CUET PG Animal Science 2025 Question Paper (Available): Download Question Paper with Answer Key And Solutions PDF

Nitrification is a two-step biological process in which ammonia (\(NH_3\)) or ammonium (\(NH_4^+\)) is oxidized first to nitrite (\(NO_2^−\)) by bacteria like Nitrosomonas, and then the nitrite is oxidized to nitrate (\(NO_3^−\)) by bacteria like Nitrobacter. Nitrate is the primary form of nitrogen used by plants. Quick Tip: Remember the nitrogen cycle steps: Fixation (gas to ammonia), Nitrification (ammonia to nitrate), and Denitrification (nitrate to gas). This question asks about the middle step.

Carbon is the most abundant element in a plant's dry matter, forming the backbone of all major organic molecules (carbohydrates, proteins, lipids, nucleic acids). On average, carbon constitutes about 45% of a plant's total dry weight. The other major components are oxygen (\(\sim\)45%) and hydrogen (\(\sim\)6%). Quick Tip: Plants are primarily made of carbon, oxygen, and hydrogen, derived from CO2 and water. Carbon and oxygen each make up about 45% of the plant's dry mass.

Jhum or Jhuming cultivation, also known as shifting cultivation or slash-and-burn agriculture, is a traditional farming practice predominantly found in the hilly regions of Eastern and North-Eastern India, including states like Arunachal Pradesh, Nagaland, Mizoram, and Meghalaya. Quick Tip: Jhuming is strongly associated with the tribal communities of the hilly, forested regions of North-East India.

The Troposphere is the lowest layer of the Earth's atmosphere, extending from the surface up to about 8-15 km. It contains about 80% of the atmosphere's mass and almost all of its water vapor. All weather phenomena and the processes that determine the Earth's climate occur within this layer. Quick Tip: Remember the atmospheric layers from the ground up: Troposphere, Stratosphere, Mesosphere, Thermosphere. All the "weather" and "climate" we experience happens in the Troposphere, the layer we live in.

The Sahiwal is a renowned heat-tolerant dairy cattle breed. It originated in the dry Punjab region, which lies along the Indo-Pakistani border, specifically in the Montgomery district (now Sahiwal district) of Pakistan. Quick Tip: Many cattle breeds are named after their place of origin. The Sahiwal breed is named after the Sahiwal district in Pakistan.

Let's match the cattle breeds with their native tracts:

A. Deoni: This breed originated in the Marathwada region of Maharashtra, particularly in Latur district. So, A matches with IV.
B. Kankrej: This breed is from the arid regions of the Rann of Kutch in Gujarat and adjoining parts of Rajasthan. So, B matches with I.
C. Ongole: This breed's home tract is the Ongole taluk in the Prakasam district of Andhra Pradesh. So, C matches with II.
D. Rathi: This is a milch breed found in the arid regions of Rajasthan, especially in the Bikaner, Ganganagar, and Jaisalmer districts. So, D matches with III.

The correct combination is A-IV, B-I, C-II, D-III. Quick Tip: For breed matching questions, try to recall one or two famous ones. For example, Kankrej from Gujarat or Ongole from Andhra Pradesh can help you quickly eliminate wrong options.

Matching Avian Influenza strains to their historical outbreaks can be specific. Let's analyze the pairs:

C. H7N1: A highly pathogenic strain first identified in Quail in Italy in 1999.
Based on common knowledge of major AI outbreaks:
A. H1N1: While famous as "swine flu," its avian origins are complex.
B. H5N2: A notable outbreak occurred in Ducks in Alberta, Canada.
The matching seems designed around specific virological history points. The most accurate provided match would link the strains to known outbreaks. Re-evaluating based on the options points to A-I, B-IV, C-II, D-III as the intended answer, although some historical details can be debated. H7N1 in Italy is a key marker.

The question requires very specific knowledge of virology history. Based on the options, the intended answer is likely (C). Quick Tip: Avian influenza matching questions are tough. Focus on any well-known outbreaks you remember to help narrow down the possibilities. H7N1 in Italy was a significant event in avian influenza history.

Aspergillosis, also known as Brooder Pneumonia, is a respiratory disease in poultry caused by inhaling spores of the fungus Aspergillus fumigatus. The other diseases listed are caused by a bacterium (Clostridium botulinum for Botulism, Erysipelothrix rhusiopathiae for Erysipelas) or a virus (Birnavirus for Infectious Bursal Disease). Quick Tip: The name "Aspergillosis" comes from the causative agent, the fungus Aspergillus. This direct link makes it easy to identify as the fungal disease.

Assuming "Bird's Fino" is a typo for Bird Flu (Avian Influenza), the symptoms can be varied. In highly pathogenic forms, common symptoms include severe respiratory distress such as gasping, neurological signs like trembling and lack of coordination, watery diarrhea, and sudden death. Pox lesions are caused by the Avipoxvirus. While paralysis can occur, gasping and trembling are very common signs of severe systemic infection. Quick Tip: Highly pathogenic Bird Flu is a severe respiratory and neurological disease. Look for symptoms that reflect this, such as difficulty breathing (gasping) and nerve-related issues (trembling).

Let's match the diseases with their causative bacteria:

A. Anthrax: Caused by Bacillus anthracis. So, A matches with IV.
B. Black Quarter (BQ): A clostridial disease caused by Clostridium chauvoei. So, B matches with III.
C. Tuberculosis (Bovine): Caused by Mycobacterium bovis. So, C matches with I.
D. Brucellosis (Contagious Abortion): Caused by Brucella abortus. So, D matches with II.

The correct combination is A-IV, B-III, C-I, D-II. Quick Tip: Learning the scientific names of causative agents is key in veterinary medicine. Matching Anthrax with Bacillus anthracis is a straightforward connection that can help simplify the question.

Let's analyze each statement:

(A) is correct. The natural greenhouse effect keeps the Earth's average temperature at about 15°C, making it habitable. Without it, the average temperature would be about -18°C.
(B) is correct. Greenhouse gases like carbon dioxide and methane are emitted through natural processes like respiration, volcanic eruptions, and decomposition.
(C) is correct. This is the definition of the greenhouse effect's function.
(D) is correct. The scientific consensus is that the increased concentration of greenhouse gases due to human activities is the primary driver of current global warming.

All the provided statements are factually correct. There seems to be an error in the question as it asks for an incorrect statement. Quick Tip: Distinguish between the natural greenhouse effect (which is essential for life) and the enhanced greenhouse effect (which is causing global warming due to human activity). All the statements provided are scientifically accepted facts.

The question is poorly phrased. The most predominant gas in the atmosphere is Nitrogen (78%), followed by Oxygen (21%) and Argon (0.9%). All the options provided are trace gases.

Carbon dioxide (\(CO_2\)): \(\sim\)420 ppm (0.042%)
Carbon monoxide (CO): Variable, around 0.1 ppm
Propane (\(C_3H_8\)) and Butane (\(C_4H_{10}\)): Extremely low, sub-ppb levels.

Of the choices given, Carbon dioxide is the most abundant. Quick Tip: The Earth's atmosphere is mainly Nitrogen and Oxygen. Gases like CO2 are present in very small amounts (parts per million), but they can have a large impact on the climate.

The "Hansli" is a native chicken breed recognized for its adaptability to the local climatic conditions and disease resistance. This breed's home tract is primarily in the Mayurbhanj and Keonjhar districts of Odisha. Quick Tip: India has a rich diversity of native livestock breeds. Many have been recently registered to help in their conservation. Remembering a few key native breeds from different states can be helpful.

Let's match the schemes with their main objectives:

A. Mission Antyodaya: Aims at poverty alleviation through the effective use of resources and convergence of various government schemes at the village level. So, A matches with III.
B. Sansad Adarsh Gram Yojana (SAGY): Focuses on the holistic development of Gram Panchayats (identified as Adarsh Grams) by Members of Parliament. So, B matches with IV.
C. Shyama Prasad Mukherji Rurban Mission: Aims to deliver integrated project-based infrastructure in rural areas, which will also include development of economic activities and skill development, essentially providing urban-like facilities in rural areas. So, C matches with I.
D. Integrated Watershed Management Programme (IWMP): (Assuming this is what 'Water Management' refers to) Primarily focuses on soil and water conservation to achieve improvement in land productivity. So, D matches with II.

The correct combination is A-III, B-IV, C-I, D-II. Quick Tip: Focus on the keywords in the scheme names. 'Rurban' = Rural + Urban. 'Adarsh Gram' = Ideal Village (Gram Panchayat). 'Water Management' relates to land productivity. This can guide you to the right objectives.

Marek's disease is a highly contagious viral neoplastic disease in chickens caused by a herpesvirus known as Marek's disease virus (MDV) or Gallid alphaherpesvirus 2. The other diseases are caused by different viruses: Ranikhet (Newcastle disease) by a paramyxovirus, Avian Influenza by an orthomyxovirus, and Infectious Bronchitis by a coronavirus. Quick Tip: Marek's disease is one of the most well-known and economically important diseases in poultry caused by a herpesvirus. This is a key fact in avian pathology.

Milk fever, or parturient paresis, is a metabolic disorder, not an infectious disease. It is caused by a temporary low level of calcium in the blood (hypocalcemia) that occurs around the time of calving in dairy cows. Rabies (viral), Listeriosis (bacterial), and Trichomoniasis (protozoal) are all infectious diseases caused by specific pathogens. Quick Tip: "Fever" in a disease name doesn't always mean infection. Milk fever is a classic example of a metabolic disease caused by a mineral imbalance, not a germ.

Let's analyze the statements:

A is False. "Panting" is a term sometimes used for the heart condition in FMD survivors, but the characteristic sequela is lameness, not panting.
B is True. Hydrophobia, or fear of water, is a classic clinical sign of Rabies in humans, caused by painful spasms of the throat muscles when trying to swallow.
C is True. Penicillin and other beta-lactam antibiotics work by inhibiting the formation of peptidoglycan cross-links in the bacterial cell wall, leading to cell lysis.
D is True. The presence of "zebra markings" (streaks of congestion and hemorrhage) in the rectum and large intestine is a pathognomonic (specifically characteristic) post-mortem finding for Rinderpest.

Therefore, statements B, C, and D are correct. Quick Tip: Pathognomonic lesions are "smoking gun" signs for a specific disease. The zebra markings of Rinderpest are a classic example taught in veterinary pathology.

Positive correlation describes a relationship between two variables where both variables move in the same direction. That is, as one variable increases, the other variable also increases, and as one variable decreases, the other also decreases. Quick Tip: Think of it like a see-saw. In a positive correlation, both ends go up or down together. In a negative correlation, when one end goes up, the other goes down.

For a moderately skewed distribution, there is an empirical relationship between the mean, median, and mode, which is given by the formula: \[ Mode = 3 \times Median - 2 \times Mean \]
We are given:

Mean = 6
Mode = 12

Plugging these values into the formula: \[ 12 = 3 \times Median - 2 \times 6 \] \[ 12 = 3 \times Median - 12 \] \[ 12 + 12 = 3 \times Median \] \[ 24 = 3 \times Median \] \[ Median = \frac{24}{3} = 8 \]
So, the median is 8. Quick Tip: Memorize the empirical formula: Mode = 3(Median) - 2(Mean). It's a quick way to find one measure of central tendency if you know the other two for skewed data.

Organelles like mitochondria and chloroplasts contain their own ribosomes (70S type), which are essential for synthesizing proteins within these organelles. Since ribosomes are themselves complex structures (often considered non-membranous organelles) and are found inside other organelles, the ribosome is the correct answer. The other options are distinct, membrane-bound organelles within the cytoplasm. Quick Tip: Mitochondria and chloroplasts are often called 'semi-autonomous' organelles because they have their own DNA and ribosomes, allowing them to produce some of their own proteins.

The domestic chicken (Gallus gallus domesticus) has a diploid chromosome number of 78 (2n = 78). This consists of 38 pairs of autosomes and one pair of sex chromosomes (ZW for females and ZZ for males). Quick Tip: Remember that 'diploid (2n)' refers to the total number of chromosomes in a somatic cell, consisting of two complete sets (one from each parent).

Prophase-I of meiosis is divided into five stages. The key event of the zygotene stage is synapsis, where homologous chromosomes pair up and attract each other to form bivalents. Tetrad formation is visible in the pachytene stage, crossing over (exchange of genetic material) occurs during pachytene, and chiasmata (the physical manifestation of crossing over) become visible during the diplotene stage. Quick Tip: Think 'Zygo-' as in zygote, which involves pairing. Zygotene is the pairing (synapsis) stage of homologous chromosomes.

The phenomenon described is epistasis, which is an interaction between genes at different loci (non-allelic genes). In epistasis, the expression of one gene (the epistatic gene) masks or modifies the expression of another gene (the hypostatic gene). Dominance refers to the interaction between alleles of the same gene (intra-allelic). Quick Tip: Distinguish between dominance (interaction between alleles of the *same* gene) and epistasis (interaction between alleles of *different* genes).

A sex-limited trait is a trait that is expressed in only one sex, even though the genes for the trait are present in both sexes. Egg production is a classic example because the genetic potential for egg laying exists in both males and females, but the trait is only expressed in females (hens). Quick Tip: Sex-limited traits are expressed in only one sex, while sex-influenced traits (like pattern baldness) are expressed differently in males and females.

The Rhode Island Red is a well-known American dual-purpose breed of chicken, valued for both its egg-laying ability and its meat. Quick Tip: Rhode Island Red and Plymouth Rock are two of the most famous and versatile American chicken breeds.

Panmixia, or panmixis, is a term used in population genetics to describe a situation where mating within a population is entirely random. This means that any individual has an equal chance of mating with any other individual in the population, regardless of their genotype or phenotype. Quick Tip: Panmixia is a key assumption of the Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium principle, which describes a non-evolving population.

Selfing (self-fertilization) is the most extreme form of inbreeding. In each generation of selfing, the proportion of heterozygotes is halved. For example, if you start with a population that is 100% heterozygous (Aa), after one generation of selfing, the offspring will be 25% AA, 50% Aa, and 25% aa. The heterozygosity has dropped from 100% to 50%. Therefore, heterozygosity is lost by 1/2 in each generation. Quick Tip: Selfing is the fastest way to increase homozygosity in a population. The proportion of heterozygotes is always halved with each successive generation.

Let's analyze the statements:

A is True: Inbreeding increases homozygosity, which brings recessive lethal alleles to the surface, allowing them to be identified and eliminated from the breeding pool.
B is True: Inbreeding depression is a well-known consequence of inbreeding, leading to reduced fitness, fertility, and productivity.
C is False: Inbreeding reduces vigor. Hybrid vigor (heterosis) is the result of outbreeding or crossing different inbred lines.
D is True: While inbreeding reduces genetic variance within a line (making them more uniform), it increases the genetic variance between different inbred lines.

Therefore, statements A, B, and D are true. Quick Tip: Inbreeding is a double-edged sword: it increases homozygosity, which is good for fixing desirable traits but bad due to the risk of inbreeding depression.

The mating of animals from two different species is known as interspecific crossing or, more commonly, species hybridization. A classic example is the mule, which is a hybrid of a male donkey and a female horse. Quick Tip: Think 'inter-species' for species hybridization. The mule (horse x donkey) is the most famous example of a species hybrid.

MOET is an advanced reproductive technology used to increase the reproductive rate of elite female livestock. The acronym stands for Multiple Ovulation and Embryo Transfer. It involves stimulating a donor female to produce multiple eggs (superovulation), inseminating her, and then flushing the resulting embryos to transfer them to surrogate mothers. Quick Tip: MOET is all about quantity. It uses hormones to get 'Multiple Ovulations' so many embryos can be collected and 'Transferred' to surrogates.

While some sheep breeds are used for milk production (e.g., Lacaune, Awassi), for the vast majority of sheep breeds raised for wool or meat, lactation yield itself is not a primary economic trait that is selected for. The milk produced is primarily for the lambs. Fibre diameter, twinning percentage, and prolificacy (the ability to produce multiple offspring) are all key economic traits for wool and meat breeds. Quick Tip: Economic traits are those that directly generate income. For most sheep, this means wool, meat, and the number of lambs born (prolificacy).

A capon is a male chicken that has been castrated (had its testicles removed) at a young age. This is done to improve the quality of the meat, making it more tender and flavorful. Quick Tip: A capon is to a rooster what a steer is to a bull—a castrated male raised for better quality meat.

The incubation period for Japanese quail (Coturnix japonica), the most commonly farmed species, is typically 17-18 days. This is shorter than the 21-day incubation period for chickens. Quick Tip: Incubation periods get longer with bird size: Quail (\(\sim\)18 days), Chicken (21 days), Duck/Turkey (\(\sim\)28 days).

Oviposition is the technical term for the process of laying eggs. It is derived from the Latin words 'ovum' (egg) and 'ponere' (to place). Vivipary refers to live birth. Quick Tip: Break down the Latin roots: 'Ovi-' means egg and 'position' means to place. Oviposition = the act of placing (laying) an egg.

Crazy Chick Disease, technically known as nutritional encephalomalacia, is a neurological condition in young chicks characterized by ataxia, tremors, and paralysis. It is caused by a deficiency of Vitamin E, which is a crucial antioxidant that protects the brain's cellular membranes from oxidative damage. Quick Tip: Vitamin E is a key antioxidant for the nervous system. Its deficiency leads to neurological signs, hence the name 'Crazy Chick Disease'.

Mendelian disorders are conditions caused by mutations in a single gene. Klinefelter's, Down's, and Turner's syndromes are chromosomal disorders, caused by an abnormal number of chromosomes. Certain forms of congenital stationary night blindness are inherited as Mendelian traits (autosomal dominant, autosomal recessive, or X-linked). While night blindness can also be caused by Vitamin A deficiency, its inherited forms are Mendelian. Quick Tip: Mendelian disorders involve single genes, while chromosomal disorders (like Down, Turner, Klinefelter) involve issues with whole chromosomes.

The number of Barr bodies in a somatic cell is calculated using the formula: Number of Barr bodies = (Number of X chromosomes) - 1.
In this case, the individual has a 47,XXXX karyotype, meaning there are 4 X chromosomes.
Number of Barr bodies = 4 - 1 = 3. Quick Tip: The formula is simple and reliable: (Number of X chromosomes) - 1. A normal human female (XX) has 2 - 1 = 1 Barr body.

In the genetic code, the mRNA codon AUG serves two purposes. It codes for the amino acid Methionine and also acts as the primary start codon, signaling the initiation of protein synthesis. Quick Tip: Think of school starting in AUGust. The AUG codon is the 'start' codon for protein synthesis and it codes for Methionine.

In the standard genetic code, there are three specific codons that signal the termination of translation (protein synthesis). These are known as stop codons or nonsense codons. They are UAA (ochre), UAG (amber), and UGA (opal). The codon CUG codes for the amino acid Leucine. Quick Tip: Remember the three stop codons with a mnemonic: 'You Are Away' (UAA), 'You Are Gone' (UAG), and 'You Go Away' (UGA).

The ZW sex-determination system is found in birds, some reptiles, some insects (like butterflies and moths), and some fish. In this system, the female is the heterogametic sex (ZW), and the male is the homogametic sex (ZZ). This is the reverse of the XY system found in humans and many insects. Quick Tip: In the ZW system (found in birds), the female (ZW) determines the sex of the offspring, which is the opposite of the XY system in humans where the male (XY) determines the sex.

Fowl Cholera is a contagious and often fatal bacterial disease of poultry and other birds. It is caused by the bacterium Pasteurella multocida. The other options are species of Salmonella which cause different diseases (Pullorum disease, Fowl Typhoid, and Salmonellosis, respectively). Quick Tip: Fowl Cholera is caused by a Pasteurella bacterium, not Salmonella. Remember that different species of Salmonella cause other diseases like Pullorum and Fowl Typhoid.

One of the most widely accepted models for the steps in extension teaching follows the acronym AIDCAS. This model outlines the mental steps a learner goes through to adopt a new practice. The steps are:

Attention: Gaining the learner's focus.
Interest: Developing the learner's interest in the topic.
Desire: Creating a desire for change or to adopt the practice.
Conviction: Convincing the learner that the change is worthwhile.
Action: The learner puts the new practice into action.
Satisfaction: The learner feels satisfied with the results of their action.

The question simplifies this to Attention, Desire, Action, and Satisfaction. All four are key components of the extension teaching process. Therefore, A, B, C, and D are all correct. Quick Tip: Effective teaching is a process. It must first capture \(\textbf{Attention}\), then create \(\textbf{Desire}\), which leads to \(\textbf{Action}\) and hopefully ends in \(\textbf{Satisfaction}\).

Cross-breeding is the process of mating animals from two different established breeds. The primary goal is to produce offspring that have the desirable traits of both parent breeds, a phenomenon known as breed complementarity or heterosis (hybrid vigor). Quick Tip: Think 'cross' as in 'across different breeds'. Cross-breeding aims to get the best of both worlds from two distinct breeds.

The "Sanchori" cattle, also known as Marwari, is a draught breed of cattle. It gets its name from its home tract, the Sanchore tehsil in the Jalore district of Rajasthan. Quick Tip: Many Indian cattle breeds are named after their place of origin. Sanchori cattle come from the Sanchore region of Rajasthan.

Let's match the schemes with their correct starting years:

A. Panchayati Raj: The modern Panchayati Raj system was formally established in India on October 2, 1959, in Nagaur, Rajasthan. So, A matches with III (1959).
B. Key Village Scheme (KVS): This was one of the earliest systematic cattle improvement schemes launched post-independence, starting in 1952. So, B matches with IV (1952).
C. Mera Gaon Mera Gaurav (My Village My Pride): This scheme was launched by the Indian Council of Agricultural Research (ICAR) in 2015. So, C matches with I (2015).
D. Jawahar Rozgar Yojana (JRY): This was a major wage employment program launched in 1989 by merging previous programs. The option here seems to have a typo and likely meant 1989, but based on the provided choices, the closest logical fit points to a re-evaluation of the options or a potential error in the question itself. However, by matching the other three, the correct combination becomes clear. Re-checking the question options reveals the intended answer. The option D correctly corresponds to 1989, often associated with this scheme. The option seems to have a typo and it should be 1989. However let's assume it as II for matching purpose. Jawahar Rozgar Yojana was launched in 1989. Let's assume there is a mistake in the option and match it with II.

The correct matching is A-III, B-IV, C-I, D-II. Quick Tip: When dealing with matching questions about government schemes, focus on the most famous ones first (like Panchayati Raj). This can help eliminate incorrect options quickly.

According to UNESCO's definition, a non-periodical printed publication of at least 49 pages, exclusive of the cover pages, published in the country and made available to the public is considered a book. A pamphlet typically has between 5 and 48 pages. Therefore, a publication exceeding 50 pages fits the definition of a book. Quick Tip: Think of the page count distinctions: a few pages is a leaflet, 5-48 pages is a pamphlet, and 49+ pages is a book.

The logical sequence for preparing a radio talk is as follows:

(A) A. Selection of topic: First, you must decide what the talk will be about.
(B) B. Collection of facts: Next, you gather all the necessary information and data related to the topic.
(C) D. Preparing outline and script: Then, you structure the collected facts into a coherent outline and write the final script.
(D) C. Presentation: Finally, the script is presented or delivered.

Therefore, the correct order is A, B, D, C. Quick Tip: Think of it like writing an essay: first, pick a topic, then research it, then outline and write, and finally, present or submit it.

Coccidiosis is a parasitic disease caused by protozoa of the genus Eimeria. While multiple species can cause intestinal coccidiosis, two of the most significant and pathogenic species are:

Eimeria necatrix: Causes severe disease in the small intestine.
Eimeria tenella: Primarily affects the ceca and is one of the most pathogenic species.

Both are major causes of intestinal coccidiosis, but different species affect different parts of the intestine. The question is general, making both strong candidates. E. acervulina affects the upper small intestine, and E. brunetti affects the lower small intestine and rectum. Quick Tip: Remember that different Eimeria species target different parts of the chicken's gut. E. tenella (in the ceca) and E. necatrix (in the small intestine) are two of the most damaging.

A graph is specifically designed to represent the relationship between two or more sets of quantitative data, typically plotted along a horizontal (x-axis) and vertical (y-axis). While charts can show quantitative data (like a pie chart), graphs are generally considered a more precise and accurate tool for this purpose, especially for showing trends and relationships. Flash cards and flannel boards are teaching aids not primarily used for accurate data representation. Quick Tip: Graphs (like line graphs or scatter plots) are ideal for showing the precise relationship between variables, making them the most accurate tool for quantitative data.

A diorama is a three-dimensional, scenic representation of a scene, often in miniature, with models of figures against a painted background. It aims to recreate a scene from reality or fiction. A model is a representation of a single object, while a specimen is an original sample. Quick Tip: Think of museum exhibits that show historical events or natural habitats in 3D—those are dioramas.

A committee is a body of persons delegated to consider, investigate, take action on, or report on some matter. It is specifically formed by a larger group to bring together knowledgeable individuals for a detailed examination of a particular issue. Quick Tip: A committee is a 'group with a mission'. It's formed to tackle a specific task that requires expert attention.

Microfinance is a category of financial services targeted at individuals and small businesses who lack access to conventional banking and related services. It includes microcredit (small loans), savings, and insurance, all designed for low-income individuals. Quick Tip: 'Micro' means small. Microfinance refers to small-scale financial services for people who can't access large banks.

The Lab to Land Programme (LLP) was launched by the Indian Council of Agricultural Research (ICAR) in 1979 on the occasion of its Golden Jubilee. The program's objective was to improve the economic condition of small and marginal farmers and landless agricultural laborers by transferring proven and viable technologies. Quick Tip: The Lab to Land Programme was a major initiative by ICAR to bridge the gap between agricultural research (the 'lab') and farmers (the 'land').

A thematic map is a map that focuses on a specific theme or subject area. Geographic Information Systems (GIS) are the primary tools used to create thematic maps. GIS software allows users to capture, store, manipulate, analyze, manage, and present spatial or geographic data, making it ideal for creating maps that visualize data related to a specific theme like population density or soil type. Quick Tip: GIS is the technology behind modern digital mapping. If a map is showing a specific 'theme' (like rainfall patterns), it was likely made using GIS.

A code is a system of rules to convert information—such as a letter, word, or phrase—into another form or representation, often shortened or secret, for communication. Language itself is a code where sounds and symbols represent meanings. Morse code is another example where signals (dots and dashes) represent letters. Quick Tip: Think of Morse code or computer code. Both are systems of signals (dots/dashes or 1s/0s) used to communicate information.

Macroeconomics is the branch of economics that studies the behavior and performance of an economy as a whole. It focuses on aggregate changes in the economy such as unemployment, growth rate, gross domestic product (GDP), and inflation. Microeconomics, in contrast, focuses on individual economic agents like households and firms. Quick Tip: 'Macro' means large-scale. Macroeconomics looks at the big picture: entire countries' economies, GDP, and inflation. 'Micro' looks at small parts: individual businesses and consumer choices.

In economics, wealth refers to the stock of all goods (and services) that have utility, are scarce, and are transferable. These goods are valuable because they can satisfy human wants. A commodity is a single, undifferentiated good. Value is a measure of worth, but wealth is the collection of all such valuable items. Quick Tip: Wealth isn't just money. In economics, it's the total collection of all useful, scarce, and transferable things that satisfy our wants.

A Co-operative society is an autonomous association of persons united voluntarily to meet their common economic, social, and cultural needs and aspirations through a jointly-owned and democratically-controlled enterprise. Key principles include voluntary membership and democratic member control (one member, one vote), which ensures equal rights. Quick Tip: The key ideas of a co-operative are 'voluntary' and 'democratic control'. It's all about members working together for mutual benefit.

Let's match the items:

A. HMT (Hindustan Machine Tools): This is a well-known Public sector company in India. So, A matches with II.
B. Milk union: Milk unions, like Amul, are classic examples of a Co-operative society. So, B matches with IV.
C. Fixed capital: Fixed capital refers to assets and capital investments that are not consumed or destroyed in the production of a good, such as a Building. So, C matches with I.
D. Regional market: A regional market's scope is defined by a geographical area, such as a Town or a group of towns. So, D matches with III.

The correct matching is A-II, B-IV, C-I, D-III. Quick Tip: For matching questions, start with the easiest pair to match. HMT being a public sector company is a well-known fact and can quickly narrow down the options.

Floating capital (or circulating capital) refers to assets that can be easily converted or adapted for different uses or purposes. This includes things like cash, raw materials, or generic machinery that isn't specialized for a single task. Sunk capital, by contrast, is capital that cannot be recovered or used for an alternative purpose once invested. Quick Tip: Think 'floating' as in not tied down. Floating capital can be moved or used for different things, unlike 'sunk' capital which is stuck in one investment.

Flock mating is a system where males and females are kept together in a group (a flock) and are allowed to mate naturally. A common ratio in poultry is one rooster for every 10-20 hens. Stud mating involves taking the female to the male for a supervised mating. Quick Tip: 'Flock mating' is simple: the whole flock lives and mates together. This is the most common natural mating system in commercial poultry.

Curled toe paralysis is a classic clinical sign of Riboflavin (Vitamin B2) deficiency in young chicks. The deficiency affects the sciatic nerve, leading to the characteristic inward curling of the toes. Quick Tip: Remember the 'R' in Riboflavin for 'cuRled' toes. This specific symptom is strongly associated with Vitamin B2 deficiency in chicks.

Let's match the market types with their corresponding examples or scope:

A. Retail market: This is where goods are sold directly to the Final consumers. So, A matches with III.
B. Local market: This market is confined to a small geographical area, such as a Village. So, B matches with IV.
C. World market: This involves international trade, governed by bodies like the World Trade Organization. So, C matches with II.
D. Capital market: This is a market for financial assets. While 'Books' is not a perfect match, in the context of financial markets, "books" can refer to order books or ledgers of securities. Among the given options, it's the most plausible, albeit unusual, pairing. A better option for Capital market would be 'stocks' or 'bonds'. Assuming it refers to financial books of account. So, D matches with I.

The correct sequence is A-III, B-IV, C-II, D-I. Quick Tip: Focus on the clear matches first. Retail markets serve final consumers, and local markets are village-level. This will help you eliminate incorrect answer choices.

Financing is one of the essential functions of marketing. It involves the acquisition and management of capital required to perform all other marketing activities, such as storage, transportation, and advertising. Quick Tip: Raising money (capital) for any business activity is, by definition, financing.

Farm management is the science and art of organizing and managing a farm and its resources to achieve the highest possible continuous profit. It encompasses all activities related to decision-making for the use of land, labor, and capital on a farm, including crop raising and livestock units. Quick Tip: Farm management is the 'business side' of farming. It involves all the planning and decision-making for everything that happens on the farm.

Chlorine-based sanitizers (like sodium hypochlorite) are widely used in the meat industry because they are effective against a broad spectrum of microorganisms, are relatively inexpensive, and act quickly. While other sanitizers like Quats and peroxides are used, chlorine compounds remain one of the most suitable and common choices for surface and equipment sanitation in meat processing plants. Quick Tip: Chlorine is a powerful, cheap, and fast-acting disinfectant, making it a go-to choice for the demanding hygiene standards of the meat industry.

Antemortem (before death) inspection is a critical step in meat safety. Regulations in most countries, including the guidelines by the Food Safety and Standards Authority of India (FSSAI), stipulate that animals intended for slaughter must be rested and examined by a veterinarian within 24 hours of slaughter to ensure they are healthy and fit for human consumption. Quick Tip: The standard waiting period for antemortem inspection is one full day (24 hours) to allow animals to rest and to check for any signs of disease that might have been masked by the stress of transport.

HACCP (Hazard Analysis and Critical Control Points) is a systematic preventive approach to food safety. There are seven principles of HACCP. The first three are:

(A) (A) Conduct a hazard analysis: Identify potential hazards.
(B) (B) Determine the Critical Control Points (CCPs): Find the points in the process where control can be applied to prevent or eliminate a hazard.
(C) (C) Establish critical limits: Set the maximum or minimum value to which a parameter must be controlled at a CCP.

"Food manufacturing" (D) is the industry where HACCP is applied, but it is not a principle of HACCP itself. Therefore, only A, B, and C are correct principles. Quick Tip: HACCP is a system of analysis and control. "Food manufacturing" is the subject of that system, not a part of it. The first three steps are Hazard Analysis, finding Control Points, and setting Critical Limits.

The application of high pressure to food is a non-thermal preservation technique known as Pascalisation, or High-Pressure Processing (HPP). This method inactivates pathogenic and spoilage microorganisms by disrupting their cellular functions without using heat, which helps to maintain the food's freshness, flavor, and nutritional value. The name is derived from Blaise Pascal, who studied the effects of pressure on fluids. Quick Tip: The unit of pressure is the Pascal (Pa). This makes it easy to remember that the food processing method using high pressure is called Pascalisation.

The Phosphatase test is the standard method used to verify that milk has been properly pasteurized. The enzyme alkaline phosphatase is naturally present in raw milk and is destroyed at the temperature and time combination required for pasteurization. If the test detects the presence of this enzyme, it indicates that the milk was either not heated to the correct temperature or has been contaminated with raw milk after pasteurization. Quick Tip: Think of the phosphatase enzyme as an indicator. If it's destroyed, the "bad" bacteria were likely destroyed too. A negative phosphatase test means pasteurization was successful.

The standard and humane sequence of operations in a poultry slaughtering unit is as follows:

(A) A. Stunning: The bird is first rendered unconscious.
(B) C. Bleeding (Exsanguination): The bird is bled while it is unconscious.
(C) B. Scalding: The carcass is dipped in hot water to loosen the feathers.
(D) D. Evisceration: The internal organs are removed from the carcass.

Therefore, the correct sequence is A, C, B, D. Quick Tip: The process follows a logical flow: make unconscious, remove blood, prepare for feather removal (scalding), and finally, remove the organs.

The egg yolk's primary function is to provide nutrients for the developing embryo. By dry weight, it is composed mainly of lipids (fats), which make up over 60% of the yolk's dry matter and serve as the main energy source. While the yolk is also a rich source of proteins (about 33% of dry matter) and vitamins, lipids are the most abundant component. Quick Tip: A simple way to remember is: egg white is almost pure protein and water, while the yolk is a rich mix of fats (lipids) and protein. The fats are the most significant component of the yolk by weight.

Streptococcus agalactiae and Streptococcus uberis are well-known bacterial pathogens that cause mastitis, which is the inflammation of the mammary gland or udder in dairy cattle and other mammals. It is one of the most common and costly diseases in the dairy industry. Quick Tip: The species name agalactiae literally translates to "no milk," which is a direct hint about the disease it causes—mastitis affects milk production in the udder.

A broiler is a chicken (male or female) that is specifically bred and raised for meat production. They are slaughtered at a young age, typically between 6 and 10 weeks, once they have reached a target market weight, which fits the description given in the question. A capon is a castrated male, and a rooster is a mature adult male. Quick Tip: "Broilers" are raised for "broiling" or other cooking methods. This term is specific to chickens produced for meat.

Let's match the terms from List-I to the most appropriate term in List-II.

A. Probiotic: This is a beneficial microorganism. Lactobacillus acidophilus is a classic example of a probiotic bacterium. So, A matches with II.
C. Fowl: This is a general term for birds, but in this context, it refers to the domestic chicken. Gallus domesticus is the scientific name for the domestic chicken. So, C matches with IV.
D. Starter feed: This is a specific type of feed formulated for very young animals. It is given to Chicks. So, D matches with I.
B. Hen: By elimination, Hen must match with Broilers. A hen is an adult female chicken. A broiler is a young chicken raised for meat, which can be male or female. Within the given options, this is the intended pairing. So, B matches with III.

The correct combination is A-II, B-III, C-IV, D-I. Quick Tip: For matching questions, solve the most definitive pairs first. "Fowl" matching its scientific name and "Probiotic" matching a known bacterium are the easiest connections to make.