CUET PG LLM 2025 Question Paper (Available): Download Question Paper with Answer Key And Solutions PDF

Step 1: Identify the constitutional amendments.

- 42nd Constitutional Amendment introduced Article 31C.
- It provides protection for laws aimed at promoting social justice and equality. Quick Tip: Article 31C ensures the protection of laws related to social justice, regardless of their violation of fundamental rights.

Step 1: Identify the correct amendments and their provisions.

- (A) Hundred and One Constitutional Amendment Act → (1) Extension of reservation for SCs and STs in Union and State Legislature

- (B) Hundred and Two Constitutional Amendment Act → (III) National Commission for Backward Classes

- (C) Hundred and Three Constitutional Amendment Act → (II) Reservation for Economically Weaker Section

- (D) Hundred and Four Constitutional Amendment Act → (IV) Goods and Service Tax Quick Tip: The Hundred and One Amendment extended the reservation for SCs/STs, while other amendments focused on specific commissions and economic reforms.

Step 1: Identify the relevant statute.

- The definition of tort is provided in the Code of Civil Procedure, 1908. Quick Tip: Tort refers to civil wrongs under common law, and it is not covered under breach of contract or breach of trust.

Step 1: Identify key figures in criminology.

- Cesare Lombroso is considered the founder of the Positivist School of Criminology.
- He proposed that criminal behavior could be explained by biological factors. Quick Tip: Positivist criminology focuses on scientific methods to understand criminal behavior, unlike classical criminology which focuses on free will.

Step 1: Define types of mortgages.

- Equitable Mortgage involves depositing title deeds as security for a loan without formal registration. Quick Tip: In an equitable mortgage, the borrower deposits documents of title with the lender as security for the loan.

Step 1: Understand jurisdiction of civil courts.

- Statutes ousting civil court jurisdiction should be interpreted strictly to prevent unjust restriction of access to courts. Quick Tip: Courts usually follow a strict interpretation when a statute excludes their jurisdiction to ensure fair access to justice.

Step 1: Understand delegation terms.

- Excessive delegation refers to when the legislature gives away its core functions to the executive, which may affect the balance of power. Quick Tip: Excessive delegation undermines the principle of separation of powers between the legislature and executive.

Step 1: Understand the bar provisions in CPC.

- Order II Rule 2 → Bar to further suits if multiple claims in a single suit are not pursued.

- Order IX Rule 9 → Consequences of non-appearance; applies to fresh proceedings.

- Order VII Rule 11 → Dismissal of plaint; bars certain types of suits.

- Order XXII Rule 9 → Deals with abatement of suits, not bar to further suits. Quick Tip: Remember, bar provisions under CPC relate to the consequences for failure to pursue or maintain claims.

Step 1: Understand the provisions for commutation.

- The Appropriate Government has the power to commute sentences under section 432 of the CrPC. Quick Tip: Commutation is the substitution of a lesser sentence for a more severe one, and it can be done by the appropriate government.

Step 1: Understand the scope of specific relief.

- The Specific Relief Act focuses on the enforcement of civil rights, including contracts and property rights, but not for criminal law enforcement. Quick Tip: Specific Relief Act allows the enforcement of civil rights like property and contracts but does not extend to penal law enforcement.

Step 1: Recall the nature of Indian federation.

- Indian federation closely resembles the Canadian model, which is a federal system with a strong central government and distribution of powers between Union and States. Quick Tip: India’s federal structure is inspired by the British Parliament and Canadian federal model.

Step 1: Identify the provisions related to the amendments.

- 101st Amendment → Extension of reservation for SCs and STs in Union and State Legislature.

- 102nd Amendment → Reservation for Economically Weaker Section.

- 103rd Amendment → National Commission for Backward Classes.

- 104th Amendment → Goods and Service Tax (GST).
Quick Tip: Amendments related to reservations and GST reflect India’s evolving policies.

Step 1: Identify the doctrines associated with the cases.

- Ram Jawaya Kapur case → Separation of powers.

- Delhi Laws Act → Delegated legislation.

- Maneka Gandhi case → Doctrine of proportionality.

- Om Kumar case → Post decisional hearing.
Quick Tip: Landmark cases define critical doctrines that shape constitutional law.

Step 1: Recall the process for constitutional amendments.

- The President may withhold assent to a constitutional amendment bill, although such a situation is rare. Quick Tip: Constitutional amendments need Presidential assent after passage by Parliament.

Step 1: Recall provisions related to emergency.

- Article 20 and Article 21 cannot be suspended even during an emergency, ensuring protection of life and personal liberty. Quick Tip: Article 20 and 21 safeguard fundamental rights during emergencies.

Step 1: Identify the sections related to Transfer of Property Act.

- Section 5 → Defines transfer of property.

- Section 6 → Who is competent to transfer.

- Section 7 → What may be transferred.

- Section 8 → Operation of transfer.
Quick Tip: The Transfer of Property Act defines and regulates property transfers in India.

Step 1: Understand the objectives of the RTI Act.

- The RTI Act promotes transparency, accountability, and reduces corruption in public authorities. Quick Tip: RTI promotes transparency and public access to information.

Step 1: Identify Fundamental Rights available to citizens only.

- Articles 15, 16, and 19 apply only to citizens, while Article 29 applies to all persons. Quick Tip: Fundamental Rights provide basic freedoms and rights to Indian citizens.

Step 1: Analyze the sections of the Arbitration and Conciliation Act.

- Section 4 defines the arbitration agreement.

- Number of arbitrators should not be even.

- Arbitration clause may be separate from the main contract. Quick Tip: Arbitration agreements are fundamental to resolving disputes outside of court.

Step 1: Recall constitutional provisions for review and leave.

- Article 137 → Complete Justice

- Article 131 → Special Leave Petition

- Article 142 → Review of the Judgments

- Article 136 → Original Jurisdiction
Quick Tip: Article 137 grants the power to review judgments and orders of the Supreme Court.

Step 1: Analyze the constitutional provisions.

- Free and compulsory education comes under the Right to Education Act.

- Special provisions for women and children are in the DPSP (Directive Principles of State Policy).

- Prohibition of child employment is in the Fundamental Rights (Article 24).

- Instruction in mother-tongue at the primary level is also a part of the DPSP. Quick Tip: The arrangement of the constitutional provisions corresponds to the order in which they are mentioned in the Constitution.

Step 1: Review each statement.

- (A) False: President is a de jure executive.

- (B) True: Prime Minister and the Council of Ministers are de facto executors of government policy.

- (C) True: The Council of Ministers is responsible to the Lok Sabha.

- (D) False: Council of Ministers is subject to judicial review. Quick Tip: Judicial review ensures that executive actions conform to constitutional law.

Step 1: Analyze the federalism features.

- Federalism involves separation of powers, a written constitution, and authority of courts.

- The absence of judicial authority in federalism contradicts the basic structure. Quick Tip: In a federal system, the judiciary acts as a check on the legislature and executive.

Step 1: Identify the landmark case.

- Marbury v. Madison (1803) introduced the concept of judicial review, allowing courts to strike down unconstitutional laws. Quick Tip: Judicial review is the cornerstone of maintaining the Constitution's supremacy.

Step 1: Recall the order of articles.

- The power to modify Fundamental Rights is discussed in Article 368.

- Remedies for enforcement are available under Articles 32 and 226.

- Freedom to manage religious affairs is under Article 26.

- Abolition of Titles is covered under Article 18. Quick Tip: Articles related to Fundamental Rights form a crucial part of the Constitution's guarantees.

Step 1: Analyze the principles of international law.

- Res Judicata, Equity, and Estoppel are fundamental principles of international law.

- Special Circumstances does not form a core principle. Quick Tip: International law revolves around recognized principles like equity, justice, and legal consistency.

Step 1: Identify the correct match between legal theorists and their theories.

- Rule of Recognition → H.L.A. Hart.

- Theory of Sovereignty → Austin.

- Grund Norm → Kelsen.

- Volksgeist → Savigny.
Quick Tip: Different theorists contributed significantly to the development of legal theory and the study of law.

Step 1: Check objectives of the Environment Protection Act, 1986.

- All the listed options are objectives of the Environment Protection Act. Quick Tip: The Environment Protection Act, 1986 aims to safeguard India's environmental resources.

Step 1: Review Eugen Ehrlich's contributions.

- Ehrlich’s living law theory focuses on how law is derived from social facts and practices. Quick Tip: Living law reflects real-life social norms and practices, often distinct from formal statutes.

Step 1: Recall the contributions of Kelsen.

- Kelsen’s pure theory of law emphasizes that law is a scientific study of what the law is, not what it should be. Quick Tip: Kelsen’s theory is focused on understanding law without blending personal opinions or political ideals.

Step 1: Identify the landmark case.

- The Supreme Court in Vellore Citizens Welfare Forum v. UOI (1996) directed that universities must introduce environmental education at all levels of college education. Quick Tip: Environmental education is now mandated to raise awareness and responsibility among students.

Step 1: Review the definition of air pollutants.

- The Air (Prevention and Control of Pollution) Act, 1981 includes all substances (solid, liquid, noise, and gases) that can cause pollution. Quick Tip: Air pollutants include particulate matter, liquid droplets, gases, and even noise that degrade air quality.

Step 1: Review case laws on consideration.

- Currie v. Misa is a landmark case that defined "consideration" under contract law.

- Kedar Nath v. Gorie Mohammed, Abdul Aziz v. Masum Ali, and Bhagwan Das Kedia v. Girdhari Lal also deal with contractual consideration. Quick Tip: Consideration in contracts refers to something of value that is exchanged between the parties.

Step 1: Review case laws and their relevance.

- Hadley v. Baxendale relates to the quantum of damages in contract law.

- Henkel v. Pape relates to coercion.

- Manu Singh v. Umadat Pandey deals with the doctrine of mistake.

- Chikkam Amiraju v. Seshamma deals with undue influence. Quick Tip: Understanding case laws helps clarify legal concepts such as coercion, undue influence, and damages.

Step 1: Understand the Sale of Goods Act, 1930.

- Under the Sale of Goods Act, documents in a lawyer’s possession are not considered goods, as they are not transferable property. Quick Tip: The Sale of Goods Act pertains to tangible property that can be transferred for a price, not legal documents.

Step 1: Review the order of sources of International law.

- According to Article 38(1), International law includes treaties, international customs, general principles of law, and judicial decisions in the mentioned order. Quick Tip: International law hierarchy ensures that treaties and customs take precedence over judicial decisions and general principles.

Step 1: Identify UN specialized agencies.

- The UN specialized agencies include FAO, IMF, WHO, but WTO is an intergovernmental organization not under the UN system. Quick Tip: UN specialized agencies operate in specific sectors like health, agriculture, and finance, but WTO is separate.

Step 1: Review the dates of conventions.

- UDHR (1948), ICCPR (1966), European Convention (1950), World Conference on Human Rights (1993). Quick Tip: The UDHR laid the foundation for international human rights law.

Step 1: Review the relevant convention.

- The Supreme Court in Vishakha v. State of Rajasthan (1997) referred to CEDAW, which addresses sexual harassment of women. Quick Tip: CEDAW has been central in addressing women’s rights, including sexual harassment at the workplace.

Step 1: Review the facts.

- A shot the tiger intending to protect Z, not harm him. As the harm was not intentional, A has committed no offense. Quick Tip: If harm is caused in good faith and with no intent to hurt, no offense is committed.

Step 1: Identify the offense.

- A intended or knew that death was likely, and caused Z's death through reckless behavior.

- This is categorized as Culpable Homicide, as the intention to kill was not clear, but A's actions caused the death. Quick Tip: Culpable Homicide involves causing death without full intent, often through reckless or negligent actions.

Step 1: Determine the type of injury.

- Voluntary acts causing severe pain for more than 20 days may be classified as grievous hurt.
- As Z was not permanently disfigured but suffered significant harm, this is considered "voluntarily caused grievous hurt." Quick Tip: Grievous hurt is defined as injury causing significant bodily pain or harm, often with long-lasting effects.

Step 1: Match provisions with sections.

- Restitution of conjugal rights: Section 9.

- Void marriages: Section 11.

- Voidable marriages: Section 12.

- Judicial separation: Section 10. Quick Tip: Knowing key sections in family law is crucial for understanding legal remedies such as restitution and judicial separation.

Step 1: Review effects of causes on marriage.

- Rape and Impotency lead to grounds for divorce and voidable marriage.

- Withdrawal from society and Adultery lead to judicial separation and restitution of conjugal rights. Quick Tip: Legal effects of marriage-related offenses vary from divorce to judicial separation, depending on the nature of the act.

Step 1: Identify the order of enactment.

- Hindu Marriage Act (1955), Hindu Succession Act (1956), Prohibition of Child Marriage Act (2006), Family Courts Act (1984). Quick Tip: Laws relating to marriage, succession, and family welfare were passed in the mid-20th century, while child marriage laws came later.

Step 1: Review the definition of business under the Indian Partnership Act.

- Business under the Partnership Act includes trade, profession, and occupation, but not hiring. Quick Tip: The term "business" in the Indian Partnership Act excludes activities that are not profit-oriented, like hiring.

Step 1: Review professional ethics cases.

- The cases in options (1), (3), and (4) relate to professional ethics and accountability. Padam Singh v. State of Uttar Pradesh does not. Quick Tip: Professional ethics cases generally deal with misconduct of advocates, while Padam Singh is unrelated to ethics.

Step 1: Review the chronological order of legislation.

- Sherman Act (1890), Clayton Act (1914), MRTP Act (1969), Competition Act (2002). Quick Tip: International and national competition laws evolved from older antitrust laws like the Sherman Act to modern frameworks like the Competition Act.

Step 1: Recall Arbitration Act provisions.

- Section 11 of the Arbitration and Conciliation Act deals with the appointment of arbitrators. Quick Tip: Arbitration processes begin with the appointment of an arbitrator under Section 11 of the Act.

Step 1: Identify the essential conditions for a valid contract.

- For a contract to be valid under Section 10, there must be lawful consideration, lawful object, and free consent. Quick Tip: Valid contracts require essential elements: lawful consideration, lawful object, and free consent.

Step 1: Identify types of companies.

- Charitable purposes often lead to a company being incorporated as a company limited by guarantee, as this allows the members' liability to be limited to the amount they guarantee. Quick Tip: For charitable organizations, a company limited by guarantee is often preferred as it offers limited liability without shares.

Step 1: Identify liability in business associations.

- In a Partnership Firm, the liability of members is joint and several, meaning each partner is individually responsible for the partnership's debts. Quick Tip: In a partnership, each partner is fully responsible for the liabilities of the business, even if they didn’t directly cause the debt.

Step 1: Understand the type of document.

- The Memorandum of Association is a public document, as it is filed with the registrar and available for public inspection. Quick Tip: The Memorandum of Association defines the constitution and scope of the company and is a public document filed with the registrar.

Step 1: Identify the case.

- Salomon v. Salomon (1897) established the principle that a company has a distinct legal personality from its members. Quick Tip: Salomon v. Salomon is a landmark case that set the foundation for corporate law, establishing that a company is a separate legal entity from its owners.

Step 1: Review relevant sections.

- A promissory note is defined under Section 2 of the Negotiable Instruments Act, 1881. Quick Tip: A promissory note is a written promise to pay a specific amount of money to a specified person, defined under Section 2 of the Act.

Step 1: Identify the relevant law.

- Provisions regarding lien, such as a right to retain goods until payment, are found in the Indian Contract Act, 1872. Quick Tip: A lien allows a person to retain possession of goods until a debt is paid, as provided under the Indian Contract Act.

Step 1: Understand types of deposits.

- Fixed Deposits are also known as time deposits because the money is deposited for a fixed tenure, and interest is paid accordingly. Quick Tip: Time deposits (like fixed deposits) have a fixed tenure, and the interest is paid based on the duration of the deposit.

Step 1: Identify the terms.

- Khula is the process where a Muslim woman seeks a divorce from her husband, usually in exchange for some form of compensation. Quick Tip: Khula allows a woman to initiate divorce under Islamic law, often requiring compensation or return of dowry.

Step 1: Understand Iddat.

- Iddat is a waiting period a Muslim woman must observe after divorce or the death of her husband before remarrying. Quick Tip: Iddat ensures the woman is not pregnant and allows for family matters to settle before remarriage.

Step 1: Review the Payment of Wages Act definition.

- Wages under the Payment of Wages Act do not include gratuity, as it is a separate payment made upon retirement or resignation. Quick Tip: Gratuity is a retirement benefit and is not considered a part of regular wages under the Payment of Wages Act.

Step 1: Understand compulsory licenses.

- A compulsory license is granted under the provisions of the Indian Patents Act, 1970, when the government permits the use of a patented invention without the patent holder's consent. This is a statutory provision intended to benefit the public.

Step 2: Conclusion.

- Therefore, compulsory licenses are granted under statutory law. Quick Tip: Compulsory licenses allow the government to authorize the use of patents for public interest, subject to statutory provisions.

Step 1: Identify copyright protection scope.

- Copyright protects artistic works, sound recordings, and cinematographic works. However, the basic concept or idea itself is not protected under copyright law. Only the expression of the idea is protected.

Step 2: Conclusion.

- "Concept" is not protected by copyright law as ideas alone cannot be copyrighted. Quick Tip: Copyright protection applies to the expression of ideas, not the ideas themselves.

Step 1: Review compulsory license application timeline.

- Under the Indian Patents Act, 1970, an interested person can apply for a compulsory license after the expiry of three years from the grant of the patent.

Step 2: Conclusion.

- The statutory period for applying for a compulsory license is three years. Quick Tip: A compulsory license can be applied for three years after the grant of the patent if the patent is not being worked adequately in India.

Step 1: Identify the governing body for TKDL.

- The Traditional Knowledge Digital Library (TKDL) is an initiative of the Council of Scientific and Industrial Research (CSIR), which aims to document India's traditional knowledge in a digital format to protect it from biopiracy.

Step 2: Conclusion.

- TKDL is a unit of CSIR. Quick Tip: TKDL is an effort to protect India’s traditional knowledge from misappropriation by creating a digital database.

Step 1: Understand the principle.

- 'Ubi Jus Ibi Remedium' is a Latin maxim that translates to "where there is a right, there is a remedy." This means that every right has a corresponding legal remedy in case of a violation.

Step 2: Conclusion.

- The principle affirms that for every legal right, there is a legal remedy available. Quick Tip: This maxim ensures that legal rights are enforceable by providing a remedy for their breach.

Step 1: Review the cases and their corresponding principles.

- Strict Liability was established in Ryland v. Fletcher.
- Absolute Liability was set out in M.C. Mehta v. Union of India.
- Negligence was discussed in Nicholas v. Marsland.
- Act of God was referenced in MCD v. Subhagwanti.

Step 2: Conclusion.

- Correct matching: (A)-(1), (B)-(II), (C)-(III), (D)-(IV). Quick Tip: Strict liability holds a person accountable for damages, even without fault, while absolute liability eliminates exceptions for hazardous activities.

Step 1: Understand what is considered a "fact" in evidence law.

- Under the Indian Evidence Act, a "fact" refers to anything that can be perceived by the senses or anything that is relevant to the case. Mental condition, being subjective, is not considered a "fact" under the Evidence Act.

Step 2: Conclusion.

- Mental condition is not considered a "fact" under evidence law. Quick Tip: "Facts" under evidence law must be observable or relevant; mental states are not typically regarded as facts.

Step 1: Understand the sequence of examination.

- According to evidence law, the correct order of examination is: (B) Examination-in-Chief, (D) Cross-Examination, (A) Re-Examination, and (C) Judgment.

Step 2: Conclusion.

- Correct order: (B), (D), (A), (C). Quick Tip: The examination process in court follows a systematic order: Examination-in-Chief → Cross-Examination → Re-Examination → Judgment.

Step 1: Understand the logical sequence of the evidence.

- According to evidence law, the correct sequence is:

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(B) Motive, Preparation and Conduct (contextual background),

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(A) Test Identification Parade (identifying the suspect),

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(D) Highly Improbable (discussing unlikely scenarios),

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(C) Accidental or Intentional (deciding the nature of the act).


Step 2: Conclusion.

- The correct sequence is: (B), (A), (D), (C). Quick Tip: When assessing evidence, first establish motive and preparation, then proceed with identification, and consider the intent or accident afterward.

Step 1: Analyze types of admissible evidence in India.

- Primary documentary evidence (original documents) is admissible.

- Secondary documentary evidence (copies, certifications) is also admissible if the original is unavailable.

- Hearsay evidence, typically excluded in court, is an exception under certain circumstances.

- Direct oral evidence is admissible, particularly when it is related to facts or direct experience.


Step 2: Conclusion.

- The admissible evidence types include Primary documentary, Secondary documentary, and Direct oral evidence. Hearsay evidence is generally inadmissible. Quick Tip: In Indian Evidence Law, primary and secondary documentary evidence and direct oral evidence are commonly admissible, while hearsay is not.

Step 1: Understand defences to nuisance.

- Adverse Possession: This defence applies when the defendant has been in continuous possession of the land for a long time and is generally accepted as a defence in nuisance cases.

- Easementary Rights: The defendant has a right of way or other easementary rights, which are recognised as defences in nuisance actions.

- Good Faith: Good faith can act as a defence in some nuisance cases, especially when the defendant can show that the action was not intended to harm others.

- Voluntary Harm: This is not typically a recognised defence in nuisance cases, as voluntary harm does not excuse the interference.


Step 2: Conclusion.

The correct answer is (A), (B) and (D) only. Quick Tip: In nuisance cases, defences such as adverse possession and easementary rights are commonly accepted, while voluntary harm is not.

Step 1: Understand the sequence in criminal trial proceedings.

- Discharge: The trial starts with the discharge stage, where the court decides whether to proceed with the case.

- Plea of Guilt: After discharge, the accused may plead guilty or deny the charges.

- Summon to Defence: If the plea is not guilty, the defence may then be called.

- Arguments: Finally, the case proceeds to the arguments stage where both parties present their case before judgment.


Step 2: Conclusion.

The correct order is: (B), (A), (D), (C). Quick Tip: In criminal trials, the process follows discharge, plea, defence summons, and then arguments.

Step 1: Identify who can arrest under criminal procedure law.

- Magistrate: A magistrate has the power to arrest and issue arrest warrants.

- Private Person: A private person can arrest if they witness a crime being committed.

- Police Officer: A police officer has the authority to arrest under the Criminal Procedure Code (CrPC).

- Accused Person: The accused person does not have the authority to arrest anyone.


Step 2: Conclusion.

The correct answer is (A), (B) and (C) only. Quick Tip: Magistrates, police officers, and in some cases, private persons can arrest, but the accused cannot arrest anyone.

Step 1: Match the theories with the corresponding propounders.

- Volksgeist: Propounded by Savigny, it refers to the spirit of the people influencing law.

- Minimum Morality: Associated with Roscoe Pound, which discusses law's relationship with social morality.

- Command of Sovereign: Associated with John Austin, it is a foundational idea in legal positivism.

- Social Engineering: Propounded by H. L. A. Hart, this is related to the idea of law being a tool for social progress.


Step 2: Conclusion.

The correct matching is (A) (I), (B) (II), (C) (IV), (D) (III). Quick Tip: Social engineering is a legal concept promoting societal change through law, while command of the sovereign focuses on legal positivism.

Step 1: Understand Volenti non fit injuria.

This Latin maxim means "to a willing person, no injury is done." It applies when someone voluntarily consents to an action that results in harm, and they cannot claim damages.

Step 2: Analyze the cases.

- Vidyawanti v. State of Rajasthan: Relates to voluntary consent and personal injury.

- Padmawati v. Dugganaika: Involves voluntary assumption of risk.

- Ushaben v. Bhagya Laxmi Chitra Mandir: Involves consent to a certain risk leading to injury.

- Balton v. Stone: A case where the principle of voluntary consent applies, meaning no injury occurred.


Step 3: Conclusion.

The correct answer is (A), (B), (C) and (D). Quick Tip: Volenti non fit injuria applies when someone knowingly and willingly accepts the risks associated with a certain activity.