CUET 2023 Political Science Question Paper Available - Download Solutions PDF with Answer Key

The First Past the Post (FPTP) electoral system was adopted in India after independence in 1947, following the British model. It was used in the first general elections held in 195(1) Under this system, the candidate with the most votes in a constituency wins the election, even if they do not have an absolute majority. The system was chosen for its simplicity and ease of implementation across a vast and diverse country like India.

Significance of FPTP: This system is effective in large democratic systems as it tends to produce stable governments by ensuring that the winning party has a clear majority. However, it can lead to disproportionate representation, where a party may win a majority of seats without receiving a majority of votes. Quick Tip: The First Past the Post system can lead to a "winner-takes-all" situation, where a party can win the majority of seats without securing a majority of votes. Understanding this helps in analyzing electoral outcomes in various countries.

The logo of the Bharatiya Kisan Party features bullocks and a plough, which symbolize the party's agrarian roots and focus on the welfare of farmers. This party was formed to represent the interests of the rural population, particularly farmers, and to address issues related to agricultural policies. Its logo reflects its commitment to promoting rural and agrarian development.

Context of Party Symbols: Party logos are often designed to visually communicate the party's core values and priorities. In this case, the plough and bullocks are symbolic of the party’s agrarian focus, signaling its advocacy for farmers' rights and issues related to agriculture and rural development. Quick Tip: Party logos often serve as a visual shorthand for their ideologies. In this case, symbols like the plough and bullocks reflect a party's focus on agricultural and rural issues, making it easier for the electorate to identify with their core message.

Jawahar Lal Nehru's "Tryst with Destiny" speech was delivered in the Constituent Assembly at midnight on August 14, 1947, just before India gained its independence from British colonial rule. This speech was one of the most significant moments in India's history, marking the transition from colonialism to independence and laying the foundation for India as a democratic republic.

Historical Impact: The speech highlighted the aspirations of the new nation and set the tone for India’s post-independence journey. It symbolized the hope and determination of the Indian people to build a sovereign and progressive nation. Quick Tip: The "Tryst with Destiny" speech is not just a historical moment but also a powerful expression of India's resolve to shape its future as an independent nation. It emphasizes the challenges and opportunities that lie ahead after gaining independence.

The reorganization of states in India has been based on various factors, including linguistic, cultural, and historical connections.

Gujarat was carved out of Madhya Pradesh.
Haryana was originally part of Punjab.
Telangana was bifurcated from Andhra Pradesh.
Chhattisgarh was also a part of Madhya Pradesh before it became a separate state.


State Reorganization: The process of state reorganization has been a crucial aspect of India's political history, with many states being formed based on linguistic and cultural homogeneity to promote regional development and ease governance. Quick Tip: State reorganization in India was primarily driven by the desire to address regional aspirations and cultural identities. Understanding the history of these changes is crucial in understanding the current political landscape.

P.C. Mahalanobis was a key architect of India's Second Five Year Plan (1956-1961). The plan focused heavily on industrialization, particularly in the heavy industries sector, with the state playing a central role in economic development. Mahalanobis believed that for India to become self-sufficient, it needed to focus on capital goods industries and public sector enterprises.

Economic Philosophy: Mahalanobis’s strategy was to build a foundation for long-term economic growth by prioritizing industrial development, particularly in sectors like steel, machinery, and power. His model laid the groundwork for India’s eventual industrial development and self-reliance. Quick Tip: The Mahalanobis model of economic planning emphasized the importance of heavy industry and capital goods to kickstart industrialization in a newly independent country. It is considered one of the most significant economic strategies in India's development.

Shock therapy aimed at rapid transition from a centrally planned economy to a market-based system. Statements C and E are incorrect because:

C: Shock therapy involved a shift *towards* private farming, not a return to collective farming.

E: While the Russian government oversaw the transition, it wasn't directly responsible for the restructuring of all industries; many were privatized via auctions and sales under often-chaotic conditions.
Quick Tip: Shock therapy's rapid privatization and deregulation often led to unintended consequences like increased inequality.

The chronological order of these significant agreements is:

% Option

(1) Panchsheel Agreement (1954): This agreement between India and China outlined five principles for peaceful coexistence.

% Option
(2) Tashkent Agreement (1966): This agreement, signed between India and Pakistan, aimed to end the 1965 war.

% Option
(3) Treaty of Peace, Friendship and Cooperation (1971): This treaty formalized the strong relationship between India and the Soviet Union.

% Option
(4) Shimla Agreement (1972): This agreement between India and Pakistan focused on normalizing relations following the 1971 war.
Quick Tip: Understanding the historical context surrounding each agreement helps establish their chronological sequence.

The Afro-Asian Conference of 1955, held in Bandung, Indonesia, is commonly referred to as the Bandung Conference. It was a landmark event that promoted solidarity and cooperation among nations from Asia and Africa. Quick Tip: The Bandung Conference was crucial in shaping the Non-Aligned Movement's philosophy.

The chronological order is:


% Option

(1) Naxalbari uprising (1967): This marked the beginning of the Naxalite movement.

% Option
(2) Jale-Palitara movement: This movement followed the Naxalbari uprising.

% Option
(3) Gujarat student agitation: The movement took place later than Jale-Palitara and Naxalbari uprisings.

% Option
(4) Narmada Bachao Andolan: Narmada Bachao Andolan movement started later than the Gujarat student movement.

5. Railway strike: Railway Strike was the last event among the given list. Quick Tip: Knowing the dates or approximate timeframe of each event is essential for accurate chronological ordering.

Fakhruddin Ali Ahmed, the then President of India, declared a state of emergency on 25 June 1975, under the provisions of Article 352 of the Indian Constitution. This followed a period of political instability. Quick Tip: The 1975 Emergency had significant political and social ramifications in India.

The correct matching of Prime Ministers and their tenures is:

A. Morarji Desai: April 1977 - January 1979
B. Chandra Shekhar: November 1990 - June 1991
C. V.P. Singh: December 1989 - November 1990
D. Rajiv Gandhi: October 1984 - December 1989


The options provided in the question seem to have errors in the tenure details. The correct answer is based on the historical knowledge of the tenure of the respective Prime Ministers.

Historical Context: The tenures of these Prime Ministers were marked by significant political events, including Chandra Shekhar's brief tenure during a time of economic crisis, V.P. Singh's tenure during the implementation of the Mandal Commission report, and Rajiv Gandhi's leadership following Indira Gandhi's assassination. Quick Tip: Refer to standard historical sources for accurate details on Indian Prime Ministers' tenures. This is crucial for understanding the political landscape during their respective terms.

E.V. Ramasami Naicker, known as Periyar, was a prominent social reformer and leader of the Dravidian movement in South India. His major contributions were in fighting against the caste system and promoting the Dravidian identity and culture. Quick Tip: Periyar's social reform work focused on challenging traditional social hierarchies.

Nagaland officially became a state in India on 1 December 196(3) Quick Tip: Nagaland's statehood followed a period of political and social movements.

The correct matching of movements and states is:


Narmada Bachao Andolan: Madhya Pradesh (and surrounding states)

Chipko Movement: Uttarakhand

Right to Information: India-wide
Quick Tip: The options themselves are incomplete, making precise matching difficult without additional context.

Medha Patkar is a well-known environmental and social activist prominently known for her leadership in the Narmada Bachao Andolan (NBA), a movement opposing large dams on the Narmada River. Quick Tip: The Narmada Bachao Andolan highlights the complexities of development vs. displacement.

Kanshi Ram founded the Bahujan Samaj Party (BSP), a political party in India representing the interests of Dalits, Adivasis, and other marginalized communities. Quick Tip: The BSP advocates for social justice and empowerment of marginalized groups.

The correct chronological order is:

% Option

(1) The Defeat of the Congress Party (1977): The Janata Party's victory ended the Congress's long rule.

% Option
(2) Rise of Mandal Issue (Late 1980s): The Mandal Commission report sparked widespread debate about reservations.

% Option
(3) New Economic Reforms (1991): India began to liberalize its economy.

% Option
(4) Assassination of Indira Gandhi (1984): This event had deep political repercussions.

5. Demolition of Babri Masjid (1992): This event triggered widespread communal violence.
Quick Tip: Understanding the historical context and major events will help you order these correctly.

Angami Zapu Phizo was a prominent Naga nationalist leader who founded the Naga National Council (NNC) and played a key role in the Naga independence movement. While "Sikhki Pranja Mandal" seems to be a misnomer, the key figure associated with Naga nationalism is indeed Angami Zapu Phizo, who was instrumental in the independence movement of the Naga people.

Context of the Naga Nationalist Movement: The Naga independence movement, led by Phizo, aimed to establish a separate state for the Naga people, and this struggle became a critical part of post-independence India’s political history. Quick Tip: The Naga independence movement is a crucial part of India's post-independence history, highlighting the complexities of integrating diverse ethnic groups into a unified nation.

The 14th Lok Sabha elections were held in 200(4) These elections led to the formation of the United Progressive Alliance (UPA) government, with Dr. Manmohan Singh becoming the Prime Minister of India.

Historical Context: The 2004 elections marked a significant political shift in India, as the Congress party, led by Sonia Gandhi, emerged victorious, ending six years of rule by the Bharatiya Janata Party (BJP). Quick Tip: Keep track of major Indian elections and their years; they often appear in such questions and can reflect shifts in India's political landscape.

B.P. Mandal was the Chairman of the Second Backward Classes Commission, which was set up in 1979 to identify socially and educationally backward classes in India. The Commission's report, known as the Mandal Commission Report, recommended reserving 27% of government jobs for the Other Backward Classes (OBCs), a recommendation that sparked significant political debate and protests in the late 1980s.

Impact of the Mandal Commission: The Mandal Commission Report had a profound impact on Indian politics, leading to the implementation of affirmative action policies and reshaping the social and political landscape, particularly concerning caste-based reservations. Quick Tip: The Mandal Commission Report, which recommended reservations for OBCs, remains one of the most significant social and political documents in India's post-independence history.

This question relates to the tenure of various Prime Ministers of India during different periods. The matching between Prime Ministers and their years in office is as follows:

A. V.P. Singh served from November 1990 to June 199(1)
B. Chandra Shekhar served from December 1989 to November 1990.
C. H.D. Deve Gowda served from April 1996 to April 1997.
D. Inder Kumar Gujral served from 1997 to 1998.

This set provides an opportunity to review the transitional nature of Indian politics during the early 1990s when coalition governments were prevalent. Quick Tip: Understanding the political context of India's coalition governments in the early 1990s can help clarify the short tenure of several Prime Ministers during this period.

NATO was established on April 4, 1949, with 12 founding member states. The original signatories were countries from North America and Western Europe who came together to form a collective defense organization. NATO's formation was a response to the growing influence of the Soviet Union and the threat of communist expansion during the early stages of the Cold War.

Expansion of NATO: Since its founding, NATO's membership has expanded to include numerous other countries, especially after the end of the Cold War, with a focus on integrating former Warsaw Pact members and former Soviet republics. Quick Tip: NATO was initially a collective defense organization against Soviet aggression, but its role has evolved to include crisis management, cooperative security, and partnerships beyond Europe.

The Non-Aligned Movement (NAM) summits have taken place at regular intervals since the movement’s inception. Here are the correct matches:

A. 1st Summit of NAM took place in 1961, in Belgrade, Yugoslavia.
B. 8th Summit of NAM took place in 2019 in Baku, Azerbaijan.
C. 2nd Summit of NAM was held in 1970 in Cairo, Egypt.
D. 15th Summit of NAM took place in 2019 in Baku.


NAM’s Role: NAM was established to create an independent path for countries that were neither aligned with the United States nor the Soviet Union during the Cold War. It is still an important platform for dialogue among developing countries. Quick Tip: The Non-Aligned Movement is a significant political platform that allows countries from the Global South to voice their concerns and advocate for mutual cooperation, free from the influence of superpower blocs.

The statements C and E are incorrect. Shock therapy in Russia involved rapid privatization, and there was no move to replace private farming with collective farming. Additionally, the restructuring process was not carried out solely by the Russian government but also involved external advice and assistance from international organizations like the IMF and World Bank. The shock therapy resulted in significant social and economic disparities. Quick Tip: Shock therapy refers to rapid economic reforms, often leading to instability, inequality, and a loss of social safety nets, especially when privatization and liberalization are implemented too quickly.

The correct chronological matches are:

A. The Russian Revolution: 1917
B. The Fall of Berlin Wall: 1989
C. Soviet invasion of Afghanistan: 1979
D. The disintegration of the Soviet Union: 1991

This set helps understand key events that shaped the 20th century, especially concerning the Cold War and the downfall of the Soviet Union. Quick Tip: When studying history, especially global events like these, creating a timeline can help organize events in a chronological order, allowing for a better understanding of cause and effect.

President George H.W. Bush is associated with the term "New World Order," referring to the post-Cold War geopolitical landscape. Quick Tip: The "New World Order" concept is often linked to the end of the Cold War and the resulting shift in global power dynamics.

The correct pairings are:

A. New World Order: 1991 (after the end of the Cold War, George H. W. Bush referred to the emergence of a new geopolitical landscape).
B. World Trade Center: September 11, 2001 (the tragic terrorist attacks in the U.S.).
C. Operation Iraqi Freedom: Iraq (the U.S.-led invasion in 2003).
D. Operation Enduring Freedom: Afghanistan (the U.S. military operation in Afghanistan post-9/11).


Historical Context: These events reflect significant moments in the global political landscape, particularly the post-Cold War era and the War on Terror. Quick Tip: Understanding the chronological flow of major events like 9/11 and the Iraq war is essential for grasping contemporary geopolitical shifts.

Indonesia was one of the five founding members of the Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN) in 1967. The other founding members include Malaysia, Singapore, Thailand, and the Philippines. ASEAN was established to promote political and economic cooperation and regional stability in Southeast Asia.

ASEAN's Growth: Since its formation, ASEAN has expanded its membership and now includes ten Southeast Asian nations, playing a key role in regional cooperation, trade, and political dialogue. Quick Tip: ASEAN's founding members laid the groundwork for fostering regional stability and economic growth in Southeast Asia. It is a model of regional cooperation.

ASEAN’s main pillars are security, economic, and political cooperation. While socio-cultural cooperation is an important aspect of ASEAN’s work, it is not considered one of the three main pillars. The organization focuses heavily on fostering economic integration, ensuring regional security, and supporting political cooperation among member states.

ASEAN’s Pillars: These pillars reflect ASEAN's commitment to promoting peace, prosperity, and stability in the region through collaborative efforts in various sectors. Quick Tip: ASEAN focuses primarily on fostering security and economic cooperation among Southeast Asian nations, while socio-cultural issues play a supportive role in enhancing mutual understanding.

The correct matches are:

A. Bhutan: Located centrally in South Asia, sharing borders with several countries.
B. Maldives: An island nation, was a sultanate until 1968.
C. India: The first country in South Asia to liberalize its economy in the early 1990s.
D. Sri Lanka: A land nation, was a sultanate until 1968.


Geopolitical Context: Understanding the geographical and political distinctions between these countries is vital for comprehending their historical evolution and economic development. Quick Tip: Geopolitical location and historical context are vital for accurate List matching. Knowing the political history and economic reforms of these countries aids in understanding their regional roles.

The Sir Creek area, where the demilitarization agreement was signed between India and Pakistan, is located in the state of Gujarat, India. It is a disputed region in the Rann of Kutch, which has been a subject of tension between the two countries.

Geopolitical Context: The Sir Creek issue is part of the larger boundary dispute between India and Pakistan. The area is strategically significant due to its potential impact on maritime boundaries. Quick Tip: Sir Creek remains a significant area of contention between India and Pakistan due to its geopolitical and strategic importance.

The IAEA's primary goal is to promote the peaceful uses of nuclear energy and prevent its misuse for military purposes. It was established to facilitate the safe, secure, and peaceful development of nuclear technologies, particularly for energy production, medicine, and industry.

IAEA’s Role: The IAEA works to ensure that nuclear energy is used safely and responsibly, and also helps monitor nuclear weapons proliferation. Quick Tip: The IAEA plays a key role in nuclear safety and non-proliferation efforts globally, overseeing the peaceful use of nuclear technology and fostering international cooperation.

Amnesty International is a prominent international non-governmental organization (NGO) focused on advocating for human rights worldwide. It works to combat human rights abuses, protect the rights of prisoners of conscience, and hold governments accountable for violations of human rights.

Global Impact: Amnesty has been instrumental in raising awareness about human rights violations across the globe and lobbying for legal and policy reforms. Quick Tip: Amnesty International is known for its campaigns to prevent and document human rights abuses, and it plays a critical role in holding governments accountable for violations.

Deterrence is a military and political strategy focused on preventing conflict through the threat of retaliation. It relies on the credible threat of severe consequences, making the cost of initiating a war or conflict unacceptably high for the adversary.

Strategic Use: Deterrence strategies are central to maintaining peace and preventing military aggression in international relations. Quick Tip: Deterrence works on the principle of preventing conflict by threatening massive retaliation, making aggression a costly endeavor.

The correct matches are:

A. START (Strategic Arms Reduction Treaty): A major arms control treaty aimed at reducing nuclear weapons.
B. BWC (Biological Weapons Convention): An international treaty banning biological weapons.
C. CWC (Chemical Weapons Convention): An agreement banning the use of chemical weapons.
D. ABM (Anti-Ballistic Missile Treaty): A treaty limiting the development and deployment of anti-ballistic missile systems.


Arms Control Treaties: These treaties are fundamental for maintaining international peace and security by controlling the proliferation and use of weapons of mass destruction. Quick Tip: Knowing the full forms of arms control treaties is crucial for understanding global security frameworks and their role in preventing the spread of dangerous weaponry.

The term "res communis humanitatis" translates to "common heritage of humankind" and refers to resources or areas that are considered the shared property of all humanity. These include resources like the atmosphere, oceans, and outer space.

Context of Global Commons: The concept emphasizes that these resources should be managed and preserved for the benefit of all people, transcending national boundaries and ownership. Quick Tip: Global commons such as the atmosphere and oceans are shared by all nations, and their protection requires international cooperation.

The 1992 United Nations Conference on Environment and Development (UNCED), also known as the Earth Summit or Rio Summit, produced Agenda 21, a comprehensive action plan for sustainable development, focusing on environmental protection, social equity, and economic growth.

Agenda 21’s Importance: Agenda 21 remains a landmark document in international environmental policy and continues to influence global sustainability practices. Quick Tip: Agenda 21 is a foundational document that provides a roadmap for sustainable development, addressing challenges like climate change, biodiversity, and global inequality.

Globalisation is indeed a multi-dimensional concept involving political, economic, cultural, and technological dimensions. Statement 2 is incorrect as globalization covers a wide array of interconnected aspects that influence various sectors globally. The process of globalization affects national economies, cultures, and political systems.

Understanding Globalization: Globalization is often seen as a process of increasing interconnectedness and interdependence among the world's markets and businesses. It has various facets, including economic integration, cultural exchange, and political cooperation. Quick Tip: Globalization affects almost every aspect of society, from economics to culture, and understanding its multi-dimensional nature is key to grasping its global impact.

The correct linkages are as follows:

A. Erosion of state capacity: Economic consequences, as global economic integration often reduces state control over domestic affairs.
B. Rise of WTO: Political consequences, as the World Trade Organization influences international trade policies and state sovereignty.
C. Internet: Technological consequences, as the rise of the internet has drastically changed communication, information access, and business.
D. Heterogenisation: Cultural consequences, referring to the blending or mixing of cultures due to globalization.


Context: These terms represent the various aspects of globalization that influence politics, economics, technology, and culture. Quick Tip: Globalization is complex and impacts multiple facets of society, from economics to culture. Understanding these connections can help you analyze global trends and their effects.

India transitioned to fully electronic voting machines (EVMs) in the 2004 general elections. The use of EVMs was aimed at improving the efficiency, accuracy, and transparency of the electoral process, reducing the chances of errors and fraud.

Impact of EVMs: The use of EVMs has significantly streamlined elections in India and is a key part of the modern electoral process, improving public confidence in the fairness of elections. Quick Tip: EVMs are a key feature of India's modern electoral process, helping to improve transparency, reduce electoral fraud, and speed up the counting process.

Lal Bahadur Shastri resigned as Railway Minister in 1956, taking moral responsibility for a major railway accident. This was a significant act of accountability and demonstrated his commitment to ethics in public office. His decision to resign set a benchmark in Indian politics for taking moral responsibility for administrative failures. Quick Tip: Political resignations often stem from accountability for policy failures or crises. Lal Bahadur Shastri’s resignation emphasized moral responsibility in public administration.

Lal Bahadur Shastri coined the famous slogan "Jai Jawan Jai Kisan" (Hail the Soldier, Hail the Farmer) in 1965, during the India-Pakistan war. The slogan highlighted the importance of both the soldier defending the country and the farmer ensuring food security for the nation.

Significance of the Slogan: The slogan symbolized Shastri’s recognition of the twin pillars on which India's development and security rested. It continues to resonate as a tribute to both the agricultural and defense sectors. Quick Tip: This slogan reflected Shastri’s focus on national security and agricultural development, reinforcing the importance of both sectors in a nation's well-being.

Lal Bahadur Shastri served as the Prime Minister of India from June 1964 to January 1966. His leadership during a critical period in India’s history, including the 1965 India-Pakistan war and the signing of the Tashkent Agreement, left a significant impact.

Legacy of His Tenure: Though his tenure was brief, Shastri's role in enhancing India's defense capabilities and promoting agricultural reforms continues to be remembered. Quick Tip: Shastri's tenure was relatively short but significant in Indian history, especially during the 1965 Indo-Pak war and his contributions to the Green Revolution.

During Lal Bahadur Shastri's premiership, India faced a war with Pakistan in 1965. The conflict was centered on the Kashmir region and resulted in a ceasefire and the subsequent Tashkent Agreement.

Impact of the 1965 War: The war marked a critical moment in Indo-Pakistani relations and had lasting effects on India’s defense and foreign policy strategies. Quick Tip: The 1965 war between India and Pakistan was a significant conflict that shaped the future of bilateral relations between the two nations.

Lal Bahadur Shastri served in the Union Cabinet as a minister from 1954 to 1956. He held various key positions, including Minister of Transport and Communications, and later as the Home Minister.

Key Contributions: During his tenure in the Cabinet, Shastri contributed significantly to the country’s infrastructure development and helped shape domestic policies that later played a vital role in his tenure as Prime Minister. Quick Tip: Shastri held several key ministerial portfolios during his time in the cabinet, and his leadership in these roles laid the foundation for his subsequent premiership.

The "Syndicate" refers to a group of influential leaders within the Indian National Congress who dominated the party's decision-making processes during the 1960s. They played a significant role in shaping the party's policies and leadership.

Political Influence: The Congress Syndicate wielded considerable power within the party, especially during the leadership of Indira Gandhi, leading to a series of political struggles and eventual changes in party leadership. Quick Tip: The Congress Syndicate's influence was a key factor in shaping the political dynamics of India during the 1960s.

The correct matching of leaders and their associated states is as follows:

A. N. Sanjeeva Reddy: Andhra Pradesh
B. K. Kamaraj: Tamil Nadu
C. S.K. Patil: Maharashtra
D. S. Nijalingappa: Karnataka


Geopolitical Context: Understanding the political landscape and key figures of specific Indian states is crucial for understanding their contributions to national politics. Quick Tip: Knowing the key political leaders and their states helps in understanding the regional dynamics of Indian politics and the role of state leadership in national decisions.

K. Kamaraj is widely considered the key figure and leader of the Congress Syndicate, a group of powerful leaders within the Indian National Congress during the 1960s. The Syndicate controlled much of the party's decision-making and played a significant role in Indian politics during that time.

Context: The Congress Syndicate was instrumental in shaping the direction of the party, especially in the internal conflicts following Jawaharlal Nehru's death. The faction's influence significantly affected the leadership of the Congress party. Quick Tip: The Congress Syndicate played a pivotal role in Indian politics during the 1960s, particularly in the leadership struggles within the Indian National Congress.

After the split in the Indian National Congress in 1969, Indira Gandhi led the faction known as Congress (R) (Congress - Requisitionists). This faction eventually became the dominant faction of the party, with Indira Gandhi emerging as the undisputed leader.

Context of the Split: The split occurred over differences regarding the leadership and ideology of the Congress party, with Indira Gandhi's faction ultimately prevailing. Quick Tip: The 1969 Congress split marked a major turning point in Indian politics, with Indira Gandhi leading the Congress (R) faction and consolidating power.

The split in the Indian National Congress in 1969 significantly impacted the standing of many prominent political leaders within the party. The factionalism that followed weakened their influence, particularly the Congress Syndicate leaders, who had once been the party's powerbrokers.

Aftermath of the Split: The Congress split resulted in the formation of two factions: Congress (O) and Congress (R), with Indira Gandhi’s leadership becoming dominant. The split reshaped the political dynamics of the Congress party. Quick Tip: The 1969 Congress split had long-lasting effects on Indian politics, weakening the influence of established party leaders and shifting power to new factions led by Indira Gandhi.