CUET PG Public Health 2025 Question Paper (Available): Download Question Paper with Answer Key And Solutions PDF

Step 1: Understand the function of reverse transcriptase.

Reverse transcriptase is an enzyme that synthesizes DNA from an RNA template. This process is essential in recombinant DNA technology, especially when creating complementary DNA (cDNA) from RNA. Quick Tip: Reverse transcriptase is crucial for converting RNA into DNA, a fundamental step in gene cloning and cDNA library construction.

Step 1: Identify the type of mutation described.

A silent mutation is a point mutation that changes a codon but results in the same amino acid being incorporated into the protein. Quick Tip: Silent mutations do not affect the protein sequence because they do not alter the final amino acid.

Step 1: Understand the role of topoisomerase.

Topoisomerase is the enzyme that relieves the tension and supercoiling in DNA by making transient cuts to the DNA strands and then rejoining them. This process is crucial during DNA replication. Quick Tip: Topoisomerases help prevent DNA from becoming tangled during replication by managing supercoiling.

Step 1: Understand the role of T4 DNA ligase.

T4 DNA ligase is used to catalyze the formation of phosphodiester bonds between adjacent nucleotides, effectively joining DNA fragments with complementary sticky ends. This is a crucial step in recombinant DNA technology. Quick Tip: T4 DNA ligase is essential for sealing DNA fragments together, a key step in cloning and plasmid construction.

Step 1: Understand the role of ATP in bioluminescence.

ATP provides the energy necessary for the oxidation of luciferin, which is a key step in the bioluminescent reaction catalyzed by luciferase. Quick Tip: ATP is the primary energy source driving the light emission in bioluminescence reactions.

Step 1: Identify the causative agents for each disease.

- **Plague** (A) is caused by **Yersinia pestis** (IV).

- **Anthrax** (B) is caused by **Bacillus anthracis** (I).

- **Syphilis** (C) is caused by **Treponema Pallidum** (II).

- **Malaria** (D) is caused by **Plasmodium spp.** (III). Quick Tip: Each infectious disease has a unique causative organism that is critical for diagnosis and treatment.

Step 1: Understand sickle-cell disease.

Sickle-cell disease is an inherited blood disorder caused by a single amino acid substitution in the hemoglobin protein, where glutamic acid is replaced by valine. This substitution creates hydrophobic interactions that cause hemoglobin to aggregate and form fibers. These fibers distort the red blood cells, making them sickle-shaped and reducing their ability to carry oxygen. Quick Tip: Sickle-cell disease results from a mutation in the hemoglobin gene that affects the shape and function of red blood cells.

Step 1: Arrange the events in chronological order.

- Florence Nightingale’s work on organizing hospitals with minimized infections was one of the earliest contributions, dating back to the mid-1800s.
- Joseph Lister followed with his development of aseptic techniques in the late 1800s.
- ***** Hesse later proposed the use of agar in microbiological media in the late 1800s.
- Finally, Elie Metchikoff discovered phagocytosis in the early 1900s. Quick Tip: Understanding the timeline of major scientific advancements helps in contextualizing their impact on future research.

Step 1: Understand the incubation periods of the diseases.

- **Clostridium perfringens** (food poisoning) has a short incubation period, typically within hours.
- **Salmonella typhi** (Typhoid) has a moderate incubation period, around 6-30 days.
- **Bubonic plague** has an incubation period of about 2-6 days.
- **HIV** (AIDS) has a long incubation period, with symptoms often appearing 2-4 weeks post-infection, and the full disease may develop over several years. Quick Tip: The order of the incubation periods for these diseases from shortest to longest is: Salmonella typhi, Bubonic plague, Clostridium perfringens, HIV.

Step 1: Understand the bacterial growth phases.

The bacterial growth curve typically follows four phases:
- **Lag phase** (B): Where bacteria adjust to the environment.
- **Exponential/Log phase** (A): Bacteria divide at a constant rate.
- **Stationary phase** (C): The growth rate equals the death rate.
- **Death/Decline phase** (D): Nutrient depletion and waste accumulation lead to cell death. Quick Tip: The growth curve follows this sequence: Lag phase, Exponential phase, Stationary phase, and Death phase.

Step 1: Define the process of acculturation.

Acculturation refers to the process in which two or more cultures come into contact, leading to the exchange of cultural traits. This exchange happens in both directions, influencing each culture. Quick Tip: Acculturation involves mutual cultural exchange, often occurring between groups in close contact.

Step 1: Define hidden hunger.

Hidden hunger refers to micronutrient deficiencies, such as the lack of essential vitamins and minerals, that can occur despite adequate calorie intake. This form of undernutrition is not immediately visible but affects overall health. Quick Tip: Hidden hunger primarily involves deficiencies in vitamins and minerals that lead to long-term health issues.

Step 1: Understand the anti-larval measures.

Anti-larval measures to control vector-borne diseases involve several strategies:
- **Environmental control** (A) includes removing or managing breeding sites.
- **Biological control** (B) uses natural predators or pathogens to control larval populations.
- **Residual sprays** (C) involve the application of insecticides that remain effective for a long time.
- **Genetic control** (D) involves manipulating the genetics of vectors to reduce their populations. Quick Tip: Effective vector control often involves a combination of methods targeting different stages of the vector's lifecycle.

Step 1: Understand the Glycaemic Index (GI).

The Glycaemic Index measures how quickly a carbohydrate-containing food raises blood glucose levels. Foods with a low GI are digested more slowly, while foods with a high GI cause a rapid spike in blood sugar.
- **Blackberry** (D) has a low GI.
- **Whole grains** (A) have a moderate GI.
- **Brown rice** (C) has a higher GI than whole grains but lower than baked potatoes.
- **Baked potato** (B) has the highest GI. Quick Tip: Low-GI foods are preferable for better blood sugar management, particularly in people with diabetes.

Step 1: Match diseases with causative agents.

- **Lathyrism** (A) is caused by **Beta oxalyl amino alanine (Khesri dal)** (IV).
- **Endemic ascites** (B) is a **Viral disease** (II).
- **Salmonellosis** (C) is a **Bacterial disease** (III).
- **Hepatitis A and E** (D) are **Viral diseases** (II). Quick Tip: Each disease has a unique causative agent that is essential for its identification and treatment.

Step 1: Understand the characteristics of different social groups.

- **Crowd** (A) is a group motivated by a common interest without leadership (**I**).
- **Mob** (B) is a group led by a leader who forces action (**III**).
- **Band** (C) refers to a community of a few families living together (**II**).
- **Herd** (D) is led by a leader where members follow orders without question (**IV**). Quick Tip: Social groups can be categorized by their motivation, leadership, and structure.

Step 1: Understand food fortification.

Food fortification involves adding essential nutrients to food items that may not otherwise provide them in sufficient amounts.
- **Iodization of salt** (A) and **Vitamin D in milk** (B) are both examples of food fortification.
- **Vanilla essence in ice cream** (C) and **Saccharin in toothpaste** (D) are not fortifications, as they do not add essential nutrients. Quick Tip: Food fortification aims to prevent nutritional deficiencies by adding micronutrients to commonly consumed foods.

Step 1: Compare the Vitamin C content.

- **Amla or gooseberry** (C) has the highest amount of Vitamin C, followed by **Guava** (D).
- **Lime** (A) also contains significant Vitamin C, but less than the above.
- **Potato** (B) has the lowest Vitamin C content among the options. Quick Tip: Vitamin C is found in high concentrations in citrus fruits, berries, and certain vegetables like amla and guava.

Step 1: Identify relevant legislations.

- **Workmen's Compensation Act, 1923** (1), **Central Maternity Benefit Act, 1961** (2), and **Employees State Insurance Act, 1948** (3) are all related to social security for industrial workers.
- The **Water Prevention and Control of Pollution Act, 1974** (4) is related to environmental regulations and not to social security measures for workers. Quick Tip: Social security measures for industrial workers are aimed at protecting workers' rights and welfare, including health benefits, compensation, and maternity protection.

Step 1: Identify the socio-economic status scales.

The **Kuppuswamy Scale** (2) is widely used in India to measure socio-economic status, particularly in urban areas.
- The **Pareek and Kulshrestha Scale** (1) and **B G Prasad Scale** (3) are also used, but the Kuppuswamy Scale is the most commonly applied in urban areas.
- The **Hollingshed Scale** (4) is not widely used in India. Quick Tip: The Kuppuswamy Scale takes into account income, education, and occupation to assess socio-economic status in urban areas.

Step 1: Understand the significance of Koplik's spots.

Koplik's spots are characteristic of **measles**, appearing as small white spots on the oral mucosa. These spots, along with the rash, are considered diagnostic of measles. Quick Tip: Koplik's spots are a key diagnostic feature of measles, usually appearing before the rash.

Step 1: Understand first-aid measures for snake bites.

- **Immobilize the affected limb** (A) to slow down the spread of venom.
- **Do not manipulate the bitten site** (B) or incise it, as this can worsen the situation.
- **Avoid giving stimulants or beverages** (C) to the victim.
- **Do not apply tight ligatures** (D), as it can exacerbate venom spread. Quick Tip: First-aid for snake bites includes immobilizing the limb, keeping the person calm, and seeking immediate medical help.

Step 1: Understand the need for isolation.

**Isolation** is particularly important in the control of **tuberculosis (TB)**, as it is a highly contagious airborne disease. Preventing the spread of TB to others is essential to control its transmission. Quick Tip: Isolation of TB patients helps prevent the spread of this infectious disease, particularly in crowded settings.

Step 1: Identify the most common cancer.

In India, **oral cavity cancer** is the most common type of cancer among males. This is often related to the high prevalence of tobacco and betel nut consumption. Quick Tip: Tobacco and betel nut use are major risk factors for oral cavity cancer, especially in India.

Step 1: Understand IMNCI classification for fast breathing.

According to the IMNCI guidelines, a child aged 12 months to 5 years is classified as having fast breathing if their respiratory rate is more than or equal to 40 breaths per minute. Quick Tip: Fast breathing is a key indicator in the diagnosis of respiratory infections in young children.

Step 1: Understand the BMI classification.

The **pre-obese** category, according to the WHO BMI classification, includes individuals with a BMI between **25.00 and 29.99**. Quick Tip: BMI classification helps assess body weight in relation to height, aiding in the identification of underweight, normal weight, pre-obesity, and obesity.

Step 1: Understand the risk factors for non-communicable diseases (NCDs).

Non-communicable diseases (NCDs) such as heart disease, diabetes, and cancer are linked to risk factors like **tobacco and alcohol use**, **raised cholesterol**, and a **sedentary lifestyle**.
However, **contaminated water** is more closely associated with communicable diseases, not NCDs. Quick Tip: NCDs are influenced by lifestyle choices, including diet, physical activity, and substance use, rather than infectious agents.

Step 1: Understand the types of poliovirus in OPV.

The **oral polio vaccine (OPV)** contains **Type 1**, **Type 2**, and **Type 3** poliovirus strains to provide immunity against these three types of the virus.
**Type 4** poliovirus is not included in the OPV. Quick Tip: The inclusion of Type 1, 2, and 3 in OPV helps ensure broad immunity against polio.

Step 1: Understand the types of poliovirus in OPV.

The **oral polio vaccine (OPV)** contains **Type 1**, **Type 2**, and **Type 3** poliovirus strains to provide immunity against these three types of the virus. **Type 4** poliovirus is not included in the OPV. Quick Tip: OPV includes Type 1, Type 2, and Type 3 to provide immunity against the three known strains of poliovirus.

Step 1: Match vaccines with their types.

- **BCG** (A) is a **Live attenuated** vaccine (**III**).
- **Rabies** (B) is a **Killed whole organism** vaccine (**II**).
- **Tetanus** (C) is a **Toxoid** vaccine (**I**).
- **Pneumococcus** (D) is a **Polysaccharide** vaccine (**IV**). Quick Tip: Vaccines are classified based on the nature of the agent used to provoke an immune response.

Step 1: Understand the population approach to blood pressure control.

To reduce the risk of hypertension and its associated complications, the World Health Organization (WHO) recommends limiting daily salt intake to **5 grams** for adults. This measure helps reduce the average blood pressure in the population. Quick Tip: Reducing salt intake can help in lowering blood pressure and prevent hypertension-related complications in the community.

Step 1: Understand the diagnostic tests for HIV.

The laboratory diagnosis of **HIV infection** is primarily done through **ELISA** (Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay) and **HIV viral load test**.
- The **ELISA test** (D) detects antibodies against HIV.
- The **HIV viral load test** (C) measures the amount of HIV in the blood, providing insight into the severity of the infection.
- The **Western Blot** (B) is often used to confirm a positive ELISA result, and the **Absolute CD4 count** (A) helps in assessing the immune status but is not typically used for initial diagnosis. Quick Tip: ELISA and HIV viral load tests are commonly used for the diagnosis and monitoring of HIV infection.

Step 1: Understand neonatal tetanus control.

Neonatal tetanus is a preventable disease caused by contamination of the umbilical cord during delivery. Control measures include:
- **Clean delivery surface** (2),
- **Clean blade for cutting the cord and clean tie for the cord** (3),
- **Tetanus immunization** (4).
However, **antibiotics** (1) are not the primary control measure for neonatal tetanus, as the disease prevention is primarily based on proper hygiene during delivery and immunization. Quick Tip: Neonatal tetanus can be effectively prevented by ensuring clean delivery practices and immunization of the mother with tetanus toxoid.

Step 1: Understand the types of Leprosy.

- **Indeterminate type** of Leprosy is bacteriologically negative, not positive.
- **Tuberculoid type** of Leprosy is **bacteriologically negative**, typically showing a few skin lesions and nerve damage.
- **Lepromatous type** is **bacteriologically positive**, with numerous skin lesions and extensive nerve involvement.
- **Pure neuritic type** of Leprosy is bacteriologically negative and affects the peripheral nerves without skin lesions. Quick Tip: The bacteriological test for Leprosy shows positivity in lepromatous and indeterminate types but is negative in tuberculoid and pure neuritic types.

Step 1: Understand the management of Acute Diarrheal diseases in children.

The management of acute diarrhea includes **Oral Rehydration Therapy (ORT)** with **reduced osmolarity Oral Rehydration Salts (ORS)** and **Zinc supplementation** to prevent dehydration and reduce the severity of the illness.
- **Antibiotics** (3) are not routinely recommended unless there is evidence of bacterial infection.
- **Tea or coffee** (1) is not recommended for rehydration.
- **Stopping breastfeeding** (4) is also not advised; breastfeeding should continue during diarrhea. Quick Tip: Oral rehydration therapy and zinc are critical in the management of diarrhea to prevent dehydration and promote faster recovery.

Step 1: Understand the levels of prevention.

Screening for **Diabetes Mellitus** is a form of **secondary prevention**, aimed at identifying individuals who are at risk or in the early stages of the disease, so they can receive appropriate treatment before complications arise.
- **Primary prevention** (2) focuses on preventing the disease altogether through lifestyle changes.
- **Tertiary prevention** (4) is aimed at managing established disease and preventing further complications.
- **Primordial prevention** (1) addresses broader social determinants of health and prevents risk factors from developing. Quick Tip: Secondary prevention, such as screening, is crucial for the early detection and management of diabetes, thereby reducing complications.

Step 1: Match committees with their recommendations.

- **Bhore** (A) recommended **Primary Health Units with 75 bedded hospitals for 10-20000 population** (I).
- **Mudaliar** (B) recommended **One Primary Health Centre for the population of 50000** (IV).
- **Chadah** (C) recommended **One basic health worker per 10000 population** (II).
- **Kartar Singh** (D) recommended **All India Health Service on the pattern of IAS** (III). Quick Tip: Each committee proposed health system reforms, with specific recommendations for the development of healthcare infrastructure in India.

Step 1: Understand "blinding" in research.

"Blinding" refers to the practice of keeping participants, clinicians, or both unaware of certain aspects of a study to prevent bias. It is most commonly used in **Randomized Controlled Trials (RCTs)** to ensure that the outcomes are not influenced by participants' or researchers' expectations.
- **Case-Control studies** (1) and **Cohort studies** (3) may also involve blinding, but it is more commonly associated with RCTs.
- **Cross-sectional studies** (4) typically do not involve blinding. Quick Tip: Blinding in randomized controlled trials reduces bias and improves the reliability of the study's results.

Step 1: Understand the study design for vaccine development.

For developing a new vaccine, the most appropriate study design is a **Randomized Controlled Trial (RCT)**. This study design allows researchers to assess the efficacy and safety of the vaccine by randomly assigning participants to treatment and control groups. Quick Tip: Randomized Controlled Trials (RCTs) are considered the gold standard for evaluating the effectiveness of interventions like vaccines.

Step 1: Understand the attributes of mental health.

- **A** (Faces problems and tries to solve them intelligently), **B** (Coping with stress and anxiety), and **D** (Has good self-control and balances rationally and emotionally) are attributes of a mentally healthy person.
- **C** (Commitment to integrity, principles, ethics, belief, and commitment to some higher beings) is more related to personal values and spiritual health, but is not a direct attribute of mental health. Quick Tip: Mental health involves problem-solving, emotional regulation, and coping with stress effectively.

Step 1: Understand the factors affecting disease prevalence.

- **Incidence** (A) refers to the number of new cases of a disease in a given time period, which directly affects prevalence.
- **Duration** (C) refers to how long individuals remain sick, which also impacts the prevalence of a disease.
- **Communicable period** (B) and **mortality** (D) do influence the disease spread, but they do not directly affect the prevalence as much as incidence and duration. Quick Tip: Prevalence is a function of both the rate of new cases (incidence) and how long people stay sick (duration).

Step 1: Understand the steps in investigating an epidemic.

- The first step is **confirmation of the existence of an epidemic** (D).
- Then, the **verification of diagnosis** (B) is done to ensure that cases are indeed related to the suspected disease.
- **Data analysis** (C) follows, to study the patterns and causes of the epidemic.
- Finally, the **formulation of a hypothesis** (A) occurs, based on the data, to test the possible cause and spread of the epidemic. Quick Tip: The investigation of an epidemic involves confirming the outbreak, diagnosing the cases, analyzing the data, and then formulating a hypothesis for further study.

Step 1: Match health indicators with their classifications.

- **Notification rates** (A) are used to measure **mortality** and **morbidity**, so they are classified as **Mortality Indicators** (I).
- **Population-bed ratio** (B) is used to assess healthcare delivery, so it falls under **Health-care delivery Indicators** (III).
- **Case-fatality rate** (C) indicates the proportion of deaths among those with a specific disease, so it is a **Morbidity Indicator** (II).
- **Rate of population increase** (D) is a **Socio-economic Indicator** (IV), reflecting population dynamics and economic growth. Quick Tip: Health indicators are categorized into mortality, morbidity, healthcare delivery, and socio-economic indicators to evaluate overall health status.

Step 1: Understand the vaccine vial monitor system.

Vaccine vial monitors (VVM) are used to assess the heat exposure of vaccines. If the inner square color is **lighter than the outer circle**, the vaccine should be discarded.
- If the inner square color is **same** as the outer circle, or **darker** than the outer circle, the vaccine is considered to be exposed to excessive heat and should not be used. Quick Tip: Vaccine vial monitors provide an easy way to determine whether a vaccine has been exposed to potentially harmful levels of heat.

Step 1: Match each concept with its explanation.

- **Isolation** (A) involves the **separation of infected persons** (IV) to prevent the spread of the disease.
- **Quarantine** (B) is used for well individuals exposed to a communicable disease to prevent the spread of infection and lasts for the incubation period (II).
- **Elimination** (C) refers to the **termination of transmission** by eliminating the infectious agent (III).
- **Eradication** (D) refers to the **interruption in transmission** of a disease entirely (I). Quick Tip: The key difference between eradication and elimination is that eradication means completely wiping out a disease, while elimination focuses on controlling its transmission in a given area.

Step 1: Understand the role of screening tests.

Screening tests are done to identify individuals who may have a disease, even if they do not show symptoms.
- Screening is based on one **criterion or cut-off point** (3), and is generally used in **healthy individuals** (1).
- Screening is not a direct basis for treatment (2).
- Screening tests do not rely on the **evaluation of symptoms, signs, and laboratory findings** (4), which is part of the diagnostic process. Quick Tip: Screening tests are valuable for early detection of diseases but are not diagnostic or used for treatment decisions.

Step 1: Understand vaccine carrier capacity.

Vaccine carriers are used for transporting vaccines in field conditions. The typical capacity of a vaccine carrier is **6 to 8 vaccine vials**. Quick Tip: Vaccine carriers help maintain the cold chain during vaccine transport, ensuring vaccine efficacy.

Step 1: Understand the concept of active immunity.

**Active immunity** is acquired through the body's own immune response after exposure to a pathogen, such as through natural infection (e.g., subclinical infection like Polio and Diphtheria) or vaccination.
- **Passive immunity** involves the transfer of antibodies (e.g., administration of immunoglobulin or anti-toxins), which provides short-term protection. Quick Tip: Active immunity provides long-lasting protection, whereas passive immunity offers temporary protection.

Step 1: Understand the concept of specificity.

**Specificity** refers to the ability of a test to correctly identify those **without the disease**, i.e., the proportion of true negatives.
- **Sensitivity**, on the other hand, measures the ability to correctly identify those **with the disease**. Quick Tip: High specificity means fewer false positives, making it useful in confirming the absence of a disease.

Step 1: Understand ASHA worker posting guidelines.

In India, one **ASHA (Accredited Social Health Activist)** worker is typically assigned to a population of **2000** people, which is a part of the rural healthcare delivery system. Quick Tip: ASHA workers play a crucial role in promoting health awareness, facilitating healthcare access, and encouraging preventive health practices.

Step 1: Understand the role of Community Health Officer.

A **Community Health Officer** (CHO) is typically posted at the **Community Health Centre (CHC)**, which is the main healthcare facility at the block level, providing primary healthcare services. Quick Tip: The Community Health Officer ensures that primary health services reach rural and underserved areas.

Step 1: Understand the immunisation schedule.

- **Oral Polio vaccine-0 dose** (B) is given at birth.
- **DPT booster-1** (C) is given at 18 months.
- **Measles 1 dose** (D) is given at 9 months.
- **Inactivated Polio Vaccine** (A) is given at 6, 10, and 14 weeks. Quick Tip: Immunisation should follow the recommended schedule for timely protection against infectious diseases.

Step 1: Understand breastfeeding guidelines.

**Exclusive breastfeeding** is recommended for infants up to **6 months** of age, as it provides all the necessary nutrients for healthy growth and development. Quick Tip: Exclusive breastfeeding for the first 6 months ensures optimal infant health and immune development.

Step 1: Understand the concept of "Social physician".

The concept of **"Social physician"** was recommended by the **Mudaliar Committee**, which emphasized the role of doctors in addressing social determinants of health in rural India. Quick Tip: The **Mudaliar Committee** played a key role in shaping India's approach to healthcare in rural areas, focusing on the integration of social and health services.

Step 1: Understand the current TB control program.

The **National Tuberculosis Elimination Programme (NTEP)** is the current program aimed at eliminating tuberculosis in India. It replaced the earlier **National Tuberculosis Control Programme (NTCP)** and focuses on strengthening diagnosis, treatment, and surveillance. Quick Tip: The goal of the NTEP is to eliminate tuberculosis as a public health problem by 2025 in India.

Step 1: Understand the terminal contraceptive method.

**Female sterilization** is a permanent or **terminal contraceptive method**, as it provides long-term, irreversible contraception. Other methods like IUDs or pills are reversible. Quick Tip: Terminal methods like female sterilization offer a permanent solution to contraception and are highly effective.

Step 1: Understand the definition of sex ratio.

The **sex ratio** is the number of males per 1000 females in a given population. It is an important demographic indicator used to assess gender balance. Quick Tip: The sex ratio is crucial for understanding population dynamics and gender equity in a society.

Step 1: Understand the Pearl Index.

The **Pearl Index** is used to measure the effectiveness of a contraceptive method, defined as the number of **failures** (unintended pregnancies) per 100 woman-years of exposure. Quick Tip: The Pearl Index is widely used in clinical trials to evaluate the efficacy of contraceptive methods.

Step 1: Understand measures of association.

The **Odds Ratio (A)** and **Relative Risk (D)** are both used to measure the strength of association between a **risk factor** and **outcome** in epidemiological studies. Quick Tip: Both Odds Ratio and Relative Risk help quantify the relationship between exposure to a risk factor and the likelihood of an outcome.

Step 1: Match bin colors with the corresponding types of biomedical waste.

- **Yellow** bins are for **soiled dressings and plaster casts** (I).
- **Blue** bins are for **broken glassware** like vials and ampules (II).
- **Red** bins are for **intravenous tubes and catheters** (III).
- **White** bins are for **syringes with fixed needles** (IV). Quick Tip: The color-coded system helps in the proper segregation and disposal of biomedical waste, ensuring safety and environmental protection.

Step 1: Understand the Triage system.

In the **Triage system**, **Red** indicates the **highest priority treatment or transfer** for patients who require immediate medical attention to survive. These patients are typically in critical condition. Quick Tip: The triage system helps prioritize care during mass casualty incidents by categorizing patients based on the urgency of their medical needs.

Step 1: Understand the WHO Growth Standards.

According to the **WHO child growth standards**, a **Z-score** of **-2 to +2** represents the normal range for weight-for-age. A Z-score outside this range indicates underweight or overweight. Quick Tip: Z-scores are used to assess whether a child's growth is within the expected range.

Step 1: Understand the common causes of neonatal death in India.

- **Birth asphyxia** (A) is the leading cause of neonatal death in India.
- **Diarrhea** (C) is another common cause of neonatal deaths.
- **Pneumonia** (B) follows as a significant cause.
- **Preterm birth** (D) is also a major factor but ranks lower than the others. Quick Tip: Addressing these causes through healthcare interventions can significantly reduce neonatal mortality.

Step 1: Understand the use of correlation.

The **correlation coefficient** ("r") measures the **strength and direction of the association** between two variables. It indicates how closely the two variables are related. Quick Tip: The correlation coefficient is useful for determining the degree to which two variables are associated, but it does not imply causation.

Step 1: Understand the use of chlorine tablets for water purification.

A single **0.5 g chlorine tablet** is sufficient to disinfect **20 litres of water**, making it an efficient method for purifying water in households. Quick Tip: Chlorine tablets are a simple and effective way to purify water in emergency situations or areas without access to treated water.

Step 1: Understand the impact of skewed data.

In a **skewed distribution**, the **mean** is highly affected by outliers, while the **median** is a better measure of central tendency because it is not influenced by extreme values. Quick Tip: When data is skewed, the **median** is often the best measure of central tendency as it provides a better central value representation.

Step 1: Match vectors with their corresponding diseases.

- **Anopheles** (A) is the vector for **Malaria** (I).
- **Aedes** (B) is the vector for **Chikungunya fever** (III).
- **Culex** (C) is the vector for **Japanese Encephalitis** (II).
- **Mansonides** (D) is the vector for **Brugian Filariasis** (IV). Quick Tip: Different mosquito species are responsible for transmitting different infectious diseases.

Step 1: Understand measures of variation.

- **Interquartile range (A)** and **Standard deviation (C)** are both measures of dispersion or variation in data.
- The **Mode** (B) is a measure of central tendency, not dispersion.
- **Weighted mean** (D) is also a type of central tendency measurement. Quick Tip: Dispersion measures like the **interquartile range** and **standard deviation** help understand the spread of data, whereas measures like the **mode** focus on central values.

Step 1: Understand mosquito control methods.

- **Source reduction** (A) is the first step, eliminating breeding grounds.
- **Biological control** (C) involves using natural predators like fish to reduce mosquito larvae.
- **Residual sprays** (D) are used to kill adult mosquitoes.
- **Screening of buildings** (B) comes last to prevent mosquitoes from entering homes. Quick Tip: Mosquito control should begin with eliminating breeding grounds, followed by using natural predators and chemical methods to manage adult populations.

Step 1: Define wastewater terminology.

**Sullage** refers to **wastewater from kitchens and bathrooms** that does not contain excreta, unlike **sewage**, which includes waste from toilets. Quick Tip: Sullage is a term used to describe non-sewage wastewater, often from domestic sources like washing dishes and bathing.

Step 1: Understand Simple Random Sampling.

**Simple Random Sampling** is a sampling method where every unit in the population has an equal chance of being included in the sample. This ensures unbiased selection and is the most representative method of sampling. Quick Tip: Simple Random Sampling eliminates bias and ensures each member of the population has an equal chance of selection.

Step 1: Identify the distinctive characteristics of Aedes mosquitoes.

**Aedes mosquitoes** are easily distinguished by the white stripes on their black body and legs. This characteristic is often used to identify them, particularly in the case of the **Aedes aegypti** species, which is known for transmitting diseases like dengue and Zika. Quick Tip: Aedes mosquitoes are characterized by distinctive white markings on their body and legs, which set them apart from other species.

Step 1: Understand the properties of a normal distribution.

In a **normal distribution**, approximately **68%** of the data lies within one standard deviation of the mean, both above and below. This is a fundamental property of the bell-shaped curve. Quick Tip: In a normal distribution, about 68% of the data falls within one standard deviation from the mean.

Step 1: Understand the definition of low birth weight.

In India, a **low birth weight** (LBW) is defined as a birth weight of **less than 2.5 kg**. LBW is a significant risk factor for infant mortality and various developmental complications. Quick Tip: Low birth weight is a critical indicator of newborn health, with a threshold of 2.5 kg marking the cutoff.