CUET UG Agriculture 2025 Question Paper (Available): Download Question Paper with Answer Key And Solutions PDF

Step 1: Recall the weather elements and instruments.

- Temperature is measured by a Thermometer (IV).

- Rainfall is measured using a Rain gauge (III).

- Wind velocity is measured using an Anemometer (II).

- Dew is measured with a Dew gauge (I).


Step 2: Construct the correct matching. \[ (A) \rightarrow (IV) \quad Thermometer for Temperature \] \[ (B) \rightarrow (III) \quad Rain gauge for Rainfall \] \[ (C) \rightarrow (II) \quad Anemometer for Wind velocity \] \[ (D) \rightarrow (I) \quad Dew gauge for Dew \]

Step 3: Verify against the options.

Comparing with the given options, only Option 1 matches the correct sequence.


Final Answer: \[ \boxed{The correct answer is (A)(A) - (IV), (B) - (III), (C) - (II), (D) - (I)} \] Quick Tip: Always remember standard meteorological instruments: Thermometer (temperature), Rain gauge (rainfall), Anemometer (wind velocity), and Dew gauge (dew). This association is frequently tested in competitive exams.

Step 1: Understanding greenhouse gases.

Greenhouse gases are those that trap heat in the Earth’s atmosphere and contribute to the greenhouse effect, causing global warming and climate change.

Step 2: Evaluating the options.

- **Methane (CH₄)**: A potent greenhouse gas, far stronger than CO₂ in trapping heat.

- **Oxygen (O₂)**: Essential for respiration but not a greenhouse gas.

- **Nitrogen (N₂)**: Makes up the majority of air but is inert and not a greenhouse gas.

- **Hydrogen (H₂)**: A light gas, not a greenhouse gas.


Step 3: Conclusion.

Hence, the correct answer is Methane.


Final Answer: \[ \boxed{Methane is the greenhouse gas.} \] Quick Tip: Remember the key greenhouse gases: CO₂, CH₄, N₂O, O₃, and water vapor. These gases trap heat and influence Earth’s climate.

Step 1: Understanding ATP synthesis.

ATP (adenosine triphosphate) is the energy currency of the cell. It is primarily synthesized during cellular respiration, which occurs in the mitochondria through oxidative phosphorylation.

Step 2: Evaluating the options.

- **Chloroplast**: Involved in photosynthesis in plants, not the main site for oxidative ATP synthesis.

- **Nucleus**: Stores genetic material and regulates cellular activities, but not ATP synthesis.

- **Ribosome**: Responsible for protein synthesis, not energy production.

- **Mitochondrion**: The site of the electron transport chain and oxidative phosphorylation, generating ATP. Known as the powerhouse of the cell.


Step 3: Conclusion.

The correct answer is Mitochondrion.


Final Answer: \[ \boxed{Mitochondrion is the powerhouse of the cell.} \] Quick Tip: Mitochondria produce ATP through oxidative phosphorylation. In plants, chloroplasts make glucose (photosynthesis), but mitochondria are still the powerhouse for ATP in all eukaryotes.

Step 1: Recall the first hybrid varieties.

- Maize → Ganga-1 (IV)

- Jowar → CSH-1 (I)

- Bajra → HB-1 (III)

- Cotton → H-4 (II)


Step 2: Construct the correct matching. \[(A) \rightarrow (IV) \quad Maize - Ganga-1 \] \[(B) \rightarrow (I) \quad Jowar - CSH-1 \] \[(C) \rightarrow (III) \quad Bajra - HB-1 \] \[(D) \rightarrow (II) \quad Cotton - H-4 \]

Step 3: Verify against the options.

This matches Option 2 exactly.


Final Answer: \[ \boxed{The correct answer is (B)(A) - (IV), (B) - (I), (C) - (III), (D) - (II)} \] Quick Tip: Always remember the “first hybrids” in crops: Ganga-1 (Maize), CSH-1 (Jowar), HB-1 (Bajra), and H-4 (Cotton). These are direct questions from Indian agriculture milestones.

Step 1: Understanding dominance patterns.

- In complete dominance, only one allele is expressed.

- In incomplete dominance, the heterozygote shows an intermediate phenotype.

- In co-dominance, both alleles in a heterozygote are expressed equally and independently.


Step 2: Applying to AB blood group.

- The ABO blood group system is controlled by the I gene with three alleles: I^A, I^B, and i.

- Individuals with genotype I^AI^B express both A and B antigens on their red blood cells.

- Thus, both alleles (I^A and I^B) are equally expressed without blending.

Step 3: Conclusion.

The AB blood group is therefore a classic example of co-dominance.


Final Answer: \[ \boxed{AB blood group shows Co-dominance.} \] Quick Tip: Remember: AB blood group = Co-dominance, Snapdragon flower color = Incomplete dominance, Pea plant height = Complete dominance.

Step 1: Recall the role of enzymes.

Enzymes are biological catalysts, usually proteins (sometimes RNA molecules), that increase the rate of biochemical reactions in living organisms without being consumed.

Step 2: Analyze the options.

- (1) Provides energy to the cell → Wrong, ATP provides energy, not enzymes.

- (2) Catalyse biochemical reactions → Correct, this is the main function of enzymes.

- (3) Saves the genetic information → Wrong, DNA does this, not enzymes.

- (4) Transmits genetic information generation to generation → Wrong, this is done by DNA/RNA, not enzymes.


Step 3: Conclusion.

Thus, the correct answer is that enzymes catalyse biochemical reactions.


Final Answer: \[ \boxed{Enzymes catalyse biochemical reactions.} \] Quick Tip: Enzymes act as biological catalysts — they lower the activation energy and speed up biochemical reactions but are not consumed in the process.

Step 1: Understanding rickets.

Rickets is a childhood bone disorder where bones soften and weaken due to impaired mineralization of growing bones. It commonly leads to bowed legs and skeletal deformities.

Step 2: Role of Vitamin D.

Vitamin D is essential for calcium and phosphorus absorption from the intestine. Its deficiency reduces bone mineralization, leading to rickets.

Step 3: Eliminating wrong options.

- (1) Vitamin A: Deficiency causes night blindness, not rickets.

- (2) Vitamin B: Deficiency causes beriberi, pellagra, etc., but not rickets.

- (3) Vitamin C: Deficiency causes scurvy, not rickets.

- (4) Vitamin D: Correct, deficiency causes rickets.


Step 4: Conclusion.

Thus, rickets in children are caused by deficiency of Vitamin D.


Final Answer: \[ \boxed{Rickets is caused by deficiency of Vitamin D.} \] Quick Tip: Vitamin D is also called the "sunshine vitamin". Its deficiency in children causes rickets, while in adults it causes osteomalacia.

Step 1: Recall nitrogen-fixing bacteria.

- Rhizobium: Symbiotic nitrogen fixer found in root nodules of legumes.

- Azotobacter: Free-living nitrogen fixer present in soil.

- Azospirillum: Free-living nitrogen fixer, commonly associated with grasses.

- Streptococcus: A pathogenic bacterium, not involved in nitrogen fixation.


Step 2: Construct the correct set.

Thus, nitrogen-fixing bacteria are (A), (B), and (C).

Step 3: Verify options.

This matches with Option (A)


Final Answer: \[ \boxed{The correct answer is (A)(A), (B) and (C) only.} \] Quick Tip: Symbiotic nitrogen fixers (e.g., Rhizobium) live in plant roots, while free-living fixers (e.g., Azotobacter, Azospirillum) live independently in the soil.

Step 1: Recall the definition of apomixis.

Apomixis is an asexual mode of reproduction in which seeds are formed without fertilization. The embryo develops directly from somatic or gametophytic cells.

Step 2: Evaluate the options.

- Apomixis: Correct, it means seed/embryo formation without fertilization.

- Anthesis: Refers to the time of flowering, not seed formation.

- Self-incompatibility: A mechanism preventing self-fertilization in flowers.

- Male sterility: Inability to produce viable pollen, not related to apomixis.


Step 3: Conclusion.

Therefore, the correct answer is Apomixis.


Final Answer: \[ \boxed{Apomixis is the development of seed without fertilization.} \] Quick Tip: Apomixis ensures seed formation without fertilization. It is useful in agriculture for producing hybrid seeds without repeated crossing.

Step 1: Understanding syngamy.

Syngamy refers to the fusion of the male gamete (*****) and the female gamete (egg cell) during fertilization.

Step 2: Result of syngamy.

- The fusion produces a diploid cell, known as the zygote, which is the first cell of the new organism.
- Other structures:
- Polar nuclei are involved in triple fusion (to form endosperm).
- Antipodal cells are part of the embryo sac and remain unfertilized.
- Endosperm forms after triple fusion, not syngamy.

Step 3: Conclusion.

Hence, syngamy specifically results in the formation of a zygote.


Final Answer: \[ \boxed{Syngamy results in the formation of a Zygote.} \] Quick Tip: Remember: Syngamy → Zygote (2n); Triple fusion → Endosperm (3n). These two events together are called double fertilization in flowering plants.

Step 1: Recall important breeds.

- Buffalo → Nili-Ravi (IV): A famous buffalo breed from Punjab region.

- Cow → Sunandini (I): A cattle breed developed in Kerala.

- Poultry → White Leghorn (II): An important poultry breed for egg production.

- Goat → Toggenburg (III): A goat breed known for milk production.


Step 2: Construct the correct matching. \[(A) \rightarrow (IV) \quad Buffalo - Nili-Ravi \] \[(B) \rightarrow (I) \quad Cow - Sunandini \] \[(C) \rightarrow (II) \quad Poultry - White Leghorn \] \[(D) \rightarrow (III) \quad Goat - Toggenburg \]

Step 3: Verify options.

This matches Option (C)


Final Answer: \[ \boxed{The correct answer is (C)(A) - (IV), (B) - (I), (C) - (II), (D) - (III)} \] Quick Tip: Remember: Nili-Ravi (Buffalo), Sunandini (Cow), White Leghorn (Poultry), Toggenburg (Goat). These are frequently asked in animal husbandry-related questions.

Step 1: Recall egg production capacity of breeds.

- White Leghorn: Famous for very high egg production (commercial layer breed).

- Rhode Island Red: Dual-purpose breed (meat + eggs), moderate to high egg production.

- Giriraja: An improved Indian backyard poultry breed, moderate egg production.

- Assel: A traditional breed, mainly used for cockfighting, produces very few eggs.


Step 2: Arrange in descending order.

(A) White Leghorn > (B) Rhode Island Red > (D) Giriraja > (C) Assel

Step 3: Verify with given options.

This order matches Option 1.


Final Answer: \[ \boxed{The descending order is (A), (B), (D), (C).} \] Quick Tip: White Leghorn is the global standard for egg-laying breeds. Traditional Indian breeds like Assel are poor layers but valued for strength and hardiness.

Step 1: Poultry feed requirements.

Poultry birds require energy-rich food grains, proteins, vitamins, and minerals for growth and egg production.

Step 2: Role of maize.

- Maize is the most widely used cereal in poultry feed as it provides a high amount of carbohydrates (energy source), is easily digestible, and relatively cheap in India.

- Rice: Not commonly used as poultry feed in large scale due to cost and availability.

- Wheat: Sometimes used, but less economical and less digestible than maize.

- Oat: Rarely used in poultry feed in India.


Step 3: Conclusion.

Hence, maize is the primary crop used for poultry feed in India.


Final Answer: \[ \boxed{Maize is the main crop used as poultry feed in India.} \] Quick Tip: Maize makes up the bulk of commercial poultry feed in India, providing energy. Protein sources like soybean meal are mixed with it for balanced nutrition.

Step 1: Understanding forage preservation.

Green fodder is preserved for cattle either by drying or fermenting:
- Drying fodder → Hay.
- Fermentation in anaerobic condition → Silage.

Step 2: Analyze the options.

- Hay: Dried grass, not fermented.

- Green manure: Crops grown to be ploughed back into soil, not fodder preservation.

- Silage: Fermented green fodder stored in pits or silos, preserves nutrients for cattle.

- Green cakes: Oil cakes, used as cattle feed but not fermented forage.


Step 3: Conclusion.

Thus, fermented produce of green forage is called silage.


Final Answer: \[ \boxed{Silage is the fermented product of green forage.} \] Quick Tip: Silage is prepared in pits or silos under anaerobic conditions. It retains maximum nutrients and is ideal for feeding cattle in lean seasons.

Step 1: Identify disease symptoms.

Black quarter (also called Blackleg) is a highly fatal disease in cattle caused by Clostridium chauvoei. Symptoms include:
- Lameness.
- Painful swelling on shoulders, thighs, and hips.
- High fever.
- Sudden death within 1–3 days.

Step 2: Check other diseases.

- Anthrax: Causes sudden death with bleeding from natural orifices. Symptoms differ.

- Galaghotu: Local disease name, not linked here.

- Pneumonia: Causes respiratory distress, not lameness and swelling.


Step 3: Conclusion.

The described symptoms match Black quarter.


Final Answer: \[ \boxed{The disease is Black quarter.} \] Quick Tip: Black quarter affects young cattle and buffaloes. Vaccination is the best preventive measure.

Step 1: Recall Hisardale sheep breeding.

Hisardale is a synthetic breed developed at Hisar (Haryana, India). It was produced to combine the hardiness of Indian breeds with the superior wool quality of exotic breeds.

Step 2: Parent breeds.

- Female parent: Bikaneri ewes (native Indian breed).
- Male parent: Merino rams (exotic breed with fine wool).

Step 3: Conclusion.

Hence, Hisardale sheep is a cross between Bikaneri ewes and Merino rams.


Final Answer: \[ \boxed{Hisardale = Bikaneri ewes × Merino rams} \] Quick Tip: Hisardale sheep was developed to improve wool yield and quality in India by combining native adaptability with Merino’s fine wool traits.

Step 1: General maturity ages.

- Buffaloes (C): Attain puberty later, usually 36–42 months.

- Crossbreed cattle (D): Mature around 24–30 months.

- Purebred exotic cattle (A): Mature around 18–24 months.

- Zebu cattle (B): Indigenous cattle, mature early around 15–18 months.


Step 2: Decreasing order (highest → lowest).

Buffaloes (C) > Crossbreed cattle (D) > Purebred exotic cattle (A) > Zebu cattle (B)

Step 3: Match with options.

This corresponds to Option 1.


Final Answer: \[ \boxed{The decreasing order is (C), (D), (A), (B).} \] Quick Tip: Buffaloes take the longest to mature, while indigenous Zebu cattle mature earliest. Crossbreeds and exotic breeds fall in between.

Step 1: Recall frozen milk products.

Frozen milk products are those stored and consumed in frozen form.

Step 2: Analyze the options.

- Kulfi (A): Traditional frozen dairy dessert.

- Ice-cream (B): Frozen milk product.

- Ghee (C): Clarified butterfat, not frozen.

- Dahi (D): Fermented milk (curd), not frozen.


Step 3: Conclusion.

Thus, frozen milk products include Kulfi and Ice-cream only.


Final Answer: \[ \boxed{Frozen milk products = Kulfi and Ice-cream.} \] Quick Tip: Remember: Frozen milk products are desserts like Kulfi and Ice-cream. Fermented milk products include Dahi, while fat-based products include Ghee.

Step 1: Recall fat-rich milk products.

- Fat-rich milk products are those in which fat is the main component.
- Examples: Butter and Ghee.

Step 2: Analyze the given items.

- Butter (A): Very high in milk fat (around 80%). Fat-rich.

- Khoa (B): Concentrated milk solids, rich in proteins and carbohydrates, not primarily fat-rich.

- Ghee (C): Clarified butter, nearly 100% fat. Fat-rich.

- Kulfi (D): A frozen dessert with milk, sugar, and flavors. It contains some fat but is not classified as a fat-rich product.


Step 3: Conclusion.

Fat-rich milk products exclude Khoa and Kulfi.


Final Answer: \[ \boxed{Fat-rich milk products exclude (B) Khoa and (D) Kulfi.} \] Quick Tip: Butter and Ghee are fat-dense milk products. Khoa and Kulfi belong to other categories (concentrated/ frozen), not fat-rich.

Step 1: Recall significance.

National Fish Farmers Day is celebrated in India to honor fish farmers and recognize their contribution to aquaculture and fisheries.

Step 2: Historical reason.

The date 10 July marks the success of induced breeding of Indian major carps (Rohu, Catla, Mrigal) achieved by Dr. Hiralal Chaudhary and Dr. Alikunhi in 1957.

Step 3: Conclusion.

Hence, National Fish Farmers Day is observed on 10 July.


Final Answer: \[ \boxed{National Fish Farmers Day is celebrated on 10 July.} \] Quick Tip: Remember: 10 July is linked to the breakthrough of induced breeding of Indian major carps in 1957, marking a milestone in aquaculture.

Step 1: Purpose of the National Genebank.

The National Genebank in India was established to conserve plant genetic resources, ensuring biodiversity preservation and food security for future generations.

Step 2: Establishment year.

- It was started in 1992 at the National Bureau of Plant Genetic Resources (NBPGR), New Delhi.
- Other years given are incorrect:
- 1983: Too early, before formal establishment.

- 2001: Incorrect, already functional before that.

- 2023: Clearly wrong.


Step 3: Conclusion.

The correct year is 199(B)


Final Answer: \[ \boxed{The National Genebank was started in 1992.} \] Quick Tip: The National Genebank at NBPGR, New Delhi, conserves seeds, cryopreserved tissues, and DNA to ensure crop biodiversity is preserved for the future.

Step 1: Define mulching.

Mulching is an agricultural practice where the soil surface is covered with organic or inorganic material to conserve moisture, regulate temperature, and reduce weed growth.

Step 2: Analyze options.

- Green manuring: Incorporating green plants into soil for fertility, not surface covering.

- Conservation tillage: Reducing ploughing to conserve soil, different from covering.

- Mulching: Correct, covering soil with straw, leaves, plastic, etc.

- Contour farming: Cultivation along slopes, not covering.


Step 3: Conclusion.

Hence, covering soil surface is known as mulching.


Final Answer: \[ \boxed{The practice is called Mulching.} \] Quick Tip: Mulching conserves soil moisture, suppresses weeds, and prevents erosion. Both organic (straw, leaves) and inorganic (plastic sheets) materials can be used.

Step 1: Recall nutrient mobility in plants.

- Some nutrients are mobile in plants, meaning they can move both upwards (acropetal) and downwards (basipetal).
- Some nutrients are immobile and move only acropetally through xylem.

Step 2: Behavior of Calcium.

- Calcium is absorbed from the soil and transported only upward (acropetal movement) in the xylem.
- It is not retranslocated from older to younger tissues, making it immobile in phloem.
- Hence, deficiency symptoms appear first in young tissues.

Step 3: Eliminate other options.

- Nitrogen: Mobile, moves through xylem and phloem.

- Sulphur: Semi-mobile, but not strictly acropetal.

- Potassium: Highly mobile nutrient.


Step 4: Conclusion.

The nutrient with acropetal-only movement in xylem is Calcium.


Final Answer: \[ \boxed{Calcium moves only acropetally in plants.} \] Quick Tip: Calcium is immobile in plants; deficiency causes stunted growth, necrosis at tips, and blossom-end rot in tomatoes.

Step 1: Understand glyphosate.

Glyphosate is a widely used systemic herbicide. It inhibits the enzyme EPSP synthase (5-enolpyruvylshikimate-3-phosphate synthase), blocking the shikimic acid pathway essential for amino acid synthesis in plants.

Step 2: Classify it by stage and selectivity.

- Stage: Glyphosate is applied after the emergence of weeds, i.e., it is a post-emergence herbicide.

- Selectivity: Glyphosate kills a wide range of plants (grasses, broadleaf weeds, shrubs, even trees), meaning it is non-selective.

Step 3: Eliminate incorrect options.

- (1) Post-emergence selective herbicide → Wrong, it is not selective.

- (2) Post-emergence non-selective herbicide → Correct.

- (3) Pre-emergence selective herbicide → Wrong, glyphosate is not pre-emergence.

- (4) Pre-emergence non-selective herbicide → Wrong, it is not pre-emergence.


Step 4: Conclusion.

Hence, glyphosate is a post-emergence non-selective herbicide.


Final Answer: \[ \boxed{Glyphosate is a post-emergence non-selective herbicide.} \] Quick Tip: Remember: Glyphosate is systemic, post-emergence, and non-selective. It is used in zero-tillage farming, plantation crops, and to clear weeds before sowing.

Step 1: Recall the Nagarjunasagar project.

The Nagarjunasagar dam is one of the largest masonry dams in the world. It was built for irrigation, hydroelectric power generation, and water supply purposes.

Step 2: Identify the river.

The project is situated in Andhra Pradesh and Telangana on the Krishna River. It provides irrigation to a large command area and is a landmark multipurpose river valley project in India.

Step 3: Eliminate other rivers.

- Godavari River is the site of projects like Polavaram and Jayakwadi, not Nagarjunasagar.
- Pennar River has smaller irrigation projects, but not Nagarjunasagar.
- Mahanadi River has the Hirakud Dam, not Nagarjunasagar.

Step 4: Conclusion.

Therefore, Nagarjunasagar project was established on the Krishna River.


Final Answer: \[ \boxed{Nagarjunasagar project is on the Krishna River.} \] Quick Tip: Remember: Nagarjunasagar → Krishna River, Hirakud → Mahanadi, Sardar Sarovar → Narmada, Bhakra Nangal → Sutlej.

Step 1: Recall ratoon crop management.

Ratoon management in sugarcane involves practices after the harvest of the main crop to ensure good regrowth.

Step 2: Sequence of practices.

(A)Emerged shoots are cut at ground level (A) → To remove unproductive shoots and encourage uniform tillering.
(B)Sides of ridges are broken by plough (B) → This helps in aeration and better soil contact for new shoots.
(C)First irrigation is given after 3–4 weeks (C) → Ensures proper sprouting and growth of ratoon crop.
(D)Nutrients are given and earthing up done (D) → Supplies essential nutrients and stabilizes the crop.

Step 3: Conclusion.

Hence, the correct order is (A), (B), (C), (D).


Final Answer: \[ \boxed{Correct sequence = (A), (B), (C), (D).} \] Quick Tip: Ratoon management is critical for higher yield. Immediate care after harvest ensures healthy regrowth and better productivity.

Step 1: Recall Gramineae family (Poaceae).

The Gramineae or Poaceae family includes monocot plants commonly called grasses. Major cereal crops such as wheat, rice (paddy), maize, and barley belong to this family.

Step 2: Analyze the options.

- Groundnut (A): Belongs to the Leguminosae family, not Gramineae.
- Gram (B): Also belongs to the Leguminosae family.
- Wheat (C): A cereal crop in Gramineae.
- Paddy (D): Also a cereal crop in Gramineae.

Step 3: Conclusion.

Therefore, crops from the Gramineae family are Wheat and Paddy.


Final Answer: \[ \boxed{Gramineae family crops include (C) Wheat and (D) Paddy.} \] Quick Tip: Gramineae = cereals like wheat, rice, maize, barley. Leguminosae = pulses like gram, groundnut, pea.

Step 1: Recall harvesting process in wheat.

Harvesting of wheat involves multiple operations after crop maturity to ensure safe storage.

Step 2: Arrange the sequence.

(A)Cutting the plants close to ground level (D) is the first step.
(B)Plants are bundled and dried (C) for a few days under the sun.
(C)Threshing (B) is then done to separate grains from husks and straw.
(D)Winnowing and storage (A) is the final step to clean and preserve the grains.

Step 3: Conclusion.

Thus, the correct order is (D), (C), (B), (A).


Final Answer: \[ \boxed{Correct sequence = (D), (C), (B), (A).} \] Quick Tip: Remember: Wheat harvesting steps → Cutting → Drying → Threshing → Winnowing/Storage.

Step 1: Total earth surface.

The earth’s total surface area is about 510 million square kilometers.

Step 2: Oceans and land distribution.

- About 71% of the surface is covered by oceans (Pacific, Atlantic, Indian, Arctic, Southern).
- The remaining 29% is land (continents and islands).

Step 3: Eliminate other options.

65%, 79%, and 81% are incorrect figures. The scientifically accurate figure is 71%.


Final Answer: \[ \boxed{Oceans cover 71\% of earth's surface.} \] Quick Tip: Remember: Oceans = 71% of earth’s surface, Land = 29%. The Pacific Ocean alone accounts for about one-third of total ocean area.

Step 1: Recall crop-variety associations.

- Wheat → HD-2496 (IV): A high-yielding wheat variety.
- Paddy → IR-8 (III): Famous high-yielding rice variety, known as “miracle rice.”
- Sugarcane → CO-86032 (II): A popular sugarcane variety in India.
- Gram → Virat (I): A variety of chickpea.

Step 2: Conclusion.

Thus, the correct matching is: \[ (A) - (IV), \quad (B) - (III), \quad (C) - (II), \quad (D) - (I) \]


Final Answer: \[ \boxed{Correct answer = Option 1.} \] Quick Tip: Remember crop-variety pairs: Wheat–HD 2496, Paddy–IR 8, Sugarcane–CO 86032, Gram–Virat.

Step 1: Understanding the preservation method.

Freezing is a method of food preservation where food is kept at very low temperatures (usually below -18°C). At such low temperatures, enzyme activity and microbial growth are stopped, preventing spoilage.

Step 2: Analyze the given options.

- Freezing → Stops chemical and microbial reactions. Correct.
- Drying → Removes moisture, does not involve very low temperature.
- Fermentation → Controlled microbial activity, not inhibition of reactions.
- Pickling → Uses salt, vinegar, or oil for preservation, not temperature.

Step 3: Conclusion.

Thus, the process described is freezing.


Final Answer: \[ \boxed{The process is called Freezing.} \] Quick Tip: Freezing is the most effective method of long-term storage for fruits and vegetables, as it preserves flavor, color, and nutrients.

Step 1: Match each crop with its variety.

- Tomato → Pusa Ruby (III)
- Brinjal → Pusa Purple Long (I)
- Mango → Amrapali (IV)
- Potato → Kufri Chipsona-1 (II)

Step 2: Verify.

This matching exactly fits option (A)


Final Answer: \[ \boxed{Correct matching is (A)-(III), (B)-(I), (C)-(IV), (D)-(II).} \] Quick Tip: Remember crop-variety pairs: Tomato–Pusa Ruby, Brinjal–Pusa Purple Long, Mango–Amrapali, Potato–Kufri Chipsona-(A)

Step 1: Recall types of flower crops.

Chrysanthemums are popular ornamental flowers. They are grown in different forms for decorative and commercial purposes.

Step 2: Types of Chrysanthemum.

- Standard type: Large single flower per stem.
- Spray or bush form: Multiple flowers on one stem.
- Pot-mums: Grown in pots for decoration.
- Coniform: Special shaped form.

Step 3: Eliminate other crops.

Marigold, Gladiolus, and Rose do not have these specific classifications.


Final Answer: \[ \boxed{The types belong to Chrysanthemum.} \] Quick Tip: Chrysanthemum is called the “Queen of the East” and has multiple commercial and decorative forms like Standard, Spray, Pot-mums, and Coniform.

Step 1: Nature of Grand Naine banana.

Grand Naine is a high-yielding Cavendish banana variety, widely cultivated in India. It is sterile and does not produce viable seeds.

Step 2: Methods of propagation.

- Sword suckers: Traditional method for banana propagation, but limited in scale.
- Tissue culture: Commercially adopted method as it ensures large-scale, disease-free, and uniform planting material.
- Water suckers: Not preferred as they are weak and less productive.
- Seeds: Not possible since commercial bananas are seedless.

Step 3: Conclusion.

Hence, tissue culture is the commercially adopted method for Grand Naine banana in India.


Final Answer: \[ \boxed{Grand Naine banana is propagated commercially by Tissue culture.} \] Quick Tip: Tissue culture provides uniform, early-maturing, and disease-free banana plants, making it suitable for large-scale commercial farming.

Step 1: Identify juice varieties.

Among Indian grape varieties, Bangalore Blue is famous for juice, squash, and wine production.

Step 2: Analyze other varieties.

- Bhokari: Mostly used for table purposes.
- Dilkush: A table grape variety.
- Sonaka: Seedless table grape, not primarily for juice.

Step 3: Conclusion.

Thus, Bangalore Blue is the standard variety grown for juice extraction.


Final Answer: \[ \boxed{Bangalore Blue is the grape variety used for juice extraction.} \] Quick Tip: Remember: Bangalore Blue is popular for juice and wine, while Sonaka and Dilkush are table varieties.

Step 1: Understanding black rot in cabbage.

Black rot is a serious bacterial disease of crucifers caused by Xanthomonas campestris pv. campestris. It reduces head quality and yield drastically.

Step 2: Resistant variety.

- Pusa Mukta is a cabbage variety specifically bred for resistance to black rot disease.
- Pusa Ageti and Pusa Drum Head are popular varieties but not resistant to black rot.
- September is another non-resistant variety.

Step 3: Conclusion.

Hence, the black rot resistant variety of cabbage is Pusa Mukta.


Final Answer: \[ \boxed{Pusa Mukta is resistant to black rot disease.} \] Quick Tip: Pusa Mukta = Black rot resistant cabbage. Remember: Resistance breeding is crucial to control bacterial and viral diseases in vegetables.

Step 1: Preparation of rootstock.

The top portion of the rootstock is cut leaving a 7–8 cm stem (A).

Step 2: Making the cut.

A vertical cut of 2–3 cm is given on the rootstock stem (D).

Step 3: Preparation of scion.

A scion is given slanting cuts on both sides to make a wedge shape (C).

Step 4: Joining and tying.

The scion is inserted in the vertical cut of the rootstock and tied with a polythene strip (B).

Step 5: Conclusion.

Thus, the correct order is (A), (D), (C), (B).


Final Answer: \[ \boxed{Correct sequence = (A), (D), (C), (B).} \] Quick Tip: In mango stone grafting → Rootstock preparation → Vertical cut → Scion wedge preparation → Insertion and tying.

Step 1: Planting systems overview.

Planting systems are chosen based on topography, slope, and soil conditions.

Step 2: Hillside planting.

On hilly terrains, planting across the slope (contour planting) is followed to reduce soil erosion and conserve moisture.

Step 3: Elimination of other systems.

- Square and rectangular systems are suitable for plain lands.
- Hexagonal system is also practiced on plains for maximum utilization of land.
- Only the contour system is suitable for hills.

Step 4: Conclusion.

Hence, on hills, the contour system is adopted.


Final Answer: \[ \boxed{Fruit orchards on hills are planted using the Contour system.} \] Quick Tip: Contour planting reduces soil erosion and increases water infiltration, making it ideal for hilly regions.

Step 1: Sources of Vitamin A.

Vitamin A is abundant in carotene-rich fruits and vegetables. These include mango, papaya, carrot, spinach, and other leafy vegetables.

Step 2: Analyze each group.

- (A) Mango, carrot, spinach → All are rich in Vitamin A.
- (B) Sweet orange, acid lime → Citrus fruits, rich in Vitamin C, not Vitamin A.
- (C) Papaya, leafy vegetables → Good sources of Vitamin A.
- (D) Aonla, guava → Mainly Vitamin C sources.

Step 3: Conclusion.

Therefore, the richest Vitamin A sources are combinations (A) and (C).


Final Answer: \[ \boxed{Vitamin A rich combinations = (A) Mango, carrot, spinach and (C) Papaya, leafy vegetables.} \] Quick Tip: Remember: Yellow-orange fruits (mango, papaya, carrot) and dark green leafy vegetables are the richest sources of Vitamin A.

Step 1: Understanding ascorbic acid.

Ascorbic acid is Vitamin C, an essential nutrient that acts as an antioxidant and boosts immunity. Fruits like guava, citrus, and amla (Aonla) are rich in Vitamin C.

Step 2: Compare the given fruits.

- Winter guava: Rich in Vitamin C, but not the highest. Contains about 200 mg/100 g.
- Acid lime: Citrus fruit, also a good source, around 50 mg/100 g.
- Sweet orange: Contains moderate Vitamin C, around 40–60 mg/100 g.
- Aonla (Indian gooseberry): Exceptionally rich source, contains 600–900 mg/100 g, the richest among commonly available fruits.

Step 3: Conclusion.

Thus, Aonla is the richest source of ascorbic acid among the given fruits.


Final Answer: \[ \boxed{Aonla is the richest source of ascorbic acid (Vitamin C).} \] Quick Tip: Aonla (Indian gooseberry) is the richest natural source of Vitamin C, far higher than guava or citrus fruits.

Step 1: Recall the passage.

The passage clearly states that the Kisan Credit Card scheme was introduced in August 1998 by Indian banks.

Step 2: Eliminate incorrect options.

- July 2002 → Not mentioned in the passage.

- August 1993 → Wrong, scheme did not exist.

- June 1998 → Incorrect month.

Step 3: Conclusion.

Thus, the correct year and month of introduction is August 1998.


Final Answer: \[ \boxed{Kisan Credit Card scheme was introduced in August 1998.} \] Quick Tip: Always note the launch year of important agricultural schemes — Kisan Credit Card (1998), PM-Kisan (2019), etc.

Step 1: Recall the expansion.

NABARD stands for National Bank for Agriculture and Rural Development. It is an apex development financial institution in India.

Step 2: Eliminate incorrect options.

- National Bank of Development → Incomplete and incorrect.

- National Bank for Agriculture Development → Missing "Rural".

- National Bank for Rural Development → Missing "Agriculture".

Step 3: Conclusion.

Thus, the correct full form is option (2).


Final Answer: \[ \boxed{NABARD = National Bank for Agriculture and Rural Development.} \] Quick Tip: NABARD was established in 1982 to promote sustainable agriculture and rural development in India.

Step 1: Recall passage information.

The passage clearly mentions that the repayment period in Kisan Credit Cards is up to a maximum of 12 months.

Step 2: Eliminate other options.

- 9 months → Too short.

- 24 months and 20 months → Not mentioned in the scheme.

Step 3: Conclusion.

Hence, the repayment period is maximum 12 months.


Final Answer: \[ \boxed{Kisan Credit Card repayment period = 12 months.} \] Quick Tip: Short-term KCC loans are repayable within 12 months, while long-term loans can extend for cultivation or equipment.

Step 1: Recall from passage.

The passage specifies that the Kisan Credit Card model scheme was prepared by NABARD based on the recommendations of the R. V. Gupta Committee.

Step 2: Eliminate other committees.

- M. S. Swaminathan Committee → Related to food security and agricultural reforms.

- Philip Kotler Committee → Not relevant (Kotler is a marketing expert).

- Rane Committee → Different recommendations.

Step 3: Conclusion.

Hence, the correct answer is R. V. Gupta Committee.


Final Answer: \[ \boxed{R. V. Gupta Committee recommended the Kisan Credit Card scheme.} \] Quick Tip: Always link schemes with committees: KCC → R.V. Gupta Committee, Food Security → M.S. Swaminathan.

Step 1: Recall passage information.

The passage clearly states that the Kisan Credit Card is valid for a period between 3–5 years.

Step 2: Eliminate incorrect options.

- 9–12 years, 13–15 years, 20–25 years → Too long and not mentioned in the scheme.

Step 3: Conclusion.

Thus, the validity period is 3–5 years.


Final Answer: \[ \boxed{Kisan Credit Card validity = 3–5 years.} \] Quick Tip: KCC has a validity of 3–5 years with annual reviews, making it suitable for both short and medium-term agricultural credit.

Step 1: Recall from passage.

The passage clearly states that the botanical name of coconut is Cocos nucifera.

Step 2: Eliminate incorrect options.

- Papaya → Botanical name is Carica papaya.

- Arecanut → Botanical name is Areca catechu.

- Cashew nut → Botanical name is Anacardium occidentale.


Step 3: Conclusion.

Thus, Cocos nucifera refers to Coconut.


Final Answer: \[ \boxed{Cocos nucifera = Coconut.} \] Quick Tip: Always remember botanical names of common crops — Coconut = Cocos nucifera, Papaya = Carica papaya, Arecanut = Areca catechu, Cashew = Anacardium occidentale.

Step 1: Recall from passage.

The passage clearly states that coconut belongs to the family Arecaceae.

Step 2: Eliminate incorrect options.

- Gramineae → Family of cereals like wheat, rice, maize.

- Leguminosae → Family of pulses.

- Anacardiaceae → Family of mango and cashew.

Step 3: Conclusion.

Thus, the family of coconut is Arecaceae.


Final Answer: \[ \boxed{Family of Coconut = Arecaceae} \] Quick Tip: Remember: Coconut = Arecaceae, Mango = Anacardiaceae, Wheat = Gramineae, Gram = Leguminosae.

Step 1: Recall coconut products.

Coconut husk is fibrous, and when processed, it yields cocopeat. Cocopeat is widely used in nurseries for seed germination and as a growing medium.

Step 2: Eliminate other options.

- Mat → Not related to nurseries.

- Liquid nutrient → Not derived directly from husk.

- Oil → Derived from copra (dried endosperm), not husk.

Step 3: Conclusion.

The correct answer is cocopeat.


Final Answer: \[ \boxed{Cocopeat is obtained from coconut husk and used in nurseries.} \] Quick Tip: Cocopeat is highly water-retentive and eco-friendly, making it a substitute for soil in nurseries.

Step 1: Recall from passage.

The passage mentions that immature coconuts are harvested for their liquid endosperm (coconut water) called Shahale.

Step 2: Eliminate incorrect options.

- Coprale → Incorrect spelling, not used.

- Mahale, Kahale → Not relevant terms.

Step 3: Conclusion.

The correct name is Shahale.


Final Answer: \[ \boxed{Immature coconut water is called Shahale.} \] Quick Tip: In exams, remember: Coconut water = Shahale, Coconut flesh = Copra.

Step 1: Recall from passage.

The passage states that long pinnate coconut leaves are used as raw material for products such as brooms, chatai, etc.

Step 2: Eliminate incorrect options.

- Bedsheets → Made from cotton, not coconut leaves.

- Shoes → Made from leather or rubber.

- Handkerchief → Made from cloth.

Step 3: Conclusion.

Thus, coconut leaves are mainly used for making brooms.


Final Answer: \[ \boxed{Coconut leaves are used to make brooms.} \] Quick Tip: Coconut tree is often called “Kalpavriksha” (tree of life) because almost every part has economic use.