CBSE Class 12 History Question Paper 2024 (Set 2- 61/2/2) Available- Download Solutions with Answer Key

Solution: Understanding the Revolt of 1857:
• The question requires matching the leaders of the revolt with their respective centers of action during 1857.

1: Matching Nana Sahib:
• Nana Sahib was a key figure in the revolt in Kanpur.
• Therefore, Nana Sahib is matched with (ii) Kanpur.

2: Matching Kunwar Singh:
• Kunwar Singh led the revolt in the Bihar region.
• Therefore, Kunwar Singh is matched with (iii) Bihar.

3: Matching Wajid Ali Shah:
• Wajid Ali Shah was the Nawab of Awadh and although he was exiled before the revolt, he is associated with Awadh.
• Therefore, Wajid Ali Shah is matched with (i) Awadh.

4: Matching Birjis Qadr:
• Birjis Qadr was the son of Wajid Ali Shah who was proclaimed Nawab of Awadh in Lucknow after the revolt began.
• Therefore, Birjis Qadr is matched with (iv) Lucknow.

5: Conclusion
• The correct matching is 1-(ii), 2-(iii), 3-(i), 4-(iv).

Solution: Understanding the Constituent Assembly:
• This question is asking to identify the primary reason behind the creation of the Constituent Assembly of India.

1: Analyzing each Option:
• (A) To establish a legislative body for the governance of provinces: While provincial legislatures existed, the main function of Constituent assembly was not for this.
• (B) To settle issues of Partition of India through coordination: Although the Constituent Assembly played a role during the partition, it was not formed for this.
• (C) To negotiate the terms of India's independence with the British: Although they had discussions with the British, this wasn't the primary function.
• (D) To draft a framework for the governance of independent India: This is the correct answer, as the main purpose of the assembly was to create a constitution.

2: Identifying the primary reason:
• Drafting a constitution for independent India was the most important task undertaken by the Constituent Assembly.

Solution: Understanding the Ryotwari System:
• The question is asking for the primary characteristic of the Ryotwari system implemented in Bombay Deccan.

1: Analyzing the Ryotwari System:
• The Ryotwari system was a land revenue system where the British government collected revenue directly from the farmers (Ryots).
• It eliminated intermediaries like Zamindars from the process.

2: Ruling Out Other Options:
• (A) Indirect revenue collection through zamindars: This describes the Zamindari system, not Ryotwari.
• (B) Collective ownership of land by village community: This is the feature of the Mahalwari system and not Ryotwari.
• (D) Lands were given to the Jotedars to promote equality: Jotedars were large landowners and did not come under the Ryotwari system.

Solution: Understanding the Constituent Assembly Roles:
• The question asks to match the members of Constituent Assembly with their roles in the formation of the Indian Constitution.

1: Matching Rajendra Prasad:
• Rajendra Prasad was the President of the Constituent Assembly.
• Therefore, he is matched with (ii).

2: Matching S.N. Mukherjee:
• S.N. Mukherjee was the Chief Draughtsman of the Constituent Assembly.
• Therefore, he is matched with (i).

3: Matching Jawaharlal Nehru:
• Jawaharlal Nehru moved the Objectives Resolution in the Assembly.
• Therefore, he is matched with (iv).

4: Matching B.N. Rau:
• B.N. Rau served as the Constitutional Advisor to the Constituent Assembly.
• Therefore, he is matched with (iii).

5: Conclusion
• The correct match is 1-(ii), 2-(i), 3-(iv), 4-(iii).

Solution: Understanding the Moderates and Extremists:
• The question is asking to identify the leader who was part of the 'Moderates' faction within the Indian National Congress (INC).
• The INC had different factions with differing views on how to achieve independence.

1: Analyzing Gopal Krishna Gokhale:
• Gopal Krishna Gokhale was a prominent leader of the Moderate faction of the INC.
• He believed in achieving self rule through constitutional means.

2: Analyzing Other Options:
• Bal Gangadhar Tilak, Lala Lajpat Rai, and Bipin Chandra Pal, together known as 'Lal Bal Pal', were leaders of the Extremist faction of the INC.
• They had a different approach to the freedom movement and did not believe in moderate methods.

Solution: Understanding the Timeline of Events:
• The question is asking to arrange events related to the 1857 revolt in chronological order.
• These questions require understanding of the historical timelines to answer correctly.

1: Placing events in order
• II. Subsidiary Alliance in Awadh: The Subsidiary Alliance with Awadh took place in 1801.
• III. Reforming policies of William Bentinck: William Bentinck's social reforms occurred in the 1830s.
• I. Summary Settlement in Awadh: The Summary Settlement of Awadh happened in 1856.
• IV. Azamgarh Proclamation: Azamgarh Proclamation was issued during the Revolt of 1857.

2: Conclusion
• Thus, the correct order is II, III, I, IV.

Solution: Understanding Assertion and Reason:
• The question is in Assertion and Reason format, and we must check if both the statements are true and whether the reason is the correct explanation of the assertion.

1: Analyzing Assertion (A):
• Assertion (A) states that Zamindars failed to pay revenue under the Permanent Settlement.
• This is historically correct, as the fixed revenue demand was often high and many zamindars were unable to pay, and accumulated unpaid balances.

2: Analyzing Reason (R):
• Reason (R) explains the Sunset Law, that if the payment was not paid by sunset on the last date, the zamindari was liable to be auctioned.
• This was a key aspect of the Permanent Settlement.

3: Connecting the Assertion and Reason:
• The Sunset law (R) is the main reason why the Zamindars failed to pay their revenue (A).
• The law made sure that the Zamindars would default if they failed to pay on the stipulated date.

4: Conclusion
• Therefore, both the Assertion and Reason are correct, and the reason is the correct explanation for the assertion.

Solution: Understanding Land Classifications:
• This question is asking to identify the correctly matched definition of Akbar's land classification.

1: Analyzing 'Polaj':
• Polaj was indeed land that was cultivated every year and was considered to be the most fertile land.
• This is the correct definition.

2: Analyzing 'Parauti':
• Parauti was a type of land left fallow for a year or two for it to regain its fertility.
• The definition given here is wrong.

3: Analyzing 'Chachar':
• Chachar was land that was left uncultivated for 3-4 years.
• The definition given in the option is incorrect.

4: Analyzing 'Banjar':
• Banjar was land that was kept uncultivated for 5 or more years.
• The definition in the option is incorrect.

5: Conclusion
• Only Option A has the correct definition.

Solution: Understanding “Karnataka Samrajyamu":
• The question is asking which empire was referred to as "Karnataka Samrajyamu.”
• This requires understanding which empire had a strong hold in Karnataka.

1: Analyzing the Vijayanagara Empire:
• The Vijayanagara Empire was located in the Deccan plateau, with its capital in Karnataka.
• It's culture was predominantly Kannada.

2: Analyzing other Options:
• The Chera dynasty ruled in the area of present day Kerala.
• The Pallava dynasty was centered in present-day Tamil Nadu.
• The Chola dynasty was located around the Cauvery delta of present-day Tamil Nadu.

3: Conclusion
• The Vijayanagara Empire, with its center in Karnataka, was known as “Karnataka Samrajyamu."

Solution: Understanding Ibn Battuta's Travels:
• The question is asking about the city which Ibn Battuta visited and described as a "vast city, with a great population, the largest in India".

1: Analyzing Delhi:
• Ibn Battuta visited India during the Delhi Sultanate and described Delhi as the largest city in India.

2: Ruling out other options:
• Daulatabad and Agra were important cities during medieval India but not the city that Ibn Battuta referred to as the largest.
• Calcutta is a later city and was not visited by Ibn Battuta.

Solution: Identifying the Tribal Kingdoms:
• This question requires knowledge of the tribal kingdoms that were important during the Mughal rule in the 16th and 17th centuries.

1: Analyzing Lohanis in Punjab:
• Lohanis in Punjab were a significant trading group and had a considerable influence during the Mughal era.

2: Analyzing Ahoms in Assam:
• The Ahoms of Assam had frequent conflicts with the Mughals and maintained a separate identity.

3: Analyzing Koch in Bengal:
• Koch kingdom in Bengal also played an important role in the Mughal politics.

4: Analyzing Kols in Singhbhum:
• Kols were more active during the British period and not during the Mughal period.
• Therefore, this is an incorrect option in the context of the question.

5: Conclusion
• The tribal kingdoms that played an important role during Mughal period are Lohanis, Ahoms and Koch.

Solution: Understanding Vijayanagara's Geography:
• The question asks about the river that formed a natural basin in the region of the Vijayanagara Empire.

1: Analyzing the Tungabhadra River:
• The Vijayanagara Empire was located on the banks of Tungabhadra river.
• The Tungabhadra river was vital for the empire for its irrigation system.

2: Ruling Out Other Options:
• Narmada flows in central India and not near Vijayanagara.
• Godavari flows south east and not near Vijayanagara.
• Kaveri flows in Tamil Nadu and is not near Vijayanagara.

Solution: Analyzing the Information:
• The question is asking to identify the disciple of Shaikh Nizamuddin Auliya based on the description given.

1: Analyzing Amir Khusrau:
• Amir Khusrau was a Sufi poet, musician, and scholar during the medieval period in India.
• He was a disciple of Shaikh Nizamuddin Auliya.

2: Identifying his contributions:
• He was known for giving a unique form to Chishti sama.
• He was also the one who popularized the Qawwali.

3: Analyzing other options:
• Baba Farid was a Sufi saint, but he was not the disciple of Shaikh Nizamuddin Auliya.
• Data Ganj Bakhsh was an early Sufi scholar and had no connection with Shaikh Nizamuddin Auliya.
• Ziyauddin Barani was a historian and not a disciple of the saint in the question.

Solution: Understanding the Context:
• The question is about the dedication of François Bernier's work “Comparing East and West".

1: Identifying Louis XIV:
• François Bernier dedicated his work "Comparing East and West" to King Louis XIV of France.
• Louis XIV was the king of France at the time Bernier wrote the book.

2: Analyzing other options:
• The other kings namely, Charles IX, Louis IX, and Philip II, were from other periods of time.
• Therefore they are incorrect options.

Solution: Understanding the Stupa's Architecture:
• This question asks to identify the part of the Sanchi Stupa marked as A in the image.

1: Analyzing the 'Harmika':
• The 'Harmika' is a square railing structure located above the dome of the stupa.
• It represents a sacred area.

2: Analyzing the 'Yashti':
• The 'Yashti' is the central mast that rises from the center of the 'Harmika'.
• It symbolizes the connection between earth and heaven.

3: Analyzing the 'Chhatri':
• 'Chhatri' is the umbrella like structure that is placed on top of the Yashti.

4: Analyzing the 'Anda':
• The Anda is the dome shaped part of the Stupa structure.

5: Identifying 'A' in the Image
• Based on the image, the part labelled as 'A' is the square railing directly above the dome of the stupa and hence it is 'Harmika'.

Solution: Understanding the Stupa Locations:
• The question is for visually impaired candidates and asks to identify the stupa that is located in Bhopal.

1: Analyzing Sanchi Stupa:
• Sanchi Stupa is a UNESCO World Heritage Site located in Madhya Pradesh near Bhopal.

2: Analyzing Other Options:
• Nagarjunakonda is located in Andhra Pradesh.
• Shahji-ki-Dheri is located near Peshawar, Pakistan.
• Amaravati is located in Andhra Pradesh.

Solution: Matching Temples with Locations:
• The question requires matching the ancient temples with their correct locations.

1: Matching Deogarh:
• Deogarh, known for its Gupta-period Dashavatara Temple, is located in Uttar Pradesh.
• Therefore, Deogarh is matched with (iv) Uttar Pradesh.

2: Matching Mahabalipuram:
• Mahabalipuram, also known as Mamallapuram, is located in Tamil Nadu and is known for its shore temple and rathas.
• Therefore, Mahabalipuram is matched with (i) Tamil Nadu.

3: Matching Kailashnatha:
• The Kailashnatha Temple, known for its rock cut architecture, is located in Maharashtra.
• Therefore, Kailashnatha is matched with (ii) Maharashtra.

4: Matching Barabar:
• Barabar caves are among the oldest rock-cut caves of India and are located in Bihar.
• Therefore, Barabar is matched with (iii) Bihar.

5: Conclusion
• The correct matching is: 1-(iv), 2-(i), 3-(ii), 4-(iii).

Solution: Analyzing the Harappan Subsistence:
• This question asks to find out the INCORRECT statement about the Harappan subsistence strategies.

1: Analyzing Option A:
• Terracotta sculptures of oxen indicate that they used ploughing for their agricultural practices.
• This statement is correct.

2: Analyzing Option B:
• The presence of two sets of furrows at right angles indicate that they practised multiple cropping.
• Therefore, this is also correct.

3: Analyzing Option C:
• Traces of canals have been found in Shortughai, Afghanistan.
• This proves their sophisticated irrigation system.
• This option is also correct.

4: Analyzing Option D:
• Harappan irrigation systems used wells, canals, and small water storage areas, not deep water reservoirs in Sindh.

5: Conclusion
• Option D is the only incorrect statement.

Solution: Understanding the 'Ashtadhyayi':
• The question is asking to identify the subject matter of Panini's book, 'Ashtadhyayi'.

1: Analyzing the contents of 'Ashtadhyayi':
• 'Ashtadhyayi' is an ancient text on Sanskrit grammar.
• It provides rules on morphology, syntax and phonetics of the Sanskrit language.

2: Analyzing other options:
• Puranas are religious and mythological texts.
• Mathematics and Medicine are ancient Indian sciences.
• These options are not correct.

Solution: Analyzing the Clues:
• The question is asking to identify a dynasty based on three specific clues: spectacular gold coins, use of prashastis and having Harisena as the court poet.

1: Analyzing Gupta Dynasty:
• The Gupta Dynasty is known for its large-scale issuance of gold coins.
• They used Prashastis to glorify the kings and their rule.
• Harisena was the court poet of the Gupta king Samudragupta.

2: Analyzing other dynasties:
• Chola dynasty was known for its maritime power.
• Satavahana rulers were known for lead and potin coins.
• Kushana dynasty was known for its trade with Central Asia.

Solution: Analyzing the Mauryan Empire:
• The question requires identifying correct statements about the Mauryan Empire.

1: Analyzing Statement I:
• Statement I is correct, as the growth of Magadha led to the emergence of the Mauryan Empire.

2: Analyzing Statement II:
• Statement II is also correct, as Chandragupta Maurya founded the Mauryan Empire.

3: Analyzing Statement III:
• Statement III is incorrect as Kautilya was Chandragupta Maurya's minister and not his successor.

4: Analyzing Statement IV:
• Statement IV is incorrect as Asoka was Chandragupta Maurya's grandson and not his son.

5: Conclusion
• Thus, only statements I and II are correct.

Solution: Identifying the Author:
• This question asks to identify the author of the book ‘The Story of Indian Archaeology'.

1: Analyzing S.N. Roy:
• S.N. Roy is the author of the book 'The Story of Indian Archaeology.'

2: Analyzing other Options:
• John Marshall was the Director-General of ASI and known for excavation of Mohenjo-daro.
• Daya Ram Sahni is known for the discovery of Harappa.
• R.E.M. Wheeler was also the Director-General of ASI.
• These are not the authors of the book in question.

Solution: Understanding Krishnadeva Raya's Reign:
• Krishnadeva Raya was one of the greatest rulers of the Vijayanagara Empire.
• His reign is known for stability, expansion, and patronage of the arts.

1: Military Leadership:
• Krishnadeva Raya was a skilled military leader who led many successful campaigns.
• He expanded the territories of the Vijayanagara empire.

2: Administration and Governance:
• He was a capable administrator who reformed tax system.
• He built new tanks and canals for better irrigation.

3: Patron of Arts and Literature:
• He was a great patron of art and literature.
• He encouraged poets, scholars, and musicians during his reign.

4: Religious Tolerance:
• Krishnadeva Raya had respect for all religions and different traditions.
• This promoted peace and harmony in his empire.

5: Conclusion:
• He was a great king who focused on the welfare of his people and is considered to be one of the greatest rulers of South India.

Solution: Understanding the Amara-Nayaka System:
• The Amara-nayaka system was a unique feature of the Vijayanagara empire.
• It involved military chiefs known as Nayakas who controlled specific territories.

1: Military Function:
• Nayakas were military commanders with troops ready to fight for the empire.
• They maintained a strong and efficient army.

2: Administrative Role:
• Nayakas also controlled the administration of their territories.
• They collected taxes and maintained law and order in their region.

3: Relationship with the King:
• They provided military support to the king and in return the king provided resources to them.
• This ensured the centralization of power.

4: Impact of the System:
• The system ensured effective governance and military control.
• However, it also led to local autonomy and some rebellions by Nayakas.

Solution: Understanding Epigraphy:
• Epigraphy is the study of inscriptions.
• Inscriptions can provide valuable information about the past.

1: Importance of Epigraphy:
• Inscriptions provide us with a lot of knowledge about the political and economic history of a particular period.
• They provide details about the rulers, their policies and administration.

2: Limitations of Epigraphy:
• Inscriptions may have biases as they are often written by the ruling class and represent only their point of view.
• They may not fully depict the social reality of the common people.

3: Other Sources of Information:
• It is important to also use other sources like literary texts, archaeological remains and travelogues.
• They provide a well rounded picture of the society.

4: Examples of using multiple sources
• The study of the Mauryan Empire uses multiple sources such as the Arthashastra, Megasthenes' Indica and the Ashokan inscriptions.
• The study of the Vijayanagara empire uses sources such as literary works, archaeological remains, travelogues and inscriptions.

5: Conclusion
• Hence, relying only on epigraphy can give an incomplete view of history.
• It is important to use multiple sources to get a proper understanding.

Solution: Understanding Enigmatic Scripts:
• An enigmatic script is a script which is yet to be deciphered.
• The Harappan script is known to be enigmatic as it has not been deciphered till date.

1: Features of the Harappan script:
• The Harappan script is pictographic, comprising various symbols.
• It is found mostly on seals, pottery and other artefacts.
• Most of the inscriptions are short, with only a few having more than 26 signs.

2: Difficulties in Decipherment:
• The lack of a bilingual text, similar to the Rosetta stone, has made its decoding very difficult.
• The script is not known to be connected to any known language, making it difficult to interpret.

3: Current Scenario:
• Many attempts have been made by scholars but there is no consensus on its decipherment.
• Due to this the Harappan script is termed an enigmatic script.

Solution: Understanding the Harappan Drainage System:
• The Harappan drainage system is one of the most advanced drainage systems of ancient times.
• It was known for its planned nature and efficiency.

1: Planned Layout:
• Harappan cities had a grid pattern, with well-laid streets.
• Drains were planned alongside the streets, making it efficient to manage the wastewater.

2: Features of the Drainage System:
• The drains were made of bricks and were usually covered.
• Manholes were provided at regular intervals for cleaning purposes.
• This showed an understanding of public health and hygiene.

3: Efficiency and Hygiene:
• The drainage system was planned to efficiently carry the wastewater out of the city.
• This helped keep the streets and the city clean and hygienic.

Solution: Understanding Forest Dwellers in Mughal Empire:
• The Mughal empire had many different kinds of people living within its borders including forest dwellers.

1: Tribal Communities:
• Forest dwellers were mostly tribal communities who lived outside the agricultural regions.
• They had their own social structures and traditions.

2: Subsistence Practices:
• Their main occupations were hunting and gathering.
• They relied on forest resources for their livelihoods.
• They used shifting agriculture for farming.

3: Relationship with the Mughal Administration:
• Forest dwellers had a mostly autonomous existence, but sometimes paid taxes to the Mughals.
• The Mughal administration sometimes intervened in the forest regions to collect taxes and resources.

4: Cultural Identity:
• Forest dwellers often had a different culture and social customs compared to the mainstream society.

5: Conclusion
• Forest dwellers maintained a unique lifestyle that was dependent on forests and were often outside the mainstream Mughal rule.

Solution: Understanding the Fifth Report:
• The Fifth Report is a report submitted to the British Parliament in 1813 regarding the administration of the East India Company.

1: Purpose and Content:
• The main purpose of the report was to assess the administration and activities of the British East India Company.
• It contained details on revenue, expenses, and the administrative structure.

2: Bias in Representation:
• The report was written from the viewpoint of the British and often defended the actions of the East India Company.
• It did not show the negative impacts of British rule on Indian society.

3: Omissions and Inaccuracies:
• The report often lacks in-depth analysis and omits the negative aspects of the Company's rule.
• Some of the numerical data in the report was also inaccurate.

4: Importance of the Report:
• Even with its limitations, it remains an important source to learn about the British East India Company's rule.
• It provides important details of administrative policies and the economic scenario at the time.

5: Conclusion
• The Fifth Report must be analyzed critically due to the biases and omissions that are present within it.

Solution: Understanding the Revolt of 1857:
• The Revolt of 1857 was a major uprising against the British in India.
• Art and literature played a role in documenting the events of the revolt.

1: Literary Works:
• Literature like poems, songs, and stories written about the revolt helped to highlight the heroism and sacrifice of the rebels.
• These literary works helped in invoking patriotism.

2: Visual Arts:
• Paintings and sketches of the battles, leaders and important events helped to create a visual record of the revolt.
• These were very important at a time when photography was not very common.

3: Oral Traditions:
• Oral stories, folk songs and folk theatre played an important role in passing down the tales of heroism.
• These helped in keeping the memory of the revolt alive in the minds of the people.

4: Impact on Nationalist Movement:
• Art and literature from the 1857 revolt helped inspire a feeling of patriotism and resistance against the British in later periods.
• They helped in building up the nationalist sentiment.

5: Conclusion
• Art and literature were important in keeping the memory of the revolt alive and inspiring future generations.

Solution: Understanding the Mahabharata:
• The Mahabharata provides a rich source of information on various aspects of social life in its period.
• It provides details on the rules and customs related to family, marriage and kinship.

1: Marriage Practices:
• The epic describes various marriage customs including monogamy, polygyny (one man with several wives) and polyandry (one woman with several husbands).
• The most known example of polyandry is the marriage of Draupadi to the five Pandava brothers.

2: Rules of Inheritance:
• The epic highlights the dominance of the patriarchal system, where sons are the main inheritors of family property and status.
• However, there are instances of women having some rights to the property as well.

3: Kinship and Lineage:
• The epic highlights the importance of kinship and lineage in the society.
• Lineages were often tracked through the male line and these were important to establish inheritance rights.

4: Family Dynamics and Values:
• The Mahabharata shows various forms of family structures and the importance of family values like duty, loyalty and honor.
• The relationship between the elders and the young in a family is also described.

5: Conclusion
• Historians have studied all these aspects to reconstruct the family and kinship relations that existed during the Mahabharata period.

Solution: Understanding Dynamic Text:
• A dynamic text is one that is not static, but has evolved over time through changes and reinterpretations.
• The Mahabharata is a good example of a dynamic text.

1: Multiple Layers and Additions:
• The Mahabharata is a complex text that has been added to and changed over a long period of time.
• It is a compilation of many stories and traditions.

2: Varying Interpretations:
• The Mahabharata has various interpretations by different scholars and commentators.
• It has been analysed from different perspectives, including social, political and religious viewpoints.

3: Adaptation and Re-tellings:
• The Mahabharata has been adapted and retold in many forms through different media and in different languages.
• These adaptations reflect different cultural interpretations.

4: Continuing Relevance:
• The epic continues to be relevant and a part of popular culture even today.
• The themes are still relevant and have varying interpretations depending on the needs of the time.

5: Conclusion
• The multiple layers and adaptations of the Mahabharata across centuries make it a dynamic text.

Solution: Understanding Alvars and Nayanars:
• The Alvars and Nayanars were poet-saints who led the Bhakti movement in South India during the medieval period.
• Alvars were devoted to Vishnu and Nayanars were devoted to Shiva.

1: Emphasis on Love and Devotion:
• The Bhakti movement emphasized the importance of love and devotion to God (Bhakti).
• They advocated for a personal and emotional relationship with God.

2: Rejection of Ritualism and Caste System:
• The saints rejected rigid religious rituals and the rigid caste system that was prevalent in society.
• They preached that all were equal in the eyes of God.

3: Use of Vernacular Languages:
• The Alvars and Nayanars used local vernacular languages such as Tamil to spread their teachings.
• This made their teachings accessible to the common people.

4: Inclusion of Women:
• Women saints like Andal among the Alvars and Karaikkal Ammaiyar among the Nayanars were important parts of the movement.
• Their poems and ideas show that both men and women were involved in the movement.

5: Conclusion
• The Bhakti movement by Alvars and Nayanars emphasized love, devotion, social equality, and accessible teachings using regional languages.

Solution: Understanding Sufism:
• Sufism is a mystical branch of Islam that emphasizes the importance of direct experience with God.
• It is known for its teachings on love, devotion, and inner spirituality.

1: Love and Devotion:
• Sufis focus on divine love and devotion towards god.
• They sought a personal connection with God through spiritual practice.

2: Importance of a Spiritual Guide:
• Sufis believe in the importance of a spiritual teacher or guide called 'Pir'.
• The Pir guides them in their spiritual journey.

3: Emphasis on Inner Experience:
• Sufism emphasizes the importance of inner transformation and personal spiritual experiences.
• The practice of ‘zikr’(remembrance of God) is also important.

4: Practices like Sama and Qawwali:
• Sama (Sufi music) and Qawwali (devotional songs) are used as tools to enhance the spiritual experience.

5: Conclusion
• Sufism is a spiritual tradition that emphasizes love, devotion, inner experience and the importance of a spiritual guide.

Solution: Understanding Salt Satyagraha and Civil Disobedience Movement:
• Salt Satyagraha was a mass protest movement led by Mahatma Gandhi in 1930.
• The Civil Disobedience Movement was launched after that with the aim of defying British laws and policies.

1: Salt Satyagraha as a Catalyst:
• The Salt Satyagraha, through the Dandi March, gathered people from across different sections of society.

2: Symbolism of Salt:
• The salt tax was an important symbol used by Gandhi to mobilize people.
• It connected with the daily lives of the common people.

3: Mass Participation:
• The Salt Satyagraha led to a wider participation in the Civil Disobedience movement.
• The movement involved people from all sections of the society who were inspired to disobey British laws.

4: Foundation for Civil Disobedience:
• The Salt Satyagraha helped set the stage for civil disobedience movement by showing the effectiveness of non violent methods.
• This made people more confident to participate in the movement.

5: Conclusion
• The Salt Satyagraha created awareness and inspired people to take part in the Civil Disobedience Movement, thus playing a critical role in India's freedom struggle.

Solution: Understanding the Non-Cooperation Movement:
• The Non-Cooperation Movement was launched by Mahatma Gandhi in 1920.
• It involved boycotting British institutions and goods to create non cooperation with the British administration.

1: Mobilization of the People:
• The movement was successful in bringing together various sections of Indian society.
• People from various communities, regions, castes and classes came together to support the cause.

2: Boycotts and Protests:
• People boycotted British institutions and goods as part of the movement.
• This greatly affected the British economy and administration.

3: Rise of Nationalist Sentiment:
• The widespread participation instilled a sense of unity among Indians.
• People were more confident of fighting against the British rule.

4: Impact on Future Movements:
• The movement served as a foundation for future mass movements by proving that people could be mobilised through non violent means.

5: Conclusion
• The widespread participation of the common people played a critical role in the impact and success of the Non-Cooperation Movement.

Solution: Understanding the Source:
• The source discusses about the construction and dissemination of ideas about India.
• It also talks about how European travellers formed an image of India and how later Indians reacted to it.

31.1 In what way did Shaikh Itisamuddin and Mirza Abu Talib challenge the version of Europeans towards India ?
• Shaikh Itisamuddin and Mirza Abu Talib, after traveling to Europe, tried to counter the views of European travelers by highlighting the greatness of Indian culture and history.

31.2 Give any one example of a book authored by European writers on Medieval India.
• There are many European travelers who visited India during the medieval times.
• Francois Bernier wrote a famous book called 'Travels in the Mughal Empire' about his time in India.

31.3 Explain the significant difference between the image of India presented by Europeans and the versions of Indians.
• European travelers often presented a view of India as an exotic and mysterious land.
• On the other hand, the Indian travelers highlighted the greatness of Indian civilization and culture.

Solution: Understanding the Source:
• The source is from the Constituent Assembly debates.
• It discusses the concepts of republic and democracy and India's commitment to these.

32.1 Mention the 'firm and solemn resolve' expressed in the passage.
• The firm and solemn resolve is to establish an independent sovereign republic in India.

32.2 How does the passage emphasize the commitment to democracy?
• The passage highlights that democracy is the goal and it emphasizes that the past has been witness to India's commitment to democratic values.

32.3 How is democracy explained in the context of republic in the passage?
• The term republic in the passage, has the implicit meaning of being a democracy as well.
• The source also mentions the importance of not only political but economic democracy.

Solution: Understanding the Source:
• The source is from the Sutta Pitaka which describes a conversation between King Ajatasattu and the Buddha.
• It talks about the philosophical views of the Ajivikas and Lokayatas.

33.1 Analyse the views of Makkhali Gosala on karma.
• Makkhali Gosala believed that Karma was fixed and predetermined.
• He believed that no actions either wise or foolish can change the course of life.

33.2 How did Ajita Kesakambalin describe the relations of human beings with the four elements of nature.
• Ajita Kesakambalin believed that humans are made up of four elements which return to nature after they die.

33.3 Differentiate between the views of a Fatalist and a Materialist in reference to this source.
• Fatalists, like the Ajivikas believed that everything is predetermined and they are called as such because of this belief in fate.
• Materialists on the other hand believed that there is nothing beyond the physical or material world.

Solution: Understanding Map-Based Questions:
• This question requires to locate and mark sites on the outline map of India.

1: Locating Dholavira:
• Dholavira is a major Harappan site located in Gujarat.
• Mark its location with a symbol and label it as “Dholavira”.

2: Locating Ujjain:
• Ujjain was an important Mahajanapada and is located in Madhya Pradesh.
• Mark the site with a suitable symbol and label it as “Ujjain”.

3: Locating Panipat or Golconda:
• Panipat: Panipat is located in Haryana and was an important territory under the Mughals. Mark the site with a symbol and label it as "Panipat" if you choose this option.
• Golconda: Golconda is located near Hyderabad in Telangana and was also under the Mughals. Mark the site with a symbol and label it as “Golconda" if you choose this option.

Solution: Identifying Centers of National Movement:
• This question requires the identification of places marked on the map related to the freedom struggle.

1: Identifying Center A:
• If A is marked near the coast of Gujarat, then it is most likely Dandi related to the Salt Satyagraha.
• Label the site as "Dandi".

2: Identifying Center B:
• If B is marked near modern-day Uttar Pradesh, then it is likely Meerut, where the 1857 revolt started.
• Label the site as "Meerut".

3: Conclusion
• Depending on the specific locations on the map, these are the most appropriate answers.

Solution: Understanding the question:
• This question is for visually impaired candidates.
• The question requires listing two Harappan sites.

1: Listing Harappan sites
• Some major Harappan sites are: Harappa, Mohenjo-daro, Lothal, Kalibangan, Rakhigarhi, Dholavira.
• You can mention any two from these.

Solution: Understanding the question:
• This question is for visually impaired candidates and asks for one territory under Mughal control.

1: Mentioning territory under Mughals
• Some of the territories under the Mughals were Delhi, Agra, Lahore, Bengal, Deccan.
• You can mention any one from these territories.

Solution: Understanding the question:
• This question is for visually impaired candidates and asks for a neighbouring state of Vijayanagara.

1: Mentioning neighbouring states
• Some neighboring states of the Vijayanagara empire were Bahmani kingdom, Madurai Sultanate, Gajapati kingdom.
• You can mention any one of these states.

Solution: Understanding the question:
• This question is for visually impaired candidates and asks for two centers of the Indian freedom struggle.

1: Listing centers of freedom struggle
• Some of the centers associated with the Indian National movement are: Delhi, Calcutta, Lucknow, Surat, Madras, Bombay, Lahore.
• You can mention any two from these.