CUET UG Anthropology 2025 Question Paper (Available): Download Question Paper with Answer Key And Solutions PDF

Step 1: Understanding the concept of Natural Selection.

Darwin’s Theory of Natural Selection proposes that:
- Organisms produce more offspring than can survive, leading to competition for resources.
- Natural selection occurs when advantageous traits help individuals survive and reproduce, passing these traits on to the next generation.

Step 2: Analyzing the options.

- **(A)** is true because organisms do tend to produce more offspring, which is a basis of natural selection.
- **(B)** is true because species gradually adapt to their environment, as described by the process of natural selection.
- **(C)** is incorrect because natural selection leads to variation in traits, not necessarily identical traits.
- **(D)** is true because natural selection generally maintains a balance in population numbers.

Step 3: Conclusion.
The correct answer is (A) (A), (B) and (D) only.


Final Answer: \[ \boxed{The correct answer is (A) (A), (B) and (D) only.} \] Quick Tip: In Darwin's theory, natural selection is driven by overproduction, competition, and the survival of the fittest, which leads to gradual changes in a species.

Step 1: Understanding Hominid Evolution.

The sequence of hominid evolution follows the order in which early human ancestors developed into modern humans. The sequence is based on fossil evidence and genetic analysis.

Step 2: Analyzing the options.

- **(B) Australopithecus**: The earliest ancestor in the human evolutionary timeline, appearing around 4 million years ago.
- **(A) Homo erectus**: This species evolved from Australopithecus and is considered the first human ancestor to have controlled fire and made tools.
- **(D) Homo neanderthalensis**: This species appeared after Homo erectus, living in Europe and Asia until around 40,000 years ago.
- **(C) Homo sapiens**: Modern humans, who evolved from Homo neanderthalensis, appeared around 300,000 years ago.

Step 3: Conclusion.
The correct sequence of evolution is: (B) Australopithecus, (A) Homo erectus, (D) Homo neanderthalensis, and finally (C) Homo sapiens.


Final Answer: \[ \boxed{The correct answer is (C) (B), (A), (D), (C).} \] Quick Tip: The sequence of hominid evolution starts with Australopithecus, followed by Homo erectus, then Neanderthals, and finally modern Homo sapiens.

Step 1: Understanding the vertebral column.

The human vertebral column consists of different sections, from the top (neck) to the bottom (tailbone). The vertebrae are categorized into different regions based on their location and function.

Step 2: Analyzing the options.

- **(B) Cervical**: The cervical vertebrae are located at the top of the spine, forming the neck region.
- **(A) Thoracic**: The thoracic vertebrae follow the cervical and are located in the mid-back area, connected to the ribs.
- **(D) Lumbar**: The lumbar vertebrae are located in the lower back region.
- **(C) Sacral**: The sacral vertebrae are located at the base of the spine, just above the coccyx.

Step 3: Conclusion.
The correct sequence from top to bottom is: Cervical (B), Thoracic (A), Lumbar (D), and Sacral (C).


Final Answer: \[ \boxed{The correct answer is (C) (B), (A), (D), (C).} \] Quick Tip: The vertebral column starts with the cervical vertebrae at the top, followed by thoracic, lumbar, and sacral vertebrae as you move down.

Step 1: Understanding Cri-du-chat syndrome.

Cri-du-chat syndrome is caused by a deletion in the short arm of chromosome 5. The name "Cri-du-chat" comes from the characteristic cry of affected infants, which sounds like a cat's meow.

Step 2: Analyzing the options.

- **Duplication** refers to the repetition of a part of the chromosome. This is not the cause of Cri-du-chat syndrome.
- **Inversion** involves a part of the chromosome being reversed. This is also not the cause.
- **Deletion** is the correct answer, as Cri-du-chat syndrome occurs due to the loss of a portion of chromosome 5.
- **Translocation** involves the transfer of a part of one chromosome to another, which does not cause Cri-du-chat syndrome.

Step 3: Conclusion.
The correct answer is (C) Deletion.


Final Answer: \[ \boxed{The correct answer is (C) Deletion.} \] Quick Tip: Cri-du-chat syndrome is caused by a deletion in chromosome 5, leading to developmental issues and distinct physical features.

Step 1: Understanding sickle cell anemia.

Sickle cell anemia is a genetic disorder caused by a mutation in the gene that codes for hemoglobin, the protein responsible for carrying oxygen in red blood cells.

Step 2: Analyzing the options.

- **Natural Selection** is the process where organisms better adapted to their environment tend to survive and reproduce. While sickle cell anemia provides some resistance to malaria, it is not directly caused by natural selection.
- **Mutation** is the correct answer, as sickle cell anemia results from a genetic mutation where glutamic acid is replaced by valine in the hemoglobin gene.
- **Numerical Chromosomal Aberration** refers to an abnormal number of chromosomes, which does not cause sickle cell anemia.
- **Genetic Drift** is a random change in allele frequencies, but it is not the direct cause of sickle cell anemia.

Step 3: Conclusion.
The correct answer is (B) Mutation.


Final Answer: \[ \boxed{The correct answer is (B) Mutation.} \] Quick Tip: Sickle cell anemia is caused by a mutation in the hemoglobin gene, which affects red blood cell shape and function.

Step 1: Understanding the Blood Group Systems and Discoverers.

- **AB Blood Type (A)**: This blood type is discovered by Landsteiner and Levine, and they also discovered the ABO blood system.
- **Rh Blood Group System (B)**: The Rh system, which includes the Rh factor, is known for its universal donor (O-negative blood type) characteristic.
- **MN Blood Group System (C)**: The MN blood group system has two major antigens, M and N, discovered by Landsteiner and Weiner.
- **O Blood Type (D)**: O blood type is the universal donor, with no antigens on the surface of red blood cells.

Step 2: Matching the Correct Pairs.

- **(A) AB Blood Type** matches with **(I) Landsteiner and Levine**.
- **(B) Rh Blood Group System** matches with **(II) Universal donor**.
- **(C) MN Blood Group System** matches with **(III) Universal Recipients**.
- **(D) O Blood Type** matches with **(IV) Landsteiner and Weiner**.

Step 3: Conclusion.
The correct matching is (A) - (I), (B) - (II), (C) - (III), (D) - (IV).


Final Answer: \[ \boxed{The correct answer is (C) (A) - (I), (B) - (II), (C) - (III), (D) - (IV).} \] Quick Tip: The Rh system includes the universal donor (O-negative) and universal recipient (AB-positive), and blood types are classified based on antigen presence.

The Chalcolithic phase (also called the Copper Age) is marked by the widespread use of metals, especially copper. This phase follows the Neolithic and is known for the advent of metal-smelting techniques.


Final Answer: \[ \boxed{The correct answer is (C) Chalcolithic.} \] Quick Tip: The Chalcolithic phase is where humans began smelting metals, marking a transition from the Stone Age to the use of metal tools.

Linguistic Anthropology is a subfield of anthropology concerned with the study of language, its evolution, and how it influences social life and culture. It deals with the classification of languages into families and subfamilies based on similarities and differences.


Final Answer: \[ \boxed{The correct answer is (C) Linguistic Anthropology.} \] Quick Tip: Linguistic Anthropology focuses on language, its social role, and classification into families based on linguistic features.

The phrase "Survival of the Fittest" was coined by Herbert Spencer and applied by Charles Darwin to describe the mechanism of natural selection in the theory of evolution. It emphasizes that those organisms best adapted to their environment are more likely to survive and reproduce.


Final Answer: \[ \boxed{The correct answer is (A) Darwinism.} \] Quick Tip: Darwin's theory of evolution by natural selection is centered around the idea that the fittest individuals survive and reproduce, passing their advantageous traits.

Step 1: Understanding the Books and Authors.

- **Origin of Species (A)**: This groundbreaking book on the theory of evolution by natural selection was written by **Charles Darwin (III)**.
- **Philosophie Zoologique (B)**: This work by **Jean-Baptiste Lamarck (I)** presented an early theory of evolution based on the inheritance of acquired characteristics.
- **The Mutation Theory (C)**: This book by **Hugo de Vries (IV)** proposed the mutation theory of evolution, emphasizing genetic mutations as the source of new species.
- **DNA: The Secret of Life (D)**: This book by **James Watson (II)** discussed the structure of DNA and the genetic code, contributing significantly to modern genetics.

Step 2: Matching the Correct Pairs.

- **(A) Origin of Species** matches with **(III) Darwin**.
- **(B) Philosophie Zoologique** matches with **(I) Lamarck**.
- **(C) The Mutation Theory** matches with **(IV) Hugo de-Vries**.
- **(D) DNA: The Secret of Life** matches with **(II) Watson**.

Step 3: Conclusion.
The correct matching is (A) - (III), (B) - (I), (C) - (IV), (D) - (II).


Final Answer: \[ \boxed{The correct answer is (A) (A) - (III), (B) - (I), (C) - (IV), (D) - (II).} \] Quick Tip: The key works in the history of evolutionary biology include Darwin's "Origin of Species," Lamarck's "Philosophie Zoologique," and Watson's DNA discoveries.

Step 1: Understanding Human Racial Classifications.

Human races have been traditionally classified into several categories based on physical and geographical characteristics. These classifications have evolved over time, but traditionally, the main categories are:

- **Caucasoid**: Refers to people with lighter skin and European, Middle Eastern, and South Asian ancestries.
- **Australoid**: Refers to indigenous peoples from Australia and the Pacific Islands, often characterized by distinct features like dark skin and curly hair.
- **Negroid**: A term used to describe populations of Sub-Saharan African descent, characterized by darker skin and other physical traits.
- **Mongoloid**: Refers to populations of East Asia, Southeast Asia, and the Americas, characterized by distinct facial features, including epicanthic folds.

Step 2: Conclusion.
The major human racial categories based on physical characteristics are Caucasoid, Australoid, and Mongoloid. Negroid, although historically used, is considered outdated and not in common use today.


Final Answer: \[ \boxed{The correct answer is (A) (A), (B) and (D) only.} \] Quick Tip: The classification of human races based on physical traits has evolved, and some terms like "Negroid" are now considered outdated and not used in modern anthropology.

Step 1: Understanding the DNA Packaging Process.

The packaging of DNA in a cell is a highly organized process, where DNA is packed into a series of structures:

- **DNA (A)**: DNA is the genetic material in cells, which is tightly coiled to fit into the cell's nucleus.
- **Nucleosome (D)**: DNA wraps around histone proteins to form nucleosomes, which resemble beads on a string.
- **Chromatin (C)**: Nucleosomes further fold to form chromatin, a complex of DNA and proteins that makes up chromosomes.
- **Chromosome (B)**: Chromatin further condenses during cell division to form visible chromosomes, which carry the genetic information.

Step 2: Conclusion.
The correct sequence for DNA packaging from smallest to largest structure is DNA → Nucleosome → Chromatin → Chromosome.


Final Answer: \[ \boxed{The correct answer is (D) (A), (B), (D), (C).} \] Quick Tip: DNA is packaged into nucleosomes, which further condense to form chromatin, and during cell division, chromatin condenses into chromosomes.

Mendel's experiments with pea plants demonstrated the principles of inheritance. When he crossed a yellow-seeded pea plant with a green-seeded pea plant, he observed that all of the first-generation (F1) offspring had yellow seeds. This result was consistent with the dominant-recessive relationship of the seed color gene, where yellow is dominant over green. Thus, the offspring all displayed the dominant yellow trait, not green. However, Mendel's second-generation (F2) plants showed a 3:1 ratio of yellow to green seeds.


Final Answer: \[ \boxed{The correct answer is (C) Half of the first-generation offspring bore yellow peas.} \] Quick Tip: In Mendelian inheritance, dominant traits (like yellow seeds) will express in the first generation, but recessive traits (like green seeds) appear in the second generation under certain conditions.

Genetic drift refers to the random changes in the frequency of alleles in a population due to chance events, rather than natural selection. This is particularly significant in small populations, where random events can have a larger impact on gene frequencies. Genetic drift can lead to a loss of genetic variation in the population over time.

Step 1: Understanding the terms.
- **Genetic Flow** refers to the movement of genes between populations through migration.
- **Mutation** is the change in the DNA sequence that can introduce new genetic variation.
- **Genetic Drift** is the random change in gene frequencies due to chance.
- **Recombination** refers to the mixing of genetic material during meiosis to produce new genetic combinations.


Final Answer: \[ \boxed{The correct answer is (C) Genetic Drift.} \] Quick Tip: Genetic drift can have a significant impact on small populations, causing changes in allele frequencies purely by chance.

Erythroblastosis foetalis is a condition that occurs when there is an incompatibility between the blood types of the mother and the foetus. The most common cause is **Rh incompatibility**, where the mother is Rh-negative, and the foetus is Rh-positive. The mother's immune system produces antibodies against the Rh-positive blood cells of the foetus, leading to the destruction of the foetal red blood cells. This condition can lead to severe anaemia and jaundice in the newborn.

Step 1: Understanding the causes of erythroblastosis foetalis.
- **ABO Incompatibility** is not a common cause of erythroblastosis foetalis, though it can occur in some cases, it is usually less severe.
- **Rh Incompatibility** is the primary cause of erythroblastosis foetalis and occurs when the mother is Rh-negative and the foetus is Rh-positive.
- **MNS Incompatibility** is a rare cause and not associated with erythroblastosis foetalis.
- **Bombay blood group Incompatibility** is also not a common cause of this condition.


Final Answer: \[ \boxed{The correct answer is (B) Rh Incompatibility.} \] Quick Tip: Rh incompatibility is the primary cause of erythroblastosis foetalis, which can be prevented by giving the mother Rh immunoglobulin during pregnancy.

Step 1: Understanding the Neolithic Culture.

The Neolithic period is characterized by the development of agriculture, domestication of animals, and the use of polished stone tools. The tools were made by grinding and polishing, which made them more efficient for farming and other tasks.

Step 2: Analyzing the options.
- **Option 1 (Polished and ground stone axes)**: This is a characteristic of the Neolithic era, where early humans used polished stone tools, such as axes, for various tasks like farming.
- **Option 2 (Stonehenge and sun worship)**: While these are associated with prehistoric cultures, they are not specifically tied to the Neolithic culture in India. Stonehenge, for example, is not related to the Neolithic period in India.
- **Option 3 (Increasing use of blunt scrapers)**: While scrapers were used, the focus in the Neolithic period was more on polished tools.
- **Option 4 (Use of writing and poetry)**: Writing and poetry were not features of the Neolithic period; these came much later.

Step 3: Conclusion.
The correct answer is the use of polished and ground stone axes, which marks the Neolithic period.


Final Answer: \[ \boxed{The correct answer is (A) Polished and ground stone axes.} \] Quick Tip: The Neolithic Revolution involved the shift to agricultural societies and the use of polished tools, marking a significant development in human history.

Step 1: Understanding the Handaxe.

Handaxes are large tools used in the Lower Paleolithic period, made by chipping stone to create sharp edges. These tools are classified as core tools because they are made by striking a stone (core) to produce a sharp edge.

Step 2: Analyzing the options.
- **Option 1 (Flake Tool)**: Flake tools are made from chips or flakes of stone, not by striking the core directly.
- **Option 2 (Core Tool)**: This is the correct answer, as the handaxe is made by chipping a core stone to produce a sharp edge.
- **Option 3 (Iron Tool)**: Handaxes were made from stone, not iron.
- **Option 4 (Blade Tool)**: Blade tools are thin and sharp, but handaxes are not typically classified as blade tools.

Step 3: Conclusion.
The handaxe is classified as a core tool because it is made by striking a stone to create sharp edges.


Final Answer: \[ \boxed{The correct answer is (B) Core Tool.} \] Quick Tip: Core tools like handaxes were made by striking a stone to create sharp edges, a technique common in the Lower Paleolithic period.

Step 1: Understanding the Bronze Age.

The Bronze Age marks the period when humans first started working with metals, specifically creating an alloy called bronze. Bronze is made by combining copper with tin, and it was a major technological advancement in early human history.

Step 2: Analyzing the options.
- **Option 1 (Copper and Iron)**: Iron is used in the Iron Age, not the Bronze Age.
- **Option 2 (Iron and Tin)**: This combination does not form bronze.
- **Option 3 (Copper and Tin)**: This is the correct answer, as bronze is an alloy made of copper and tin.
- **Option 4 (Stone and Copper)**: This is incorrect, as bronze is not made from stone.

Step 3: Conclusion.
Bronze is made by alloying copper with tin, marking the Bronze Age as an era of significant technological advancement.


Final Answer: \[ \boxed{The correct answer is (C) Copper and Tin.} \] Quick Tip: Bronze, an alloy of copper and tin, marked the beginning of advanced metalworking technology in the Bronze Age.

Step 1: Understanding the stone tool cultures.

- **Abbevillian (A)**: The Abbevillian culture represents one of the earliest stone tool traditions, dating to approximately 1.5 million years ago, associated with Homo erectus.
- **Mousterian (B)**: The Mousterian culture, associated with Neanderthals, occurred around 300,000 to 30,000 years ago and is known for more sophisticated flake tools.
- **Aurignacian (D)**: This culture, dating to about 40,000 years ago, marks the arrival of modern Homo sapiens in Europe and is characterized by the production of blades and ornaments.
- **Kitchen Midden (C)**: This term refers to the debris of prehistoric settlements, where tools and other artifacts were found in abundance, generally associated with more recent times, after the Aurignacian.

Step 2: Conclusion.
The chronological order from oldest to newest is Abbevillian, Mousterian, Aurignacian, and Kitchen Midden.


Final Answer: \[ \boxed{The correct answer is (A) (A), (B), (D), (C).} \] Quick Tip: The oldest cultures like the Abbevillian were followed by Mousterian tools, with the more advanced Aurignacian culture emerging later, followed by settlements like Kitchen Midden.

Step 1: Understanding absolute dating methods.

Absolute dating methods are used to determine the exact age of an object or specimen by measuring the amount of radioactive isotopes present. Here are the methods listed:
- **Radiocarbon Dating (A)**: This is an absolute dating method used to date organic materials by measuring the decay of carbon-1(D)
- **Potassium/Argon Dating (B)**: This method is used for dating volcanic rocks and fossils by measuring the ratio of potassium to argon isotopes.
- **Thermoluminescence (C)**: This technique is used to date materials like ceramics and rocks by measuring the light released when the material is heated.
- **Fluorine Dating (D)**: This is a relative dating method used to compare the accumulation of fluorine in bones, but it is not an absolute dating method.

Step 2: Conclusion.
Radiocarbon Dating, Potassium/Argon Dating, and Thermoluminescence are absolute dating methods.


Final Answer: \[ \boxed{The correct answer is (A) (A), (B) and (C) only.} \] Quick Tip: Absolute dating methods like Radiocarbon Dating, Potassium/Argon Dating, and Thermoluminescence provide precise ages, unlike relative dating methods like Fluorine Dating.

Step 1: Understanding the archaeological sites and their corresponding periods.

- **Soan Valley (A)**: The Soan Valley is known for its Lower Paleolithic sites, where early humans used simple tools. These date to about 1 million years ago. Therefore, it matches with **(III) Lower Paleolithic**.
- **Bhimbetka (B)**: Bhimbetka is a well-known site for Mesolithic cave paintings, which show the development of early human art and tools after the Paleolithic era. Hence, it corresponds with **(II) Mesolithic**.
- **Sarai Nahar Rai (C)**: This site is associated with the Upper Paleolithic period, which marks the end of the Stone Age, where more sophisticated tools were created. Thus, it aligns with **(I) Upper Paleolithic**.
- **Daojali Hading (D)**: Daojali Hading is associated with the Neolithic period, which saw the advent of agriculture, pottery, and permanent settlements. Hence, it fits with **(IV) Neolithic**.

Step 2: Conclusion.
The correct matching is:
- Soan Valley: Lower Paleolithic
- Bhimbetka: Mesolithic
- Sarai Nahar Rai: Upper Paleolithic
- Daojali Hading: Neolithic


Final Answer: \[ \boxed{The correct answer is (B) (A) - (III), (B) - (II), (C) - (I), (D) - (IV).} \] Quick Tip: The different archaeological sites in India represent distinct periods in the Stone Age, with early human activity evolving from the Lower Paleolithic to the Neolithic era.

The Indus Valley Civilization is one of the world's oldest civilizations, and it existed in parts of present-day India and Pakistan.
- **Mohenjodaro** and **Harappa** are major Indus Valley sites, but they are located in present-day Pakistan, not India.
- **Lothal** is an important site of the Indus Valley Civilization located in Gujarat, India, and is famous for its dockyard and maritime activities.
- **Ahar** is a different archaeological site, unrelated to the Indus Valley Civilization.


Final Answer: \[ \boxed{The correct answer is (C) Lothal.} \] Quick Tip: Lothal is a significant site of the Indus Valley Civilization in India, known for its dockyard, indicating advanced maritime trade.

Relative dating methods are used to determine the age of an object or layer in comparison to others. These methods do not provide an exact age, but instead place items in a chronological sequence.
- **Radiocarbon Dating**, **Fission-track dating**, and **K-Ar Dating** are all **absolute dating methods**, meaning they provide a specific age or date range based on isotopic measurements.
- **Stratigraphy** is a relative dating method that involves studying the layers of earth (strata) to determine the relative age of objects or fossils found in different layers.


Final Answer: \[ \boxed{The correct answer is (D) Stratigraphy.} \] Quick Tip: Stratigraphy helps determine the relative age of artifacts based on their position in the earth's layers. The deeper the layer, the older the artifact.

- **Polygyny** is the practice where one man has multiple wives.
- **Sororal polygyny** refers to a form of polygyny where a man marries two or more sisters.
- **Polyandry** is the practice where one woman marries multiple men, often seen in some cultures with limited resources where brothers share a wife.
- **Group Marriage** refers to a system where multiple men and women are all married to one another.

Step 1: Understanding Polyandry.
Polyandry is less common but can be observed in some Tibetan and Nepalese cultures. It is practiced to prevent the division of family land and resources.


Final Answer: \[ \boxed{The correct answer is (C) Polyandry.} \] Quick Tip: Polyandry is a rare marriage practice in which one woman has multiple husbands, often to preserve family property or manage resources.

- **Relativist**: A person who believes that a culture should be understood based on its own values and context, without making judgments based on another culture.
- **Ethnocentric**: This term refers to someone who judges other cultures by the standards and norms of their own culture, often believing their culture is superior.
- **Eccentric**: A person who behaves in unusual or unconventional ways but is not specifically related to cultural judgment.
- **Imperialist**: A person who seeks to extend their nation's power and influence over other countries or cultures, typically through colonization.

Step 1: Understanding Ethnocentrism.
Ethnocentrism can lead to misunderstanding and bias when studying other cultures, as the observer places their own cultural norms as the baseline for judgment.


Final Answer: \[ \boxed{The correct answer is (B) Ethnocentric.} \] Quick Tip: Ethnocentrism is the tendency to view other cultures through the lens of one's own culture, often leading to biased or unfair judgments.

- **Animatism** is the belief that natural objects, such as trees or mountains, have a spiritual essence or power, but not specifically related to the belief in souls.
- **Animation** generally refers to the act of bringing something to life, but it is not related to religious belief systems.
- **Animism** is the belief that objects, places, and creatures all possess a spiritual essence or soul. It is common in many indigenous religions, where spirits inhabit all aspects of life.
- **Shamanism** is a practice involving communication with the spiritual world, typically through rituals performed by a shaman, but it does not necessarily involve belief in the soul itself.

Step 1: Understanding Animism.
Animism is a widespread religious belief in which natural objects, animals, and humans are believed to have souls or spirits.


Final Answer: \[ \boxed{The correct answer is (C) Animism.} \] Quick Tip: Animism is a belief system that views the world as being alive, where everything has a spirit or soul, not just humans.

- **Emigration** refers to the act of leaving one's own country to settle permanently in another. It does not refer to cultural borrowing.
- **Diffusion** is the correct term and refers to the spread of cultural elements (ideas, practices, technologies) from one society to another.
- **Degeneration** refers to the decline or deterioration of something, often used in the context of health or societal decline, not cultural borrowing.
- **Innovation** refers to the creation of new ideas, practices, or objects, not the borrowing of cultural elements.

Step 1: Understanding Diffusion.
Cultural diffusion occurs when elements of culture (such as food, religion, or technology) are shared between different societies through trade, migration, or communication.


Final Answer: \[ \boxed{The correct answer is (B) Diffusion.} \] Quick Tip: Cultural diffusion is the process through which a culture borrows elements from another culture, often leading to cultural enrichment and change.

- **Magico-religious practices and healing**: This is directly associated with shamanism, where a shaman (spiritual healer) performs rituals, healings, and communicates with spirits.
- **Community feast for ancestors**: This practice is found in many societies but is not specifically tied to shamanism, although some shamanic practices may include ancestor worship.
- **Nomadic pastoralism**: This refers to a form of herding or pastoral living, not related to shamanism.
- **Potlatch and redistribution**: Potlatch is a form of gift-giving associated with certain indigenous cultures, particularly in the Pacific Northwest, but it is not a defining feature of shamanism.

Step 1: Understanding Shamanism.
Shamanism is a religious practice where individuals (shamans) mediate between the human world and the spirit world, often through healing rituals, divination, and communicating with spirits or deities.


Final Answer: \[ \boxed{The correct answer is (A) Magico-religious practices and healing.} \] Quick Tip: Shamanism involves the use of ritualistic and magico-religious practices by a shaman to heal, predict the future, and communicate with the spiritual world.

- **Nuclear Family (A)**: This consists of parents and their children, so the correct characteristic is **(II) Mates and their children**.
- **Matrilineal Descent (B)**: In this system, kinship is traced through the mother's side, so the characteristic is **(IV) Children belong to the kin group of mothers**.
- **Fraternal Polyandry (C)**: This is a practice where a woman has multiple husbands, and they are typically brothers, so the correct characteristic is **(I) Husbands are Brothers**.
- **Extended Family (D)**: An extended family includes parents, children, and other relatives, such as grandparents, aunts, or uncles. The correct characteristic is **(III) Married couple and their married children**.

Step 1: Matching the concepts.
The correct matching is:
- Nuclear Family: Mates and their children
- Matrilineal Descent: Children belong to the kin group of mothers
- Fraternal Polyandry: Husbands are brothers
- Extended Family: Married couple and their married children


Final Answer: \[ \boxed{The correct answer is (C) (A) - (I), (B) - (II), (C) - (III), (D) - (IV).} \] Quick Tip: The key distinction between nuclear and extended families lies in the number of family members living together. In extended families, other relatives live with the couple and children.

- **Assimilation (A)**: This is the process by which a minority group adopts the customs and norms of the dominant culture, leading to cultural change.
- **Enculturation (B)**: This refers to the process by which individuals learn and adopt the values and behaviors of their own culture, which leads to internal cultural change.
- **Diffusion (C)**: This is the spread of cultural elements (ideas, practices, or products) from one society to another, often leading to cultural change through borrowing.
- **Revolution (D)**: While revolution can lead to societal or political change, it does not specifically refer to cultural change, which occurs over time through processes like assimilation, diffusion, and enculturation.

Step 1: Understanding the processes of cultural change.
Cultural change can occur through various processes such as the spread of ideas (diffusion), the blending of different cultures (assimilation), and learning cultural norms (enculturation).


Final Answer: \[ \boxed{The correct answer is (D) (A), (B) and (C) only.} \] Quick Tip: Assimilation, enculturation, and diffusion are processes through which cultural change happens, often leading to the blending or alteration of cultural practices.

In kinship systems, the complexity of a kin group increases as the group encompasses more members and has a broader social structure.

- **Family (C)**: The smallest and simplest kin group, consisting of parents and their children, representing the core social unit.
- **Lineage (B)**: A kin group consisting of a series of direct ancestors and their descendants, often within a specific family line. It is more complex than a family because it includes multiple generations.
- **Clan (A)**: A larger kin group that may trace its descent from a common ancestor but may not have a specific line of descent. It is more complex than a lineage.
- **Tribe (D)**: The most complex kin group, consisting of multiple clans and lineages, often forming a larger social and political entity.

Step 1: Analyzing the order.
The simplest kin group is the family, followed by the lineage (which includes multiple generations), then the clan (a larger unit with shared ancestry), and finally the tribe, which encompasses several clans.


Final Answer: \[ \boxed{The correct answer is (C) (C), (B), (A), (D).} \] Quick Tip: In kinship systems, groups grow in complexity as they expand beyond the nuclear family to include multiple generations, ancestors, and extended family networks.

The concepts listed in the question are associated with different scholars who proposed theories related to religion and cultural anthropology.

- **Animism (A)**: The belief that spirits inhabit objects and nature, proposed by **E B Tylor** (III), who is considered the father of the theory of animism.
- **Animatism (B)**: The belief that objects possess spiritual power, but not necessarily spirits, was proposed by **R R Marett** (I).
- **Naturalism (C)**: The belief that natural phenomena can be explained by natural laws rather than supernatural forces was proposed by **Max Muller** (IV), a linguist and scholar of religion.
- **Totemism (D)**: The belief that humans are connected to specific animals or plants as ancestors or protectors was proposed by **Emile Durkheim** (II), who explored social cohesion and religious beliefs.

Step 1: Matching the concepts with the scholars.
- Animism is best associated with **E B Tylor** (III), who studied the belief in spirits.
- Animatism is associated with **R R Marett** (I), who introduced the idea of spiritual power in nature.
- Naturalism is linked with **Max Muller** (IV), who emphasized rational explanations for natural phenomena.
- Totemism is associated with **Emile Durkheim** (II), who studied the role of totems in societal structure and religion.


Final Answer: \[ \boxed{The correct answer is (C) (A) - (III), (B) - (I), (C) - (IV), (D) - (II).} \] Quick Tip: Each scholar's work on religion contributed to the understanding of human beliefs, ranging from animism (spirit belief) to totemism (symbolic connections with animals).

- **Jarwa**: The Jarwa people, indigenous to the Andaman Islands, traditionally rely on hunting and gathering for their subsistence economy. They are known for their nomadic lifestyle and hunting-gathering practices.
- **Toda**: The Toda people, native to the Nilgiri Hills in southern India, are primarily pastoralists and are known for their dairy farming, not hunting and gathering.
- **Gujjar**: The Gujjar community is primarily engaged in animal husbandry, especially herding cattle, and not in a hunting and gathering economy.
- **Bakarwal**: The Bakarwal people are also pastoralists, engaged in herding goats and sheep, rather than hunting and gathering.

Step 1: Analyzing the subsistence economy.
Among the listed options, only the Jarwa people practice a subsistence economy based on hunting and gathering.


Final Answer: \[ \boxed{The correct answer is (A) Jarwa.} \] Quick Tip: Hunting and gathering is a subsistence economy where food is sourced from wild plants and animals, and is typically practiced by indigenous groups in isolated or forested areas.

- **Band**: A band is a small, typically nomadic group of people with simple social structures. Bands are usually egalitarian, with little formal leadership.
- **Tribe**: A tribe consists of multiple bands or extended families. Tribes have more complex social structures than bands, but they still lack centralized political authority.
- **Chiefdom**: A chiefdom is a hierarchical social system with a permanent leader (the chief). It represents a more complex political system than a tribe and includes different social classes.

Step 1: Understanding the political systems.
- **Band** is the simplest political system, typically with minimal social structure.
- **Tribe** is more complex than a band and consists of several bands united under a common leader or group of leaders.
- **Chiefdom** is more complex than a tribe and involves a central leader, often with defined roles and social stratification.


Final Answer: \[ \boxed{The correct answer is (A) Band, Tribe and Chiefdom.} \] Quick Tip: Band, Tribe, and Chiefdom are terms used to describe different levels of social and political organization, with increasing complexity as you move from Band to Chiefdom.

- **Oath and ordeal (A)**: This is a traditional method where individuals involved in a dispute take an oath or undergo a physical test (ordeal) to prove their innocence. While not always peaceful, it was historically used to settle disputes in a way that bypassed violence.
- **Mediation (B)**: Mediation is the peaceful resolution of disputes, where a neutral third party helps the conflicting parties come to an agreement. This is a peaceful and effective dispute resolution method.
- **Ritual reconciliation (C)**: Ritual reconciliation involves formal acts to restore peace between conflicting parties, often with religious or cultural significance. This can be a peaceful dispute resolution method.
- **Feuding and raiding (D)**: These are violent forms of dispute resolution, where parties use force to resolve their conflicts. They do not represent peaceful methods.

Step 1: Understanding the methods of dispute resolution.
Mediation and ritual reconciliation are peaceful methods, while oath and ordeal can sometimes be peaceful, and feuding and raiding are violent.


Final Answer: \[ \boxed{The correct answer is (D) (A), (B) only.} \] Quick Tip: Peaceful dispute resolution mechanisms like mediation and ritual reconciliation aim to restore social harmony without resorting to violence.

- **Semantics** refers to the study of meaning in language, not non-verbal communication.
- **Phonetics** deals with the study of speech sounds, not body movements or gestures.
- **Kinesics** is the study of body movements and gestures as a form of non-verbal communication, which includes facial expressions, posture, and mannerisms.
- **Linguistics** is the scientific study of language, but it doesn’t focus on non-verbal communication.

Step 1: Analyzing the terms.
The term that best fits the study of non-verbal communication, such as gestures, facial expressions, and body movements, is **Kinesics**.


Final Answer: \[ \boxed{The correct answer is (C) Kinesics.} \] Quick Tip: Kinesics is a sub-field of non-verbal communication that analyzes physical movements and gestures as an important aspect of human communication.

- **Article 365** refers to the President's power regarding the implementation of constitutional provisions in states.
- **Article 343** deals with the official language of the Republic of India.
- **Article 342** specifically mentions the criteria for recognizing Scheduled Tribes (STs) in India.
- **Article 324** deals with the powers of the Election Commission of India.

Step 1: Understanding Article 342.
Article 342 of the Indian Constitution provides the details for the recognition of Scheduled Tribes and allows the President of India to specify tribes to be recognized under this category.


Final Answer: \[ \boxed{The correct answer is (C) Article 342.} \] Quick Tip: Article 342 of the Indian Constitution defines the Scheduled Tribes and provides the criteria for their recognition in India.

- **Subsistence level of economy**: PVTGs generally have a low subsistence economy and lack access to modern technology or resources.
- **Declining or stagnant population**: PVTGs often face declining populations due to various socio-economic and health factors.
- **Extremely low level of literacy**: PVTGs typically have a low level of literacy, contributing to their vulnerable status.
- **Habitats in islands**: This is not a recognized criterion for identifying PVTGs. Although some PVTGs live in isolated regions, their classification is not based on their habitat in islands.

Step 1: Identifying the correct criteria.
The correct answer is **Habitats in islands**, as this is not a primary factor for identifying PVTGs.


Final Answer: \[ \boxed{The correct answer is (D) Habitats in islands.} \] Quick Tip: PVTGs are recognized based on their vulnerable socio-economic conditions, not merely their habitat, making factors like declining population and low literacy more critical.

- **Ethnocentrism**: Ethnocentrism is the belief that one's own culture is superior to others, and it can limit cultural diversity by promoting the idea that other cultures are inferior.
- **Inbreeding**: Inbreeding involves the reproduction of individuals within a closed gene pool, which typically does not contribute to cultural diversity.
- **Cultural Relativism**: Cultural relativism is the understanding and acceptance of different cultures, but it does not directly increase diversity.
- **Immigration**: Immigration introduces individuals from diverse cultural backgrounds into a society, leading to an increase in cultural diversity.

Step 1: Understanding how cultural diversity increases.
**Immigration** directly contributes to cultural diversity by bringing in people with different cultural practices, beliefs, and traditions.


Final Answer: \[ \boxed{The correct answer is (D) Immigration.} \] Quick Tip: Immigration is one of the main factors contributing to cultural diversity, as it brings people with different cultural backgrounds into a new society.

- **Country**: A country is a political entity that is larger than a state and involves a much larger population than a Band or Tribe.
- **Caste**: Caste is a social stratification system, but not a form of governance.
- **Community**: A community refers to a group of people, often of a particular region or group, but it is not a formal political system.
- **Tribe**: A tribe is a social and political organization that is larger than a band but smaller than a state, making it the correct answer.

Step 1: Identifying the correct level of governance.
A **Tribe** is a social unit with governance structures larger than a band, but not as extensive as a state or country.


Final Answer: \[ \boxed{The correct answer is (D) Tribe.} \] Quick Tip: A tribe is a political system larger than a band but smaller than a state, typically with social structures and leadership roles.

The passage outlines several approaches used for studying social-cultural changes: evolutionary, structural, dialectical, and historical. These are the main approaches recognized in social sciences for understanding societal transformations.

- **Evolutionary Approach**: This approach is concerned with the gradual change and development in societies over time. It is widely recognized as a major approach for studying cultural changes.

- **Dialectical and Historical Approach**: This approach emphasizes the interaction of opposites within a society, and how these contradictions lead to cultural transformations. It is essential for understanding historical processes in social change.

- **Structural Approach**: This approach focuses on understanding the structure of society and how different elements of society interact to bring about cultural change.

- **Mixed-longitudinal Approach**: This approach does not seem to be a well-established or commonly used methodology for studying socio-cultural changes. It is not mentioned in the passage, and is not typically considered a primary approach for analyzing social-cultural dynamics.

Step 1: Identifying the core approaches mentioned in the passage.
The passage mentions **evolutionary**, **structural**, and **dialectical** approaches, as well as **historical** approaches. The **mixed-longitudinal approach** is not referenced in the context of studying social-cultural changes.


Final Answer: \[ \boxed{The correct answer is (D) Mixed-longitudinal Approach.} \] Quick Tip: The **mixed-longitudinal approach** is not a commonly used method in sociological studies for understanding social-cultural changes. It’s important to focus on evolutionary, structural, and dialectical approaches, as these are more widely accepted in the field.

Step 1: Understanding the question.

The question focuses on social change where traditional occupations are replaced by modern occupations, irrespective of caste barriers, helping caste societies develop into new social strata.

Step 2: Identifying key terms.

The key term here is "changes in traditional occupations by adopting modern occupations," which directly corresponds to "Occupational mobility."

Occupational mobility refers to the movement of individuals or groups from one occupation to another. In this context, it involves the shift from traditional occupations to modern ones, breaking caste barriers.

Step 3: Conclusion.

Thus, the correct answer is **Occupational mobility**.


Final Answer: \[ \boxed{The correct answer is (C) Occupational mobility.} \] Quick Tip: Occupational mobility refers to a shift in occupation, often associated with socio-economic changes, breaking traditional and caste boundaries.

Step 1: Understanding the question.

The question describes the movement of people from one social status to another, which is the essence of social mobility. Social mobility refers to the ability of individuals or groups to move within a social hierarchy.

Step 2: Analyzing the options.

- **Demographic mobility**: This term refers to changes in the population due to births, deaths, or migration, not directly related to social status changes.
- **Social mobility**: This directly refers to the movement between different social strata or positions within a society.
- **Population migration**: This refers to the physical movement of people from one place to another, not specifically tied to social status changes.
- **Socialization**: This is the process of learning norms, values, and behaviors of a society, not directly related to status changes.

Step 3: Conclusion.

Social mobility is the correct term as it refers to the movement of individuals or groups within the social structure.


Final Answer: \[ \boxed{The correct answer is (B) Social mobility.} \] Quick Tip: Social mobility is crucial for understanding how people move up or down the social ladder, influenced by education, occupation, and other societal factors.

Step 1: Understanding social change.

Social change refers to shifts in the way societies function, specifically in terms of social relationships, social institutions, and social interactions. These elements shape the fabric of society and evolve over time due to internal and external factors.

Step 2: Analyzing the options.

- **Social Relationships**: Refers to the connections between individuals in a society, which change due to various social dynamics.
- **Social Institutions**: These are established structures like family, education, religion, and government that evolve as societies progress.
- **Social Interaction**: Refers to how individuals communicate and interact, which also changes over time.
- **Globalization**: While globalization is a broad process influencing societies, it does not directly refer to internal changes within a society’s structure; it’s more of an external factor impacting various societies.

Step 3: Conclusion.

Globalization, unlike the other options, does not refer to an internal shift within a society's structure.


Final Answer: \[ \boxed{The correct answer is (D) Globalization.} \] Quick Tip: Social change typically involves shifts in the internal structures of society, like relationships, institutions, and interactions. Globalization, while impactful, is an external force.

Step 1: Understanding social mobility.

Social mobility refers to the ability of individuals or groups to move up or down the social ladder. Factors that facilitate social mobility include opportunities for education, employment, and exposure to modern societal systems.

Step 2: Analyzing the options.

- **Geographic isolation**: Geographic isolation, where communities are cut off from others, limits exposure to opportunities, thus hindering social mobility.
- **Industrialization**: Industrialization facilitates social mobility by creating jobs and economic opportunities for people to move between social strata.
- **Modernization**: Modernization brings about societal changes that allow individuals to rise in the social hierarchy, like advancements in education and technology.
- **Globalization**: Globalization expands economic opportunities across borders, facilitating upward social mobility.

Step 3: Conclusion.

Geographic isolation is the only factor that does not facilitate social mobility, as it limits access to resources and opportunities.


Final Answer: \[ \boxed{The correct answer is (A) Geographic isolation.} \] Quick Tip: Geographic isolation reduces access to opportunities and resources, thus hindering social mobility, while industrialization, modernization, and globalization promote it.

Step 1: Understanding the Munda Uprising.

The Munda Uprising, also known as the Ulgulan (great commotion) revolt, was led by the charismatic tribal leader Birsa Munda. The Munda tribe inhabited the Chotanagpur region, which covers parts of present-day Jharkhand.

Step 2: Analyzing the options.

- **Andhra Pradesh**: This region is not associated with the Munda Uprising.
- **Chotanagpur**: This is the correct region where the Munda Uprising took place.
- **West Bengal**: The uprising was not associated with West Bengal.
- **Odisha**: While Odisha was involved in tribal movements, the Munda Uprising itself took place in the Chotanagpur region, which is now part of Jharkhand.

Step 3: Conclusion.

The Munda Uprising took place in the **Chotanagpur** region.


Final Answer: \[ \boxed{The correct answer is (B) Chotanagpur.} \] Quick Tip: The Munda Uprising, also called the Ulgulan, took place in the Chotanagpur plateau, led by Birsa Munda to oppose British colonial rule and landlords.

Step 1: Understanding the term 'Hul'.

The term "Hul" is commonly associated with the Munda Uprising, led by Birsa Munda in the Chotanagpur plateau region. It is also known as the Ulgulan (Great Rebellion) and is one of the most prominent tribal revolts in India.

Step 2: Analyzing the options.

- **Birsa Movement**: This is another term for the Munda Uprising, but the term "Hul" specifically refers to the uprising.
- **Munda Uprising**: This rebellion is also known as Hul, as explained above.
- **Santhal Rebellions**: This refers to the rebellion of the Santhal tribe, which is distinct from the Munda Uprising.
- **Rampa Rebellion**: This was a tribal uprising in Andhra Pradesh led by Alluri Sitarama Raju, unrelated to Hul.

Step 3: Conclusion.

The Munda Uprising is also known as Hul.


Final Answer: \[ \boxed{The correct answer is (B) Munda Uprising.} \] Quick Tip: The Munda Uprising, also known as the Hul, was led by Birsa Munda to challenge the British rule and oppressive systems in tribal areas.

Step 1: Understanding Particularly Vulnerable Tribal Groups (PVTGs).

PVTGs are tribes that are identified as being at a higher risk of social, cultural, and economic degradation. These tribes face distinct challenges in terms of development and integration into mainstream society.

Step 2: Analyzing the options.

- **Bhil**: The Bhil tribe is one of the largest tribes in India but not considered a PVTG.
- **Gond**: The Gond tribe is also one of the major tribes in India, not considered a PVTG.
- **Onge**: The Onge tribe is a particularly vulnerable tribal group living on the Andaman Islands. They are considered a PVTG.
- **Santhal**: The Santhal tribe, although significant, is not categorized as a PVTG.

Step 3: Conclusion.

The Onge tribe is the correct answer as they are classified as a PVTG.


Final Answer: \[ \boxed{The correct answer is (C) Onge.} \] Quick Tip: Particularly Vulnerable Tribal Groups (PVTGs) like the Onge are given special attention due to their unique socio-cultural and developmental needs.

Step 1: Understanding the options.

The Chipko movement was a significant environmental movement aimed at protecting forests. The Rampa rebellion was a prominent revolt in the South led by Alluri Sitarama Raju.

Step 2: Analyzing the options.

- **Tribal Population increased to 8.6% of Indian population**: This statement is correct as per the 2011 census.
- **Diku supported the tribal leader Birsa Munda in Ulgulan**: This statement is incorrect. "Diku" refers to the outsiders who opposed Birsa Munda's movement. Therefore, they did not support him.
- **Chipko movement was fought to protect Jal Jangal Jameen**: This is correct, as the Chipko movement emphasized the conservation of forests and natural resources.
- **Rampa rebellion is famous tribal movement from South India**: This is also correct, led by Alluri Sitarama Raju in Andhra Pradesh.

Step 3: Conclusion.

The statement about Diku supporting Birsa Munda is incorrect.


Final Answer: \[ \boxed{The correct answer is (B) Diku supported the tribal leader Birsa Munda in Ulgulan.} \] Quick Tip: The Chipko movement focused on environmental conservation, while Diku were those who opposed Birsa Munda during the Ulgulan, not supported him.

Step 1: Understanding Particularly Vulnerable Tribal Groups (PVTGs).

PVTGs are recognized for their unique socio-economic and cultural needs. The Onge tribe is classified as one of these groups due to their vulnerability and the challenges they face.

Step 2: Analyzing the options.

- **Bhil**: The Bhil tribe is not a PVTG but one of the major tribal groups in India.
- **Gond**: Similarly, the Gond tribe is significant but not classified as a PVTG.
- **Onge**: The Onge tribe is a PVTG, known for their unique way of life on the Andaman Islands.
- **Santhal**: While the Santhal tribe is one of the largest, it is not classified as a PVTG.

Step 3: Conclusion.

The Onge tribe belongs to the Particularly Vulnerable Tribal Groups.


Final Answer: \[ \boxed{The correct answer is (C) Onge.} \] Quick Tip: Onge is a Particularly Vulnerable Tribal Group (PVTG) due to their distinct lifestyle and the challenges they face in society.