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Charge transfer, as the term suggests is the exchange of charge between two or more substances. The charge is transferred by the movement of electrons from one object to another object. The object which donates the electron must be rich in electrons, and the object which accepts the electron is electron deficient. Moreover, they should have a high affinity to successfully attain the electrons. A fractional transfer of elementary charge takes place from the giver to the recipient in this excited state. Almost whole charge transfer complexes have strong absorption and exclusive bands in the ultraviolet-visible region. Let’s have a closer look at the topic, and discuss some important questions.
Also Read: Electrostatics
| Table of Content |
Key Takeaways: Charge, Charge transfer, Electric Charge, charge transfer complex, charge transfer spectra, induction, conduction.
What is an Electric Charge?
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Electric charge is a basic property possessed by all substances. This property cannot be destroyed and is influenced by the presence of a magnetic field and electric field. An object possessing an electric charge can either be positively charged or negatively charged. Positively charged objects have fewer electrons than neutral substances, and negatively charged substances have more electrons than neutral substances. Opposite charges attract each other, that is positive substances attract negative substances and vice versa. Whereas, similar charges repel each other, positive charge repels positive charge, and negative charge repels negative charge.
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What is Charge Transfer?
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Charge transfer is defined as the transfer of charge in the form of electrons. The charge moves from negatively charged particles to positively charged particles. The negatively charged particles are electrons rich, or maybe substances at an excited state, which when coming to the ground state release electrons. Thus, the two substances included in the charge transfer can be also called donors and receivers. Donor donates the electrons, and the receiver accepts the electrons.
What is a Charge-Transfer Complex?
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At times, during the transfer of charge, the donor and the receiver are attached and resulting in the formation of a complex. The complex can be formed in between two to three particles.
For example, when we rub a comb on our scalp for a long period and then bring them close to bits of paper, the paper often sticks to the bristles of the comb. This results due to the formation of static current in the comb because of rubbing. This static current then transfers to the paper bits, and meanwhile result in the formation of a complex, the paper attached to the comb.
Also Read: Gauss's Law
Methods of Charge Transfer
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The charge can be transferred via two methods in between the particles, these two methods are:
Conduction:
- Using positively charged particles
- Using negatively charged particles
Induction:
- Using positively charged particles
- Using negatively charged particles
To understand the concept of charge transfer, we need to know one point that any object, positively charged or negatively charged, is rich in charged particles, since like charges repel each other, the charge is pushed to the surface of the particles.
Charge Transfer by Conduction
Charge transfer by conduction includes the transfer of charge from a charged particle (positively charged or negatively charged) to a neutral object, by initiating contact between them. The neutral substance is supposed to be a good conductor of electric charge to ensure the transfer of charge. Charge transfer by conduction is further of two types:
- Using positively charged particles
- Using negatively charged particles
| Parameters included | Charge transfer by conduction using negatively charged particles | Charge transfer by conduction using positively charged particles |
|---|---|---|
| Nature of charged substance | Negatively charged substance | Positively charged substance |
| Nature of substance to be charged | Neutral, and good conductor of electricity | Neutral, and good conductor of electricity |
| Process of charge transfer | A negatively charged substance, rich in electrons is taken. The electrons are present close to the surface of the object, since like repels like. On touching the negatively charged substance with the neutral object, the electrons jump from the negatively charged substance to the neutral object. Thus, the negatively charged object is now having lesser electrons and a few electrons have been transferred to the neutral object. Hence, the negative charge has been transferred to the neutral object too. | A positively charged substance, deficient in electrons is taken. The positive charge is present close to the surface of the object, since like repels like. On touching the positively charged substance with the neutral object, the electrons jump from the neutral object to the electron-deficient positively charged object. Thus, the neutral object is now having lesser electrons and a few electrons have been transferred to the positively charged object. Hence, the positive charge has been transferred to the neutral object too. |
Charge Transfer by Induction
Charge transfer by induction includes the transfer of charge from a charged particle (positively charged) to a neutral object, by bringing them near each other, but not touching them. Charge transfer by induction involves two neutral objects, and one charged substance to ensure the transfer of charge between themselves. Charge transfer by induction takes place by only two methods:
- Using positively charged particles
- Using negatively charged particles
| Parameters included | Charge transfer by conduction using positively charged particles | Charge transfer by conduction using negatively charged particles |
|---|---|---|
| Nature of charged substance | Positively charged substance | Negatively charged substance |
| Nature of substance to be charged | Two neutral objects, and a good conductor of electricity | Two neutral objects, and a good conductor of electricity |
| Process of charge transfer | Two neutral objects which are good conductors of electricity are kept in contact with each other. A positively charged substance, deficient in electrons is taken. The positive charge is present close to the surface of the positively charged object, since like repels like. On bringing the positively charged substance close to one of the neutral objects. The electrons of the neutral object get attracted to the positively charged substance and are collected on the side, say on the left side. On the opposite side of the same neutral substance, say right, the positive charge is accumulated. This positive charge attracts the electrons of the other neutral object towards itself. Soon an equilibrium is established. | Two neutral objects which are good conductors of electricity are kept in contact with each other. A negatively charged substance, excess in electrons is taken. The negative charge is present close to the surface of the negatively charged object, since like repels like. On bringing the negatively charged substance close to one of the neutral objects. The electrons of the neutral object get repelled to the negatively charged substance and are collected on the opposite side, say on the right side. On the opposite side of the same neutral substance, say left, the positive charge is accumulated. This negative charge on the right side repels the electrons of the other neutral object and forms a positive charge towards itself. Soon an equilibrium is established. |
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Things to Remember
- Electric charge is one of the basic properties possessed by all substances. This property cannot be destroyed and is only influenced by the presence of a magnetic field and electric field. Electric charges are additive, can be conserved, and can be quantized.
- The S.I Unit of electric charge is Coulomb. One coulomb is defined as the amount of electric charge that flows through one unit of the cross-sectional area of a conductor when one ampere of current flows through it.
- One coulomb contains 6.24 × 1018 units of electric charge, either electrons or protons. The electron has a negative charge of 1.602176634 × 10−19 coulomb.
- The charge can be transferred via two methods in between the particles, these two methods are: conduction and induction.
- Charge transfer by conduction includes the transfer of charge by touching the objects, and charge transfer by induction includes the transfer of charge without involving any physical contact.
Sample Questions
Ques: What is electric charge and its S.I. Unit? (3 marks)
Ans: Electric charge is one of the basic properties possessed by all substances.
This property cannot be destroyed and is only influenced by the presence of a magnetic field and electric field.
Electric charges are additive, can be conserved, and can be quantized.
The S.I Unit of electric charge is Coulomb. One coulomb is defined as the amount of electric charge that flows through one unit of the cross-sectional area (sq. meter) of a conductor when one ampere of current flows through it.
Ques: What is electric charge transfer? Mention the different types of charge transfer too. (3 marks)
Ans: Charge transfer, is the exchange of charge between two or more substances. The charge is transferred by the movement of electrons from one object to another object. The object which donates the electron must be rich in electrons, and the object which accepts the electron is electron deficient.
The charge can be transferred by two methods in between the objects, these two methods are:
Conduction
- Using positively charged particles
- Using negatively charged particles
Induction
- Using positively charged particles
- Using negatively charged particles
Ques: What is charge transfer by conduction? (3 marks)
Ans: Charge transfer by conduction includes the transfer of charge from a charged particle to a neutral object, by bringing them in contact. The neutral substance is supposed to be a good conductor of electric charge to ensure the transfer of charge.
Charge transfer by conduction is further of two types:
- Using positively charged particles: Here a positively charged substance is kept in contact with a neutral object, which results in the development of a positive charge in it.
- Using negatively charged particles: Here a negatively charged substance is kept in contact with a neutral object, which results in the development of a negative charge in it.
Ques: What is charge transfer by induction? (4 marks)
Ans: Charge transfer by induction includes the transfer of charge from a charged particle (positively and negatively charged) to a neutral object, by bringing them near each other, but not touching them. Charge transfer by induction involves two neutral objects, and one charged substance to ensure the transfer of charge between themselves.
Charge transfer by induction takes place by only two methods:
- Using positively charged particles: Here a positively charged object results in the transfer of charge between two neutral conductors in contact with each other.
- Using negatively charged particles: Here a negatively charged object results in the transfer of charge between two neutral conductors in contact with each other.
Ques: When you rub a comb with your hair, your hair often gets sticky with the comb, explain why? (2 marks)
Ans: The sticking of a comb with hair is due to the transfer of charge in between the comb and the hair. This further forms a charged complex, when two objects combine temporarily to form a complex.
Ques: What happens when a positively charged rod is kept near a neutral metal sphere? (2 marks)
Ans: On bringing the positively charged substance close to one of the neutral objects. The electrons of the neutral object get attracted to the positively charged substance and are collected on the side, say on the left side. On keeping it in close proximity to the object, an equilibrium is established and the negative charge uniformly distributes on the surface.
Ques: How can you develop a positive charge on the metal sphere without touching it? (2 marks)
Ans: The charge can be transferred via induction without touching two objects. Charge transfer by induction involves two neutral objects, and one charged substance to ensure the transfer of charge between themselves. Charge transfer by induction takes place by only two methods, Using positively charged particles, here a positively charged object results in the transfer of charge between two neutral conductors in contact with each other. And using negatively charged particles, here a negatively charged object results in the transfer of charge between two neutral conductors in contact with each other.
Ques: What are charge-transfer spectra? (2 marks)
Ans: Spectra is defined as a graphical representation. Charge transfer spectra represent the transfer of electrons between adjacent atoms/molecules in a highly crystallized compound.
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