CBSE Class 12 Political Science (59/3/3) Question Paper 2024 Available: Download Solution PDF with Answer Key

After World War II, Europe’s economy was in ruins, and it needed substantial financial assistance to recover. In response, the United States extended massive economic aid through the Marshall Plan.

The Marshall Plan, announced in 1947 by U.S. Secretary of State George Marshall, was aimed at rebuilding war-torn Europe. The U.S. provided more than
(12 billion (approximately
)130 billion in today's money) in economic aid to help Western Europe rebuild its infrastructure, stabilize its economy, and prevent the spread of communism. This plan played a critical role in Europe’s economic recovery during the post-war period.

Thus, the correct answer is: (C) USA. Quick Tip: The Marshall Plan was a pivotal moment in European history, helping to restore stability and foster long-term economic growth, and solidifying U.S. influence in post-war Europe.

The movements in the North-East India have largely been for greater autonomy, resistance against outsiders, and secession from the rest of India. However, there has been no prominent movement aimed at forming a union of North-East states.

Thus, the correct answer is: (C) Movement to form a union of North-East States. Quick Tip: When studying regional movements, it's essential to focus on the specific demands of the region, whether they pertain to autonomy, resistance, or secession.

The proclamation of Emergency in India in 1975, under Prime Minister Indira Gandhi, was a response to a combination of political crises. These events had a direct impact on the decision to declare a state of emergency:

(A) The call for ‘Total Revolution’: The "Total Revolution" was led by Jayaprakash Narayan in 1974, calling for a mass movement against the government’s autocratic policies. This movement played a significant role in destabilizing the political environment, contributing to the imposition of Emergency.

(C) The Railway Strike in 1974: The Railway Strike of 1974 was a nationwide strike that led to massive unrest in India, further fueling the political tension at the time and contributing to the declaration of Emergency.

(D) The Allahabad High Court verdict: In 1975, the Allahabad High Court declared Indira Gandhi's election as invalid due to electoral malpractice. This verdict was one of the immediate catalysts for the declaration of Emergency, as it led to political instability.

However, the Naxalite Movement (Option B) was not directly related to the 1975 Emergency. The Naxalite Movement, which began in the late 1960s, was a left-wing extremist movement rooted in rural areas, but it was not the immediate cause for the 1975 Emergency.

Thus, the correct answer is: (B) The Naxalite Movement. Quick Tip: The Emergency of 1975 was declared in response to a combination of political pressures, including the "Total Revolution" movement, the Railway Strike, and the Allahabad High Court verdict.

Step 1: Understanding the 'Seven Sisters'.

The term ‘Seven Sisters’ refers to the seven northeastern states of India: Arunachal Pradesh, Assam, Meghalaya, Manipur, Mizoram, Nagaland, and Tripura. These states are often grouped together due to their geographic proximity and shared challenges.

Step 2: Identifying the Region.

These states are known for their diverse cultures, languages, and significant natural resources. They share borders with countries like China, Bangladesh, and Myanmar, and have a distinct cultural identity from the rest of India.

Step 3: Correct Answer Identification.

The ‘Seven Sisters’ are located in the northeastern part of India, making Option (A) North-East region the correct choice. Quick Tip: The 'Seven Sisters' are located in the North-East of India and are known for their unique cultural heritage and geographic significance.

Step 1: Understand Assertion (A).

Assertion (A) states that the first general elections in India were postponed twice and were finally held from October 1951 to February 1952. This is true because the elections were initially planned for 1951 but had to be postponed twice due to several factors, including the preparation of electoral rolls and the need for logistical arrangements. The elections were eventually held over several months, from October 1951 to February 1952.

Step 2: Analyze Reason (R).

Reason (R) states that it was no longer possible to argue that democratic elections could not be held in conditions of poverty or lack of education. This is also true, as India overcame many challenges to hold elections in the face of poverty, illiteracy, and other obstacles. The argument that elections could not be held due to these conditions was refuted by the success of the first general elections, which involved millions of people voting in a democratic process despite these challenges.

Step 3: Evaluate the relationship between Assertion (A) and Reason (R).

While both Assertion (A) and Reason (R) are true, Reason (R) does not directly explain the postponement of the elections. The postponement was primarily due to logistical and administrative challenges, not directly related to the argument about poverty or education. Therefore, Reason (R) does not provide the correct explanation for the delay in elections.

Thus, the correct answer is: (B) Both Assertion (A) and Reason (R) are true, but Reason (R) is not the correct explanation of Assertion (A). Quick Tip: In Assertion-Reason questions, focus on whether the reason directly explains the assertion or if both are true but unrelated.

Step 1: Understanding the items in List I.

1. European Currency is the currency used by many countries in Europe, and it is specifically referred to as the Euro. Hence, 1 matches with (iii).

2. Special Economic Zone (SEZ) refers to a specific area where businesses can operate with favorable conditions such as tax breaks, and it is an initiative that is commonly found in countries like China. Hence, 2 matches with (iv).

3. A permanent member country of the UN Security Council refers to France, which is one of the five permanent members of the United Nations Security Council. Hence, 3 matches with (i).

4. A Regional Organisation refers to an organization like ASEAN, which stands for the Association of Southeast Asian Nations. ASEAN is a regional intergovernmental organization comprising ten Southeast Asian countries. Hence, 4 matches with (ii).

Step 2: Correct matching.

Thus, the correct matches are:
1-(iii): European Currency is the Euro.

2-(iv): Special Economic Zone is most commonly associated with China.

3-(i): France is a permanent member of the UN Security Council.

4-(ii): ASEAN is a Regional Organisation.

Conclusion: The correct matching is: 1-(iii), 2-(iv), 3-(i), 4-(ii). Quick Tip: When matching items related to international relations and economic zones, focus on the key roles countries play in specific organizations or systems (e.g., Euro for European currency, China for SEZ, France in the UN Security Council, ASEAN as a regional body).

Let's analyze each of the events and their respective establishment years:

Step 1: Establishment of the World Bank (i)
The World Bank was established in 1944 during the Bretton Woods Conference. It was created to provide financial and technical assistance to developing countries for development projects.

Step 2: Establishment of the UNO (iii)
The United Nations Organization (UNO) was established in 1945, following the end of World War II. The UNO was created to maintain international peace and security, promote human rights, and foster social and economic development.

Step 3: Establishment of the IAEA (iv)
The International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA) was established in 1957 by the United Nations as an autonomous organization to promote the peaceful use of nuclear energy and prevent its use for military purposes.

Step 4: Establishment of the WTO (ii)
The World Trade Organization (WTO) was established in 1995 to regulate international trade and ensure that trade flows smoothly, predictably, and freely.

Thus, the correct chronological order is:
(i) Establishment of the World Bank in 1944
(iii) Establishment of the UNO in 1945
(iv) Establishment of the IAEA in 1957
(ii) Establishment of the WTO in 1995

Therefore, the correct option is: (A) (i), (iii), (iv), (ii). Quick Tip: When solving chronological order questions, it's helpful to memorize key years when major international organizations were established, as this can help in faster and more accurate answers.

Step 1: Analyzing the Ethnic Conflict in Sri Lanka.

Sri Lanka's ethnic conflict primarily involved two groups: the Sinhalese majority and the Tamil minority. The Tamils faced discrimination, especially in terms of language, culture, and employment opportunities, leading to tensions and eventually the rise of the Liberation Tigers of Tamil Eelam (LTTE).

Step 2: Evaluating the Options.

(A) Politics in Sri Lanka favoured the Sinhalese.

This is true. The Sri Lankan government was predominantly Sinhalese, which marginalized the Tamil population politically.

(B) Interests of Tamils were neglected.

This is true. The Tamils faced socio-political exclusion, leading to demands for a separate Tamil Eelam.

(C) LTTE was supported by the SAARC countries.

This is false. The LTTE was not supported by SAARC countries. In fact, the LTTE was a separatist militant group that was condemned internationally, including by SAARC members.

(D) The Sri Lanka ethnic problem involved the Sinhalese and the Tamils.

This is true. The ethnic conflict involved the Sinhalese majority and the Tamil minority, particularly in the context of the civil war.

Conclusion: The false statement is (C) because LTTE was not supported by SAARC countries. Quick Tip: SAARC countries, including Sri Lanka, did not support the LTTE, which was a terrorist organization. The ethnic conflict was a result of historical political and social disparities.

The first Union Cabinet of free India, after independence in 1947, was formed under Prime Minister Jawaharlal Nehru. Maulana Abul Kalam Azad was appointed as the first Education Minister of India. He is known for his remarkable contributions to the education system in India, including promoting technical and higher education, and establishing institutions like the IITs.


Azad's tenure was marked by several significant educational reforms and contributions to the development of India's educational infrastructure, which helped shape the nation’s educational landscape post-independence.


Thus, the correct answer is: (C) Maulana Abul Kalam Azad. Quick Tip: Maulana Abul Kalam Azad is remembered for his pivotal role in shaping India's educational system after independence. His legacy continues through institutions like the IITs and the University Grants Commission (UGC).

Step 1: Understanding the 1974 Agitation.

In 1974, there was widespread discontent over rising food prices and economic hardship in India. Students from Bihar and Gujarat started agitations and protests against the government's handling of these issues.

Step 2: Leaders and Key Participants.

The protests were led by student leaders, and Jayaprakash Narayan (JP) played a key role in mobilizing the youth for these agitations. The protests eventually contributed to the political climate that led to the Emergency in 1975.

Step 3: Correct Answer Identification.

The agitation against rising food prices in 1974 was most prominent in Bihar and Gujarat, making Option (C) Bihar and Gujarat the correct answer. Quick Tip: The 1974 student agitation in Bihar and Gujarat was a key event leading to political unrest, with food price hikes as one of the primary causes of discontent.

Step 1: Understanding Assertion (A).

Assertion (A) is correct as the king of Nepal, King Gyanendra, with the support of the army, did indeed maintain tight control over the government after the royal coup in 2005. He dissolved the parliament and took full executive power, thus curbing democratic processes. His actions were seen as an effort to restrict the expansion of democracy in Nepal.

Step 2: Examining Reason (R).

Reason (R) is partially true but misleading as the king did accept the idea of a new constitution, but this was not due to a pro-democracy movement in 2001. Rather, it was after a long period of political pressure and protests, including a people’s movement, that led to the king’s acceptance of a new constitution and the restoration of parliamentary democracy in 2006. Thus, the acceptance of the new constitution was more a result of public demand than of a pro-democracy movement in 2001.

Step 3: Conclusion.

While Assertion (A) is correct, Reason (R) is not entirely accurate in its context and does not fully explain the king's acceptance of the new constitution. Therefore, the correct answer is (C), where Assertion (A) is true, but Reason (R) is false. Quick Tip: The king's autocratic rule in Nepal and the subsequent pro-democracy protests led to significant political changes in 2006, when the monarchy's power was significantly reduced and parliamentary democracy was restored.

The General Assembly is one of the six main organs of the United Nations. It serves as the main deliberative, policymaking, and representative organ of the UN. All 193 member states have equal representation in the General Assembly, and it meets once a year to discuss a wide range of issues.


(A) UNESCO: The United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO) is a specialized agency of the UN, not one of its main organs.

(B) World Bank: The World Bank is an international financial institution, and while it works closely with the UN, it is not a UN organ.

(D) Amnesty International: Amnesty International is a non-governmental organization that works on human rights issues, but it is not an organ of the United Nations.


Thus, the correct answer is: (C) General Assembly. Quick Tip: The United Nations consists of six main organs, with the General Assembly being one of the most important for policymaking and international cooperation.

Step 1: Background to the India-China Conflict.

The military conflict between India and China in 1962 was largely rooted in territorial disputes, particularly over the regions of Aksai Chin and the North-East Frontier Agency (NEFA). These disputes, combined with political tensions, led to the war.

Step 2: Two Differences Leading to the 1962 Conflict.

Territorial Disputes: The main issue that led to the India-China war was the dispute over the Aksai Chin region, located in the western sector of the India-China border. India claimed it as part of Jammu and Kashmir, while China considered it part of its Xinjiang region. Similarly, the border demarcation along NEFA (now Arunachal Pradesh) also remained a contentious issue.

Differing Political Ideologies: Another difference was the political ideologies of the two countries. India, a democratic republic, and China, a communist state, had divergent political systems. The Chinese leadership viewed India's alignment with the West and its support for Tibet as threats to its national security, fueling further distrust between the two nations.


Conclusion: The 1962 military conflict between India and China was a result of territorial disputes and ideological differences, exacerbated by military skirmishes and a lack of effective diplomatic communication. Quick Tip: Territorial disputes and political differences are often at the heart of military conflicts. Understanding these underlying issues is essential when analyzing historical wars and conflicts.

Step 1: Investment in Education.

One of the key factors responsible for high human development in South Korea is its strong focus on education. South Korea has consistently invested in education, ensuring a highly educated workforce. The country's education system emphasizes technical skills, innovation, and critical thinking, which has contributed to the country's rapid economic growth and high human development indicators. The emphasis on education has created a skilled workforce that is highly competitive in the global market.

Step 2: Economic Growth and Technological Advancements.

Another significant factor is South Korea's economic growth driven by technological advancements. Over the past few decades, South Korea has emerged as a global leader in industries such as electronics, automobile manufacturing, and shipbuilding. The country's emphasis on innovation and technology has not only led to economic prosperity but has also provided better healthcare, infrastructure, and living standards, which are vital indicators of human development. South Korea's export-oriented economy and strong industrial base have significantly improved the quality of life for its citizens.

Conclusion: South Korea's emphasis on education and its focus on technological advancements have played crucial roles in improving human development indicators and ensuring sustained economic growth. Quick Tip: South Korea's success can be attributed to its investment in human capital through education and its strategic use of technology to boost economic development, both of which have led to improved quality of life and global competitiveness.

Step 1: Effect on Fundamental Rights

One of the primary effects of imposing a national emergency is the suspension of certain fundamental rights. Specifically, under Article 19, the rights to freedom of speech, assembly, and movement may be restricted. Additionally, the right to life and personal liberty (Article 21) can also be curtailed during an emergency. This leads to a more centralized control by the government, with limited checks and balances on its power.

Step 2: Increased Power of the Executive

A national emergency also enhances the powers of the executive branch of the government. The President of India gains the authority to rule through ordinances, and the central government can take control over the functioning of state governments. This leads to a greater concentration of power at the central level, diminishing the autonomy of state governments. Additionally, Parliament gains the power to make laws on matters under the state list, further consolidating central authority.

Thus, the two main effects of imposing national emergency are:

1. Suspension of Fundamental Rights - Rights like freedom of speech and movement can be suspended.

2. Increased Power of the Executive - Central government gains enhanced powers over states and greater control over the functioning of the nation. Quick Tip: Imposing a national emergency is a drastic step with far-reaching consequences, and it alters the balance of power between the executive, legislature, and judiciary.

Step 1: India’s Development Model After Independence
After gaining independence in 1947, India chose the mixed economy model for its development. This model was a blend of public and private sector participation in the economy. The government played a central role in the industrial sector, while the private sector was encouraged to contribute to the development of industries such as consumer goods and services.

Step 2: Key Features of the Mixed Economy Model

The mixed economy model adopted by India after independence had the following features:

1. Public Sector Dominance: The government focused on building a strong public sector, which was seen as essential for the economic self-sufficiency of the nation. Key industries like steel, energy, and transportation were placed under public ownership.

2. Private Sector Role: Although the government took the lead in many sectors, the private sector was allowed to function within certain limits. Industries that were less capital intensive, like consumer goods, were left for private enterprises.

3. Planning and Control: The government played an active role in economic planning through institutions like the Planning Commission. The adoption of Five-Year Plans aimed at accelerating economic development, improving infrastructure, and ensuring equitable distribution of resources.

Step 3: Reasons for Choosing the Mixed Economy Model

India chose the mixed economy model for the following reasons:

1. Economic Self-Sufficiency: At the time of independence, India’s economy was primarily agrarian and underdeveloped. The government aimed to reduce dependence on foreign nations and build a self-sustained economy.

2. Industrialization: India needed to develop heavy industries, and public sector enterprises were seen as the best way to ensure that these industries could be built without the constraints imposed by private capital and foreign companies.

3. Social Welfare and Equity: The government wanted to ensure that economic growth benefited all sections of society, particularly the disadvantaged. By controlling key sectors and resources, the government aimed to achieve balanced regional development and social welfare.


Step 4: Impact of the Model

The mixed economy model led to the establishment of public sector enterprises like BHEL (Bharat Heavy Electricals Limited), SAIL (Steel Authority of India Limited), and Indian Oil Corporation. However, over time, it also led to inefficiencies in the public sector, with issues of bureaucracy, corruption, and stagnation. This prompted India to move toward economic liberalization in the 1990s, shifting towards a more market-oriented approach.


Thus, the mixed economy model was chosen to promote self-reliance, industrialization, and social welfare, with the government playing a central role in directing economic activity. Quick Tip: The mixed economy model adopted by India after independence aimed at striking a balance between public and private sector involvement, focusing on self-sufficiency and equitable development.

Step 1: Politics as a Tool for Nation-Building.

After gaining independence in 1947, India faced significant challenges like poverty, illiteracy, communal tensions, and regional disparities. The leaders of the newly independent India, such as Jawaharlal Nehru, Sardar Patel, and others, did not view politics as an obstacle. Instead, they saw it as a vital tool to solve these national problems. They believed that a strong democratic political system could provide the institutional framework to address social, economic, and cultural issues.

Step 2: Incorporating Diverse Interests.

The leaders of independent India sought to incorporate diverse interests into the political system. India is a multi-ethnic, multi-religious country with different regional aspirations, and the leaders aimed to unify the country through political dialogue, inclusion, and participation. By involving various communities, caste groups, and regions in the democratic process, they used politics as a way to mediate conflicts and promote national integration.

Step 3: Promoting Economic Development and Social Justice.

Through political institutions and policies, India’s leaders aimed to modernize the economy and uplift marginalized sections of society. The Indian National Congress and the subsequent governments implemented various reforms to improve education, healthcare, and economic growth. Policies like land reforms, affirmative action, and industrialization were used to address economic inequality and promote social justice. Therefore, politics served as the medium to solve national problems like poverty and inequality.

Conclusion: The political system in post-independence India was seen not as a source of problems but as an essential means to achieve the country’s objectives of unity, economic development, and social justice. Quick Tip: The leaders of independent India were determined to use politics as a tool of nation-building to address the country’s most pressing issues, such as poverty, communal tensions, and regional disparities.

Step 1: Understanding the Constitution of Bangladesh.

The Constitution of Bangladesh, adopted on December 16, 1972, lays the foundation for the governance and legal framework of the country. It defines the structure of government, fundamental rights, and responsibilities.

Step 2: Two Features of the Constitution of Bangladesh.

Secularism and Fundamental Rights: The Constitution of Bangladesh establishes secularism as a guiding principle, ensuring that the government does not favor any religion. It also guarantees fundamental rights to all citizens, such as freedom of speech, religion, and equality before the law.

Parliamentary System of Government: The Constitution adopts a parliamentary system of government, where the Prime Minister is the head of government and holds executive powers, while the President is the ceremonial head of state. The legislative authority rests with the Jatiya Sangsad (National Parliament).


Conclusion: The Constitution of Bangladesh emphasizes secularism, fundamental rights, and a parliamentary system, providing the legal structure for governance and citizens' rights. Quick Tip: The Constitution of Bangladesh is deeply rooted in secularism and democracy, ensuring the protection of civil liberties and a system of governance based on elected representatives.

Step 1: Understanding India’s Stance on UN Restructuring.

India has been a strong advocate for the restructuring of the United Nations (UN) primarily to make the organization more democratic, inclusive, and reflective of the global power dynamics of the modern world. India’s support for UN restructuring is rooted in several key factors.

Step 2: Two Grounds Supporting India’s Stance.

Need for Reforms in the Security Council: One of the major reasons India supports UN restructuring is the need for reforms in the UN Security Council. The Security Council, in its current form, is dominated by the five permanent members (the P5), which are not representative of the current geopolitical realities. India advocates for the inclusion of more permanent members, especially from underrepresented regions like Asia, Africa, and Latin America, to reflect the changing global power structure.

Representation of Developing Nations: India supports UN restructuring to ensure that the interests of developing countries are better represented. India, being a leader in the developing world, has consistently called for reforms to address the imbalance in global decision-making and to give more voice to the Global South in international affairs.


Conclusion: India’s support for restructuring the UN, particularly the Security Council, is grounded in its desire for more equitable representation and to ensure that the UN reflects the current global balance of power. Quick Tip: India has long advocated for reforms in the UN, especially focusing on the need for a more representative and democratic Security Council to address contemporary geopolitical realities.

Step 1: Understanding the Role of the Security Council in the UN.

The UN Security Council (UNSC) is the body primarily responsible for maintaining international peace and security. It has 15 members, of which five are permanent members (the P5) with veto power, and 10 are elected non-permanent members. The P5 includes the United States, Russia, China, France, and the United Kingdom, who were the victorious powers in World War II.

Step 2: Justifying the Statement.

Central Role of the Security Council in Global Governance: The Security Council has significant authority in the UN system, especially when it comes to decisions related to war, peace, and international conflict. Since the Security Council is the most influential body in the UN, any reform of the UN is often equated with reforming the UNSC. Without restructuring the Security Council to include more representative members, any attempt to reform the UN would be incomplete.

Imbalance in Representation: The current composition of the UNSC, with the P5 holding disproportionate power, is increasingly seen as anachronistic and unreflective of the modern world order. This has led to calls for restructuring the Security Council to include more countries as permanent members, including India, Brazil, Germany, and Japan, who are seen as deserving based on their contributions to global peace and security. Restructuring the Security Council would be the first step in reforming the entire UN system to reflect contemporary global realities.


Conclusion: Since the Security Council holds the most power within the UN, restructuring it is a critical aspect of any comprehensive UN reform. Without this restructuring, the UN will remain limited in its ability to address global challenges effectively. Quick Tip: The restructuring of the UN is often synonymous with reforming the Security Council due to its central role in decision-making regarding global peace and security. A more representative Security Council would strengthen the legitimacy of the UN.

Step 1: Strong Civil Society.

One of the pro-democracy factors in Pakistan is the presence of a strong civil society. Over the years, NGOs, media, human rights organizations, and activists have worked tirelessly to advocate for democratic principles, human rights, and political accountability. These organizations have played a vital role in promoting political awareness and raising public support for democratic reforms. A strong civil society encourages participation in democratic processes, putting pressure on the government to respect democratic norms and uphold rights.

Step 2: Popular Support for Democracy.

Another pro-democracy factor in Pakistan is the popular support for democracy among the general public. Despite political instability and military interventions, the majority of Pakistanis have shown a preference for democratic governance. In recent years, free and fair elections have been conducted, and political parties have gained public trust to form governments. The demand for free elections and a responsive government from the public acts as a driving force towards strengthening democratic institutions and ensuring that democratic processes are more respected.

Conclusion: The presence of a strong civil society and popular support for democracy are important factors that can pave the way for establishing a democratic set-up in Pakistan by fostering democratic values and pushing for the reform of political systems. Quick Tip: A vibrant civil society and public demand for democracy can help in overcoming military dominance and political instability in Pakistan, encouraging the establishment of a robust democratic system.

Step 1: Introduction to Shock Therapy

Shock therapy refers to the rapid and extreme economic reforms implemented by governments, particularly during the transition from centrally planned economies to market economies. The term was widely used in reference to the economic reforms in Russia and Eastern Europe after the collapse of the Soviet Union.

Step 2: Consequences of Shock Therapy


1. Economic Instability

One of the immediate consequences of shock therapy was widespread economic instability. The sudden shift from a controlled economy to a free-market economy resulted in inflation, high unemployment, and a collapse in domestic production. Many industries struggled to compete in the open market, and state-run enterprises were privatized, often leading to economic contraction.

2. Rising Unemployment

Shock therapy led to massive job losses as inefficient state-run industries were either shut down or privatized, resulting in large-scale unemployment. The transition to a market economy made it difficult for individuals who were used to working in state enterprises to find new jobs in the competitive private sector.

3. Increase in Social Inequality

The rapid shift to a market economy exacerbated income inequality. The privatization of state assets often benefited a small group of people, creating a new class of wealthy oligarchs, while the majority of the population faced economic hardship. This increase in social inequality was a direct consequence of the reforms, as wealth became concentrated in the hands of a few.

4. Political Unrest

The negative social and economic effects of shock therapy led to political instability and unrest in many countries. Protests, strikes, and demonstrations became common as the public reacted to the hardships caused by the rapid economic reforms. In some cases, these unrests led to changes in government or reforms in the reform process itself.

Thus, while shock therapy aimed to quickly integrate former socialist economies into the global market, it often led to severe economic and social consequences in the short term. Quick Tip: Shock therapy can lead to rapid economic transformation, but it often results in negative social consequences, such as rising unemployment and inequality, which need to be addressed carefully.

Step 1: Understanding Regional Aspirations in India.

India, being a vast and diverse country, has several regions with unique cultural, linguistic, and economic identities. Over time, these regional aspirations have become an important feature of its democratic process.

Step 2: Two Arguments Supporting the Statement.

Decentralization through Federalism: India’s political system is federal in nature, and the accommodation of regional aspirations is facilitated through the creation of states based on linguistic, cultural, and ethnic lines. For example, the reorganization of states in 1956 and 2000 addressed regional demands, providing greater autonomy and addressing specific regional needs, thus supporting the principle of regional aspirations.

Role of Regional Political Parties: Regional political parties have played a crucial role in Indian democracy. They represent regional issues and aspirations, ensuring their concerns are voiced at the national level. For example, parties like the DMK (Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam) in Tamil Nadu or the Shiv Sena in Maharashtra have influenced national policies, ensuring that regional aspirations are incorporated into the mainstream political discourse.


Conclusion: The accommodation of regional aspirations through federalism and the involvement of regional parties in the national discourse demonstrates the importance of regional aspirations in Indian democratic politics. Quick Tip: In India, regional aspirations are addressed through federalism, linguistic reorganization, and the active participation of regional political parties in national governance.

Step 1: Definition of Coalition Government

A coalition government is formed when no single political party has a clear majority and multiple smaller parties come together to form a majority. In India, coalition governments have often been the result of a multi-party system.

Step 2: Representation of Diverse Interests

Coalition governments have proved to be a boon for democracy by ensuring that a wider range of interests and regional aspirations are represented in the government. Since coalition partners often represent diverse communities and regions, their inclusion ensures that no section of society is marginalized.

Step 3: Promotion of Consensus Politics

Coalition governments require negotiation, compromise, and consensus-building, which helps in promoting democratic values. Political parties with different ideologies and programs come together to form a government, which encourages cooperation and dialogue, instead of confrontation.

Step 4: Strengthening Federalism

In a country like India, with a strong federal structure, coalition governments often help strengthen federalism. Regional parties have a greater role in national governance, which promotes decentralization and ensures that local issues are addressed at the national level.

Thus, coalition governments have promoted inclusivity, consensus, and federalism, making them a boon for Indian democracy. Quick Tip: Coalition governments have led to a more inclusive and representative form of governance, especially in a diverse country like India.

Step 1: Desire for Economic Growth and Development

In the 2014 general elections, people were looking for stability in the government because they believed that a stable government could efficiently handle economic reforms and policies that would promote growth. A stable government could ensure continuity in policies and attract foreign investment, which would ultimately lead to job creation and infrastructure development.

Step 2: Dissatisfaction with Previous Governments

There was widespread dissatisfaction with the performance of the previous coalition government, which was seen as ineffective and unable to address key issues like corruption, inflation, and unemployment. People felt that a stable government would be able to address these issues more decisively and restore public faith in the political system.

Thus, the desire for economic growth and dissatisfaction with the previous government led to the people’s preference for a stable government at the Centre during the 2014 elections. Quick Tip: A stable government is often associated with effective decision-making, which can lead to greater economic development and better governance.

Step 1: The Berlin Wall as a Symbol.

The Berlin Wall symbolised the division between the communist East Germany (under Soviet influence) and the democratic West Germany (under Western influence), particularly during the Cold War. It represented the physical and ideological divide between the Eastern Bloc (led by the Soviet Union) and the Western Bloc (led by the United States).

Step 2: The Wall as a Barrier.

It was constructed to prevent East Germans from fleeing to West Berlin and symbolised the broader Cold War conflict between the superpowers, the United States and the Soviet Union.

Conclusion: Therefore, the Berlin Wall symbolised the division between communism and democracy during the Cold War. Quick Tip: The Berlin Wall was a symbol of the ideological conflict between the Soviet-led Eastern Bloc and the Western democratic world during the Cold War.

Step 1: Identifying the Countries.

The Berlin Wall was built between East Germany (German Democratic Republic) and West Germany (Federal Republic of Germany). It physically divided the city of Berlin into two parts, with East Berlin controlled by the communist government of East Germany and West Berlin controlled by the Western Allies.

Conclusion: Therefore, the Berlin Wall was built between East Germany and West Germany. Quick Tip: The Berlin Wall divided East and West Germany, marking the physical and ideological divide between the Eastern Bloc and the Western Bloc during the Cold War.

Step 1: Reunification of Germany.

The breaking of the Berlin Wall led to the reunification of Germany in 1990. This allowed East Germany and West Germany to become one unified country, marking the end of the division between East and West.

Step 2: End of the Cold War.

The fall of the Berlin Wall is also seen as a symbol of the end of the Cold War between the Soviet Union and the United States. It led to the collapse of communist regimes in Eastern Europe and signalled a shift towards democratic governance in the region.

Conclusion: The two major outcomes were the reunification of Germany and the end of the Cold War. Quick Tip: The fall of the Berlin Wall had significant geopolitical implications, leading to the reunification of Germany and marking the symbolic end of the Cold War.

The Second World War ended in 1945. This marked the conclusion of the war with the surrender of Germany in May 1945 (V-E Day) and the surrender of Japan in September 1945 (V-J Day).

Conclusion: The Second World War ended in 1945. Quick Tip: The Second World War ended with the unconditional surrender of Germany and Japan in 1945, bringing an end to the deadliest conflict in human history.

The Berlin Wall was built in 1961. It was erected by the German Democratic Republic (East Germany) to stop the mass emigration from East Berlin to West Berlin, which had become a focal point of the Cold War division between East and West.

Conclusion: The Berlin Wall was built in 1961. Quick Tip: The Berlin Wall was built in 1961 to prevent East Germans from fleeing to West Berlin, marking the division of Germany during the Cold War.

The Soviet Union disintegrated in 1991. The dissolution of the Soviet Union was a result of various factors, including economic stagnation, political instability, and the increasing demands for independence by the Soviet republics.

Conclusion: The Soviet Union disintegrated in 1991. Quick Tip: The Soviet Union disintegrated in 1991, leading to the independence of 15 republics and the end of the Cold War.

The leader who became the General Secretary of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union in 1985 was Mikhail Gorbachev. He introduced reforms like Glasnost (openness) and Perestroika (restructuring) to address the economic and political challenges faced by the Soviet Union.

Conclusion: Mikhail Gorbachev became the General Secretary in 1985. Quick Tip: Mikhail Gorbachev, who became the General Secretary of the Soviet Union in 1985, initiated significant reforms that eventually led to the end of the Cold War and the dissolution of the Soviet Union.

Step 1: Understanding BAMCEF.

BAMCEF, formed in 1978, stands for the Backward and Minority Communities Employees Federation. It was an organization that worked to represent the interests of the SC, ST, OBC, and minority groups, especially in government employment.

Step 2: Eliminating Other Options.

Option (A) and (B) are incorrect because they refer to "Bahujan" instead of "Backward," and the term "Employees Foundation" is not used.

Option (D) is also incorrect for similar reasons.


Conclusion: Therefore, the correct answer is (C) Backward and Minority Communities Employees Federation. Quick Tip: BAMCEF was focused on representing the backward and minority communities, especially in government employment.

Step 1: Understanding the Formation of BSP.

The Bahujan Samaj Party (BSP) was formed in 1984 by Kanshi Ram, following the efforts of the Dalit Shoshit Samaj Sangharsh Samiti. It was created to represent the interests of the Dalits, OBCs, and other marginalized groups.

Step 2: Reviewing Other Options.

Option (A), (C), and (D) are incorrect as the BSP was not formed in these years.

Conclusion: The correct year of formation is 1984 (Option B). Quick Tip: The Bahujan Samaj Party (BSP) was founded in 1984 to address the political and social needs of Dalits and other marginalized communities.

Step 1: Understanding the Leadership of BSP.

The Bahujan Samaj Party (BSP) was founded by Kanshi Ram in 1984. He was the leader of the Dalit Shoshit Samaj Sangharsh Samiti, which later transformed into the BSP.

Step 2: Reviewing Other Options.

Option (A), (B), and (C) are incorrect because they refer to leaders not involved in the founding of the BSP.


Conclusion: The founder leader of BSP is Kanshi Ram (Option D). Quick Tip: Kanshi Ram is the founder of the Bahujan Samaj Party, which emerged as a political force to represent the marginalized communities in India.

Step 1: Understanding BSP’s First Government.

The Bahujan Samaj Party (BSP) formed its first government in Uttar Pradesh, under the leadership of Mayawati, in the late 1990s.

Step 2: Reviewing Other Options.

Option (A), (B), and (D) are incorrect as the BSP's first government was in Uttar Pradesh.

Conclusion: The BSP formed its first government in Uttar Pradesh (Option C). Quick Tip: The BSP, under Mayawati’s leadership, formed its first government in Uttar Pradesh, marking a significant achievement for Dalit-led political parties in India.

Step 1: Identification of States based on the given information:

(i) The State where the Congress party did not secure majority in 1967 elections:

This refers to the state where Congress faced strong opposition and could not achieve a majority in the elections. The state marked as "A" in the map is Punjab.


(ii) The State where Congress party did not secure majority in 1967 elections but formed the government with the support of other parties:

This refers to a state where the Congress, despite not securing a majority, managed to form a coalition government. The state marked as "B" in the map is Rajasthan.


(iii) The State related to Samajwadi leader, Ram Manohar Lohia:

Ram Manohar Lohia was a prominent socialist leader and his influence was strongest in certain regions. The state marked as "C" in the map is Uttar Pradesh.


(iv) The State related to the former President of India, V.V. Giri:

V.V. Giri, the former President of India, was associated with the state marked as "D" in the map, which is Andhra Pradesh.


Thus, the States identified are:

(i) A = Punjab

(ii) B = Rajasthan

(iii) C = Uttar Pradesh

(iv) D = Andhra Pradesh
Quick Tip: In map-based questions, always check the location and historical significance of the state mentioned in the information to make accurate identifications.

Lal Bahadur Shastri, the second Prime Minister of India, is best known for the slogan "Jai Jawan Jai Kisan" (Hail the soldier, Hail the farmer). This slogan was given during the 1965 India-Pakistan war to encourage both the Indian military and the farming community.

Conclusion: The popular slogan given by Lal Bahadur Shastri was "Jai Jawan Jai Kisan". Quick Tip: The slogan "Jai Jawan Jai Kisan" was meant to inspire both the Indian military and the farmers, who were vital during the war and for the economy.

The 1960s in Indian politics has been referred to as the 'dangerous decade'. During this period, India faced significant challenges, including the 1962 Sino-Indian war, the 1965 India-Pakistan war, and economic difficulties such as food shortages. These events led to political and social instability, making the 1960s a volatile time for the country.

Conclusion: The decade referred to as the 'dangerous decade' in Indian politics is the 1960s. Quick Tip: The 1960s in India were marked by wars with China and Pakistan, as well as economic crises, contributing to the term 'dangerous decade.'

In the 1969 presidential elections, Indira Gandhi supported V. V. Giri for the post of President of India. This was a critical moment in Indian politics as Indira Gandhi's support for Giri went against the Congress party's official candidate, N. Sanjiva Reddy.

Conclusion: The candidate supported by Indira Gandhi for the post of President in 1969 was V. V. Giri. Quick Tip: The 1969 presidential elections were a turning point in Indian politics, with Indira Gandhi supporting V. V. Giri against the Congress official candidate.

The phrase "Aya Ram, Gaya Ram" refers to the State of Haryana. It originated from the frequent defections of elected representatives in Haryana in the 1960s. The phrase reflects the instability and frequent switching of political allegiances by members of the legislative assembly at the time.

Conclusion: The State related to the phrase "Aya Ram, Gaya Ram" is Haryana. Quick Tip: "Aya Ram, Gaya Ram" refers to political instability, especially in Haryana during the 1960s, when many elected representatives frequently changed parties.

Step 1: Oil as a Strategic Resource.

Oil is one of the most important resources in global politics due to its critical role in the world economy. It is the primary source of energy for industries, transportation, and military operations. Countries with significant oil reserves, such as Saudi Arabia, Russia, and the United States, wield considerable political influence globally. Oil has often been the source of geopolitical tensions, such as the Gulf War in 1990-1991, where oil interests played a major role in the conflict. The oil crisis of the 1970s also highlighted how fluctuations in oil supply can cause economic disruptions and influence foreign policy decisions worldwide.

Step 2: Water as a Scarce and Essential Resource.

Water, on the other hand, is essential for human survival, agriculture, and industry, making it a crucial factor in global politics. Freshwater resources are increasingly scarce, with major rivers like the Nile, the Ganges, and the Tigris-Euphrates flowing through multiple countries, leading to territorial disputes. Water scarcity can lead to conflicts between nations, such as the Indus Water Treaty between India and Pakistan, or tensions in the Middle East over water resources. As water becomes scarcer due to factors like climate change, over-extraction, and pollution, it will increasingly play a key role in international relations, potentially leading to water wars if not managed cooperatively.

Conclusion: Both oil and water are fundamental to global politics because of their essential roles in economic stability, national security, and environmental sustainability. Their management and control are key to peaceful coexistence or conflict among nations. Quick Tip: Both oil and water are pivotal to global politics due to their strategic significance and the disputes they can generate over control and access.

Step 1: Differing National Interests.

One of the key reasons why international cooperation over the global commons (such as the oceans, the atmosphere, and outer space) is difficult is because nations have differing national interests. For example, in the case of climate change, developed countries, which have historically contributed more to greenhouse gas emissions, may not want to bear the same responsibilities as developing nations that have lower emissions but still depend on industrial growth. Economic priorities often clash with environmental goals, making it difficult to reach a consensus on international agreements.

Step 2: Sovereignty and Control Issues.

Another major reason is the issue of sovereignty and control over global commons. Countries may be reluctant to give up control over areas like fisheries, the high seas, or even the air, as these are critical to their economic survival and security. This often results in disputes over jurisdiction and resource allocation. For instance, in Antarctica, countries have conflicting claims over parts of the continent, making cooperation difficult despite the continent’s importance for scientific research and global governance on environmental matters.

Step 3: Lack of Effective Enforcement Mechanisms.

Lastly, global governance systems lack effective enforcement mechanisms for cooperation. International treaties, such as the Kyoto Protocol and the Paris Agreement on climate change, often suffer from limited enforcement power, leading to non-compliance by countries that feel the economic burden is too great. This lack of binding mechanisms weakens the ability of international institutions to ensure cooperation and compliance across nations.

Conclusion: Cooperation over the global commons is hindered by differences in national interests, issues of sovereignty and control, and the absence of effective enforcement mechanisms, making it difficult to achieve the necessary international cooperation. Quick Tip: Effective international cooperation over the global commons requires overcoming political, economic, and jurisdictional conflicts, with stronger mechanisms for enforcement and accountability.

Step 1: Partition and its Consequences

The partition of British India in 1947 into India and Pakistan created severe political and social challenges. It resulted in massive violence, the displacement of millions of people, and a deep division between Hindus and Muslims. The boundary demarcation led to large-scale riots, loss of life, and widespread migration, particularly in Punjab and Bengal.

Step 2: Integration of Princely States

At the time of independence, India was not a fully unified country. It was composed of several princely states that were under the indirect control of the British Crown. The integration of these states into the Indian Union was a major challenge. Some princely states, such as Kashmir, Hyderabad, and Junagadh, had to be persuaded or even forcefully integrated into India, requiring significant diplomatic and military efforts.

Step 3: Economic Challenges and Poverty

India's economy at the time of independence was deeply underdeveloped, with widespread poverty, a poor industrial base, and agricultural backwardness. The country had to focus on building its economy from scratch, which was a difficult task given the limited resources and infrastructure. The new government had to focus on alleviating poverty, promoting industrialization, and ensuring food security.

Thus, the three major challenges faced by India at the time of independence were the partition and its aftermath, the integration of princely states, and the economic challenges faced by the newly independent nation. Quick Tip: The challenges of partition, integration of states, and economic underdevelopment were the major hurdles for India in the early years after independence.

Step 1: Religious and Communal Tensions

One of the major difficulties in the partition of British India was the growing religious and communal tensions between Hindus and Muslims. The demand for a separate Muslim state (Pakistan) led to deep divisions between the two communities, which resulted in violence, fear, and mistrust. This made the task of drawing a clear boundary between India and Pakistan challenging.

Step 2: Boundary and Territorial Disputes

The partition of India created several boundary disputes, particularly over the regions of Punjab and Bengal. These regions had mixed populations of Hindus, Muslims, and Sikhs, making the partition process highly complex. The process of demarcating the borders, especially the Radcliffe Line, led to confusion, violence, and a massive displacement of populations.

Step 3: Political and Administrative Hurdles

The British had planned the partition in a rushed manner, leaving very little time for proper administration and planning. The decision to divide India was taken hastily, without much regard for the existing social fabric, administrative systems, and local power dynamics. This lack of planning led to chaos during the partition, with issues such as refugee resettlement, law and order, and resource allocation causing severe difficulties.

Thus, the three major difficulties faced during the partition of British India were religious and communal tensions, boundary disputes, and political and administrative challenges. Quick Tip: The partition of India was not only a political process but also a social and humanitarian crisis, with far-reaching consequences for millions of people.

Step 1: Threat of Colonialism and Neo-Colonialism

After gaining independence, many countries in Asia and Africa faced the challenge of neo-colonialism. Former colonial powers often retained significant influence through economic, political, and military means. Countries like India, Algeria, and several others had to deal with the lingering effects of colonial control, which hindered their political autonomy and security.

Step 2: Border Disputes and Ethnic Conflicts

Many newly independent countries inherited arbitrary borders drawn by colonial powers. These borders often did not align with ethnic, cultural, or religious boundaries, leading to numerous border disputes and internal conflicts. For instance, the partition of India and Pakistan in 1947 led to widespread violence and a prolonged conflict over Kashmir. Similarly, African countries such as Sudan faced ethnic divisions that resulted in prolonged conflicts.

Step 3: Cold War Rivalries and Proxy Wars

The newly independent countries also faced the challenge of being caught in the Cold War rivalry between the United States and the Soviet Union. Many of these nations were forced to align themselves with one of the superpowers, which often led to internal instability. Proxy wars, such as in Vietnam, Korea, and several African countries, were the result of this global struggle, destabilizing the regions further.

Thus, these newly independent nations faced colonial legacy, border issues, and Cold War politics as major security challenges. Quick Tip: Post-independence, countries in Asia and Africa faced a multitude of security threats that were largely a result of their colonial past and the emerging global order.

Step 1: Military Power and Defense Readiness

India’s security strategy is grounded in maintaining a strong military capability. The country has invested in a robust defense infrastructure to safeguard its territorial integrity. The Indian Army, Navy, and Air Force are well-equipped, and India has also developed nuclear weapons as part of its deterrence strategy. The emphasis on defense readiness ensures that India can respond effectively to any external threats.

Step 2: Diplomatic Engagement and Regional Alliances

India’s security strategy includes diplomatic engagement to build strong ties with its neighbors and the international community. India has been a proponent of regional peace and has actively participated in organizations like SAARC (South Asian Association for Regional Cooperation) and ASEAN (Association of Southeast Asian Nations). Strategic partnerships with countries like the United States, Russia, and Japan are also key components of its security framework.

Step 3: Counterterrorism and Internal Security

Given the persistent threat of terrorism, India has developed an extensive counterterrorism strategy. This includes intelligence gathering, surveillance, and cooperation with international agencies to combat cross-border terrorism, particularly from its neighbor Pakistan. Additionally, India’s internal security measures focus on maintaining law and order, managing insurgencies, and countering extremism, particularly in regions like Jammu and Kashmir, and the North-East.

Thus, India’s security strategy combines military strength, diplomacy, and counterterrorism measures to address external and internal security threats. Quick Tip: A balanced approach combining military preparedness, diplomatic efforts, and internal security measures forms the backbone of India's security strategy.

Step 1: Independent Foreign Policy.

The policy of Non-Alignment was formulated to ensure that India maintained an independent foreign policy, free from the influence of both the United States and the Soviet Union during the Cold War. This allowed India to make decisions based on its national interests rather than aligning with any superpower.

Step 2: Peaceful Coexistence.

Non-Alignment was also seen as a commitment to peaceful coexistence and the avoidance of military alliances. India aimed to promote peace and stability by staying out of conflicts and supporting diplomatic solutions to international issues.

Step 3: Support for Third World Countries.

India's Non-Alignment policy also gave it the flexibility to support the aspirations of newly independent countries in Africa, Asia, and Latin America. India actively supported decolonization efforts and advocated for the rights of smaller nations in the international arena.

Conclusion: India’s Non-Alignment policy was a strategic decision to ensure its sovereignty, promote peace, and support the Third World. Quick Tip: Non-Alignment allowed India to maintain its independence in foreign policy while promoting peaceful coexistence and supporting the rights of emerging nations.

Step 1: Promotion of Peaceful Coexistence.

India’s foreign policy has consistently advocated for peaceful coexistence and global cooperation. This principle was central to India's stance during the Cold War, as it sought to avoid military confrontations and supported peaceful negotiations between nations.

Step 2: Support for Disarmament.

India has been a staunch proponent of nuclear disarmament and the peaceful resolution of conflicts. It has called for the elimination of nuclear weapons and has consistently worked towards building a world free from the threat of war.

Step 3: Advocacy for Multilateralism.

India's foreign policy has also emphasized multilateralism and the importance of international institutions like the United Nations in addressing global issues. India has played an active role in promoting the peaceful settlement of disputes through dialogue, including its involvement in peacekeeping missions worldwide.

Conclusion: India’s foreign policy has indeed pursued the dream of a peaceful world by promoting peaceful coexistence, disarmament, and multilateralism. Quick Tip: India's foreign policy has been focused on building a peaceful world through diplomatic engagement, disarmament, and active participation in international peace efforts.