed to phase out ozone-depleting substances. Quick Tip: The Montreal Protocol is a landmark agreement to protect the ozone layer by phasing out substances that cause ozone depletion.

Step 1: (i) The State to which the former Congress President K. Kamraj belonged.

K. Kamraj was a senior Congress leader and served as the Chief Minister of Madras State (now Tamil Nadu). He was instrumental in implementing the mid-day meal scheme and later became the President of the Indian National Congress.

Answer: C – Tamil Nadu



Step 2: (ii) The State from where the phrase ‘Aya Ram, Gaya Ram’ originated.

The phrase ‘Aya Ram, Gaya Ram’ originated in Haryana in 1967 when MLA Gaya Lal switched parties multiple times within the same day. It became symbolic of political defections in India.

Answer: D – Haryana



Step 3: (iii) The State to which former Prime Minister Lal Bahadur Shastri belonged.

Lal Bahadur Shastri, the second Prime Minister of India, was born in Mughalsarai, which is located in present-day Uttar Pradesh. He is known for his slogan “Jai Jawan, Jai Kisan.”

Answer: A – Uttar Pradesh



Step 4: (iv) The State where the Congress Party did not get majority in 1967 assembly elections.

In the 1967 state assembly elections, the Congress Party failed to secure a majority in several states including Rajasthan. It was a landmark election that challenged Congress dominance at the state level.

Answer: B – Rajasthan Quick Tip: When identifying the states, remember the historical figures associated with them. K. Kamraj was a prominent leader from Tamil Nadu, and Lal Bahadur Shastri hailed from Uttar Pradesh.

The Congress Party did not get a majority in the 1967 assembly elections in Punjab. Quick Tip: The 1967 election saw a significant shift, particularly in Punjab, where the Congress Party faced its first defeat after independence.

Lal Bahadur Shastri belonged to the State of Uttar Pradesh. Quick Tip: Lal Bahadur Shastri, India’s second Prime Minister, hailed from Uttar Pradesh. He played a key role during the 1965 India-Pakistan war.

The phrase \textit{‘Aya Ram, Gaya Ram’ originated in Haryana. Quick Tip: This phrase originated in Haryana and symbolizes the frequent defections of politicians in the 1960s.

K. Kamraj, the former Congress President, belonged to Tamil Nadu. Quick Tip: K. Kamraj was a prominent leader from Tamil Nadu who played a significant role in the Congress party during the 1960s.

Step 1: Understanding the symbol of the tiger.

In the context of Sri Lankan politics, the tiger represents the Tamil community, specifically the militant group known as LTTE (Liberation Tigers of Tamil Eelam).

Step 2: Conclusion.

Thus, the tiger shown in the cartoon represents the Tamil community of Sri Lanka. Quick Tip: The LTTE used the tiger symbol to represent Tamil nationalism and the demand for a separate Tamil state.

Step 1: Understanding the symbol of the lion.

The lion is a national symbol of Sri Lanka and is associated with the Sinhalese ethnic group, which forms the majority population in the country.

Step 2: Conclusion.

Hence, the lion shown in the cartoon represents the Sinhalese community. Quick Tip: The lion on the Sri Lankan national flag symbolizes the strength and identity of the Sinhalese majority.

Step 1: Analyzing the cartoon.

The cartoon shows Mahinda Rajapaksa trying to balance a stick between a lion (Sinhalese) and a tiger (Tamil), which symbolizes the difficulty in managing the demands of both communities.

Step 2: Aim of the balancing act.

Rajapaksa’s balancing act aimed at maintaining national unity and political stability by dealing with the Tamil demands for autonomy and the Sinhalese majority’s demand for a strong, united Sri Lanka. It also reflected the efforts to manage civil unrest and ethnic violence.

Step 3: Conclusion.

The balancing act symbolized efforts to avoid civil war, manage ethnic tensions, and maintain control amidst rising separatist sentiments. Quick Tip: Balancing ethnic interests in a multi-community country like Sri Lanka requires careful negotiation and inclusive governance.

The two main communities of Sri Lanka are:

Sinhalese – The majority community.
Tamils – The minority community. Quick Tip: Ethnic tension between these two communities led to prolonged civil conflict in Sri Lanka.

LTTE stands for: Liberation Tigers of Tamil Eelam Quick Tip: The LTTE was a militant organization that demanded a separate Tamil state in Sri Lanka.

Sri Lanka gained independence from British rule in the year 1948. Quick Tip: Sri Lanka was formerly known as Ceylon under British colonial rule.

The country that mediated in the ethnic conflict of Sri Lanka was Norway. Quick Tip: Norway played a key role as a peace mediator during the early 2000s in the Sri Lankan civil conflict.

Step 1: Understanding political consensus in India.

Despite ideological differences, most Indian political parties have shown agreement on certain national issues over the past few decades. This consensus reflects the maturity and stability of Indian democracy.

Step 2: Three important issues of consensus.

1. Democracy and electoral system: All major parties agree that India should remain a democratic, secular republic with regular elections, a free press, and independent judiciary.

2. Economic liberalization: Since the 1990s, there has been a general agreement on the path of economic reforms, market liberalization, and integration with the global economy.

3. Respect for federalism: Political parties across states recognize the importance of maintaining India's federal structure and empowering state governments in governance.


Step 3: Conclusion.

Such agreements have helped India maintain political stability and implement long-term reforms, even in times of political competition. Quick Tip: Issues like national security, economic growth, and democratic governance usually enjoy broad support across Indian political parties.

Step 1: Understanding coalition governments in India.

Since 1989, India has experienced coalition governments at the Centre. These governments are formed when no single party secures a majority, requiring alliances among multiple parties.

Step 2: Three major benefits of coalition governments.

1. Representation of diverse interests: Coalition governments include regional parties, allowing a broader representation of regional aspirations and diverse social groups.

2. Promotion of consensus-based decision-making: In coalition setups, policies are generally formed through dialogue and negotiation, reducing the chances of unilateral decision-making.

3. Strengthening of federalism: Coalition politics has empowered regional leaders and made Centre-State relations more balanced, giving states a greater voice in national politics.


Step 3: Conclusion.

Though challenging to manage, coalition governments have enriched Indian democracy by encouraging inclusiveness and dialogue-driven governance. Quick Tip: Coalition politics gave rise to stronger regional parties and made the central government more responsive to state-level concerns.

The European Union (EU) is one of the most powerful and influential regional organisations in the world due to the following factors:


Economic Power: The EU forms the world’s largest economy when counted as a bloc. It accounts for a significant portion of the world’s GDP and international trade. Its economic strength allows it to exert influence in global financial institutions like the IMF and WTO.

Single Currency – Euro: The introduction of a common currency, the Euro, used by many EU countries, has enhanced economic integration, facilitated trade, and made the EU a strong monetary union.

Political Integration: The EU functions through various political institutions like the European Parliament and the European Commission. It plays a unified role in global political issues, including diplomacy, environmental agreements, and human rights advocacy.

Diplomatic and Military Influence: Although it does not have a unified military, the EU exercises considerable soft power through diplomacy, aid, and peacekeeping missions. Some EU member countries are also part of NATO, increasing their strategic global influence. Quick Tip: Remember the EU’s influence comes from its economic size, common currency, political unity, and strategic diplomatic power.

Regional organisations are established by countries within a geographical area to achieve common goals. The four main objectives include:


Promoting Peace and Security: Regional organisations aim to reduce tensions, prevent conflicts, and promote political stability among member states through dialogue, diplomacy, and cooperative frameworks.

Enhancing Economic Cooperation: They foster trade, investment, and economic integration among member countries. Common markets and free trade agreements increase regional development and competitiveness.

Addressing Common Issues: Regional organisations work together to solve shared challenges such as climate change, health crises, terrorism, and transnational crimes, which require collective responses.

Strengthening Regional Identity: Such organisations promote a sense of unity and regional identity among culturally or historically connected nations, encouraging solidarity and cooperation beyond national interests. Quick Tip: Regional organisations aim to maintain peace, boost economic ties, tackle common issues, and create a sense of shared identity.

Step 1: Understanding the context of post-independence India.

After gaining independence in 1947, India faced several challenges as it began the process of nation-building. The partition of India, which resulted in the creation of Pakistan, had left deep scars, and the newly formed nation had to address a range of internal and external issues.

Step 2: Three major challenges faced by India.

1. Partition and the resultant violence: The partition of India led to the creation of Pakistan, and millions of people were displaced, leading to widespread violence and communal riots. The migration of Hindus and Muslims across the newly drawn borders created enormous humanitarian challenges.

2. Integration of princely states: India had 565 princely states that were not part of the newly independent country. Convincing these states to join India was a difficult task. The biggest challenge was to integrate the state of Jammu and Kashmir, which had initially resisted joining India.

3. Economic challenges and poverty: The Indian economy was struggling with the legacy of colonial exploitation, including widespread poverty, a low literacy rate, and a weak industrial base. The new government had to focus on economic planning and social welfare programs to lift the country out of poverty.


Step 3: Conclusion.

These challenges were enormous, but the leadership of figures like Jawaharlal Nehru and Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel helped India navigate through these difficult times and lay the foundation for its future development. Quick Tip: The partition-related violence and the integration of princely states were two of the most significant challenges faced by India immediately after independence.

Step 1: Understanding the context of Hyderabad's status.

Hyderabad was one of the largest and wealthiest princely states at the time of India's independence. Despite the partition of India and Pakistan, Hyderabad, under the rule of Nizam Osman Ali Khan, decided to remain independent and did not join either India or Pakistan.

Step 2: Events leading to the merger.

1. Nizam's resistance to joining India: Nizam Osman Ali Khan initially wanted to maintain the independence of Hyderabad, despite pressures from the Indian government to accede to India. The Nizam wanted to keep Hyderabad independent, but the situation in the region was unstable, with increasing unrest.

2. Political instability and rise of communal tensions: As the Nizam's administration failed to control the growing communal violence and unrest, the situation worsened. The Nizam's decision to invite Pakistan's support further alarmed the Indian government.

3. Police Action (Operation Polo): In September 1948, the Indian government launched Operation Polo, a military intervention to integrate Hyderabad into the Indian Union. This operation lasted for five days, leading to the surrender of the Nizam and the eventual merger of Hyderabad with India on 18th September 1948.


Step 3: Conclusion.

The integration of Hyderabad was crucial for the territorial integrity of India and marked the end of the princely states' resistance to joining India. The success of Operation Polo was an important milestone in the post-independence consolidation of India. Quick Tip: The merger of Hyderabad with India was an important moment in the history of post-independence India, reflecting the political determination of the Indian government.

The United Nations Security Council (UNSC) is one of the six principal organs of the United Nations, responsible for maintaining international peace and security. It consists of:


Permanent Members: The UNSC has five permanent members with veto power: the United States, the United Kingdom, France, Russia, and China. These nations are considered the victors of World War II and are permanent members with the authority to veto any substantive resolution.

Non-Permanent Members: The UNSC also has 10 non-permanent members, elected for two-year terms by the General Assembly. These members do not have veto power and are chosen based on geographical representation.

Reforms Suggested:

Expansion of Permanent Members: Many countries, including India, Brazil, and Germany, have called for an increase in the number of permanent members to better reflect the changing global dynamics.
Removal of the Veto Power: There have been suggestions to either limit or remove the veto power of the permanent members, as it is seen as a hindrance to the decision-making process in urgent global crises.
Inclusion of Developing Countries: To make the UNSC more representative of the global population, it has been suggested that countries from Africa, Asia, and Latin America should be given permanent seats in the UNSC.



The proposed reforms aim to make the Security Council more democratic, inclusive, and relevant to contemporary global issues. Quick Tip: The main criticism of the UNSC is its outdated structure, where the permanent members hold disproportionate power. Reforms aim to reflect global changes and ensure more equitable representation.

The end of the Cold War in 1991 marked a significant shift in world politics. Some of the major changes include:


End of Bipolarity: The Cold War era was characterised by the bipolar rivalry between the United States (representing the capitalist bloc) and the Soviet Union (representing the communist bloc). With the collapse of the Soviet Union, the world moved towards a unipolar system, dominated by the United States.

Expansion of Democracy and Capitalism: With the end of communist rule in Eastern Europe and the dissolution of the USSR, many countries transitioned to democratic forms of government and adopted market-oriented economic policies. The spread of democracy and capitalism became a major feature of the post-Cold War world.

Rise of New Regional Powers: The end of the Cold War saw the emergence of new regional powers, particularly China and India, who began to play more active roles in global politics. These countries pursued their own economic growth strategies and became important actors in international relations.

Growth of International Institutions: With the Cold War over, there was a greater emphasis on multilateral diplomacy and the strengthening of international institutions like the United Nations, World Trade Organization (WTO), and the European Union (EU). These organisations began to focus more on global cooperation, peacekeeping, human rights, and economic development.


The end of the Cold War led to a more interconnected and multipolar world, with new challenges and opportunities in global politics. Quick Tip: The post-Cold War era saw the dissolution of old power structures and the rise of new actors and international organisations. The focus shifted from ideological confrontation to global cooperation and economic development.