UP Board Class 12 Nagrik Shastra Question Paper 2024 with Answer Key (Code 323 ER)

The Soviet Union collapsed on December 26, 1991, marking the end of the Cold War. This led to the formation of multiple independent states, replacing the USSR.
Quick Tip: The Soviet Union was officially dissolved on December 26, 1991, marking a significant event in world history.

The USA and Soviet Union became dominant after WWII, leading to the Cold War.Both engaged in ideological conflicts, military alliances, and nuclear arms races.
Quick Tip: Post-World War II, the USA and the Soviet Union emerged as superpowers, initiating the Cold War era.

The Open Door Policy was introduced by the USA for China in 1899-1900. It aimed to ensure equal trading opportunities for all nations in China.
Quick Tip: The Open Door Policy was proposed by the US for China in the late 19th century to promote equal trade opportunities.

South Asia includes India, Pakistan, Bangladesh, Nepal, Bhutan, Sri Lanka, Maldives, and Afghanistan. China belongs to East Asia, separate from the South Asian region.
Quick Tip: China is located in East Asia, not South Asia.

The World Social Forum (WSF) was established in 2001 in Brazil. It serves as a platform to critique neoliberal globalisation and advocate for social justice.
Quick Tip: The World Social Forum was established as a counter-event to the World Economic Forum, opposing neoliberal globalisation.

Indira Gandhi introduced the slogan “Garibi Hatao” during the 1971 elections.This aimed to implement social welfare programs and economic reforms for poverty alleviation.
Quick Tip: Indira Gandhi launched anti-poverty programs as part of her political strategy during her tenure.

Charu Majumdar led the Naxalbari uprising in West Bengal in 1967. The movement aimed to initiate an armed peasant revolution based on Maoist ideology.
Quick Tip: Charu Majumdar is considered one of the founders of the Naxalite movement in India, starting in 1967.

The Act was enacted in 1956 to reorganize Indian states based on linguistic lines.It led to the creation of new states like Andhra Pradesh, Karnataka, and Maharashtra.
Quick Tip: The States Reorganisation Act of 1956 was a major reform of the boundaries of India's states and territories, organizing them along linguistic lines.

The Mandal Commission recommended 27% reservations for OBCs in government jobs. V.P. Singh’s government implemented the report in 1990, sparking protests and debates.
Quick Tip: V.P. Singh implemented the Mandal Commission report in 1990, leading to significant political and social changes in India.

Goa was liberated from Portuguese rule in 1961 but remained a Union Territory. On May 30, 1987, Goa became the 25th state of India.
Quick Tip: Goa was liberated from Portuguese rule in 1961 but became a state of India much later in 1987.

End of Cold War and emergence of multiple independent states.
Quick Tip: The Soviet Union's collapse had global geopolitical impacts.

Global warming's impact on multiple countries prompted international cooperation.
Quick Tip: Environmental issues require global solutions.

Advances in technology and communication have fueled globalization.
Quick Tip: Technology connects markets globally.

UNESCO (United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization).
Quick Tip: UNESCO promotes global education, science, and culture.

United States and Russia.
Quick Tip: Permanent members have veto power.

Arunachal Pradesh and Nagaland.
Quick Tip: North-East India shares borders with multiple countries.

Government formed by multiple political parties sharing power.
Quick Tip: Coalitions are common in multiparty systems.

Ethnic tensions and political unrest are prevalent.
Quick Tip: Manipur's issues require sensitive political solutions.

Hyderabad and Kashmir.
Quick Tip: Annexation debates shaped modern India's borders.

Assassinated by Nathuram Godse in 1948.
Quick Tip: Gandhi's assassination was a pivotal moment in Indian history.

India advocates for sustainable development and emphasizes Common but Differentiated Responsibilities (CBDR) in addressing climate change. It supports global agreements like the Paris Agreement, focusing on renewable energy, afforestation, and emission reductions. India urges developed nations to take greater responsibility while promoting domestic initiatives such as National Action Plan on Climate Change (NAPCC) and International Solar Alliance (ISA). Balancing economic growth with ecological sustainability, India encourages green technologies and adaptation strategies for vulnerable communities.
Quick Tip: India's environmental stance involves balancing growth with ecological sustainability.

Common Property Resources (CPR) are natural resources like forests, pastures, water bodies, fisheries, and grazing lands that are owned and managed collectively by a community rather than individuals or the government. They are crucial for sustaining rural livelihoods, supporting biodiversity, and ensuring equitable resource distribution. Overexploitation due to lack of clear ownership can lead to resource depletion. Proper community-based management and government policies help in preserving these resources for sustainable development and long-term ecological balance.
Quick Tip: Understanding CPR is crucial for managing shared natural resources.

Globalisation fosters economic growth, technological advancements, cultural exchange, and international trade. It enables better access to goods, investment opportunities, and services, leading to higher productivity and efficiency. By integrating markets, it helps developing countries benefit from foreign investments, job creation, and knowledge transfer. However, challenges like income inequality, job displacement, and environmental degradation must be managed. Governments must ensure that globalisation is inclusive, sustainable, and beneficial for all sections of society.
Quick Tip: Globalisation drives growth and interdependence among nations.

The Bahujan Samaj Party (BSP) was founded in 1984 by Kanshi Ram to represent Dalits, Scheduled Castes (SCs), Scheduled Tribes (STs), and Other Backward Classes (OBCs). Its objective is to promote social justice, political empowerment, and economic upliftment of marginalized groups. The BSP advocates reservation policies, equality in education and employment, and the abolition of caste-based discrimination. Under the leadership of Mayawati, the party has played a key role in Indian politics, especially in Uttar Pradesh.
Quick Tip: The BSP focuses on empowering historically marginalized communities.

India’s nuclear policy is based on the"No First Use" (NFU) doctrine and focuses on peaceful applications of nuclear energy. It prioritizes energy security through nuclear power generation, reducing dependence on fossil fuels. India follows strict non-proliferation measures while maintaining a minimum credible deterrence** to safeguard national security. The Nuclear Suppliers Group (NSG) waiver allowed India to expand civil nuclear cooperation. India's three-stage nuclear program emphasizes thorium-based reactors, ensuring long-term energy sustainability.
Quick Tip: India's nuclear policy balances power generation and national security.

The National Emergency of 1975, declared by **Prime Minister Indira Gandhi, cited “internal disturbance” as the primary reason. Economic instability, political protests, and growing opposition led to concerns about national security. The Allahabad High Court verdict questioning Indira Gandhi’s election further escalated the crisis. The emergency curtailed civil liberties, censored the press, and allowed preventive detention. It was seen as a period of authoritarian rule, leading to widespread criticism and opposition, ultimately resulting in the defeat of the Congress in 1977 elections.
Quick Tip: The 1975 Emergency is a controversial chapter in Indian democracy.

The liberation of Bangladesh was precipitated by the political and military escalation following the 1970 general elections in Pakistan, where the East Pakistan-based Awami League won a majority. The refusal of the ruling West Pakistani authorities to hand over power led to widespread civil unrest and a brutal military crackdown, known as Operation Searchlight. The situation escalated into a full-scale war for independence, supported by India, following a massive refugee crisis and reports of human rights abuses. The conflict culminated in the creation of Bangladesh after India's military intervention in December 1971.
Quick Tip: The Bangladesh Liberation War was a result of political, cultural, and linguistic repression.

Jawaharlal Nehru, as India's first Prime Minister, played a crucial role in shaping India's foreign policy. His vision was grounded in non-alignment, aiming to keep India away from the Cold War polarities between the US and the Soviet Union. Nehru advocated for peace and cooperation, promoting the Panchsheel principles of peaceful coexistence. He was instrumental in founding the Non-Aligned Movement, giving voice to newly independent countries during a time of great global tension. His policies were marked by efforts to maintain sovereignty and independence in decision-making at the international level.
Quick Tip: Nehru's foreign policy was characterized by non-alignment and advocacy for global peace.

The causes of dispute between India and Pakistan primarily stem from historical, territorial, and religious conflicts. The partition of British India in 1947 created the two states on communal lines, leading to significant migration and violence. The core issue has been the contested region of Kashmir, claimed by both countries but divided by a de facto boundary, the Line of Control. Subsequent wars and conflicts have exacerbated the tensions, along with issues like water sharing from common rivers and political rivalry.
Quick Tip: Understanding the India-Pakistan conflict requires a multi-dimensional approach including historical, territorial, and religious perspectives.

India's policy of non-alignment, formulated during the Cold War, remains relevant as it continues to navigate complex international relations among global superpowers. By maintaining strategic autonomy, India leverages its diplomatic flexibility to engage with all nations without being tied to any major power bloc. This approach allows India to prioritize its national interests, foster diverse alliances, and advocate for issues like climate change, terrorism, and global trade on its own terms. The evolving geopolitical landscape with emerging multipolar world dynamics reaffirms the significance of non-alignment in protecting and promoting India's sovereign interests globally.
Quick Tip: Non-alignment helps India maintain autonomy in an increasingly multipolar world order.

The Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN) was formed on August 8, 1967. Four of its member countries include Indonesia, Malaysia, Singapore, and Thailand. India and ASEAN have developed a strong partnership, especially since India became a sectoral dialogue partner in 1992 and a full dialogue partner in 1996. The relationship has been shaped by shared cultural ties and the promotion of peace and prosperity in the region. India views ASEAN as a key component of its Act East Policy, which seeks to enhance economic cooperation, trade, and investment. ASEAN countries, on the other hand, view India as a crucial strategic partner in the Asia-Pacific region.

The relationship has seen growth in areas such as trade, with ASEAN being India's fourth-largest trading partner. Additionally, India and ASEAN countries collaborate on issues such as regional security, counter-terrorism, and sustainable development. The Mekong-Ganga Cooperation initiative is a noteworthy example of India-ASEAN cooperation, promoting connectivity and development between India and the countries of the Mekong region. Furthermore, annual summits and high-level meetings provide opportunities to deepen bilateral and multilateral cooperation, emphasizing the importance of a rules-based international order. As the Indo-Pacific region becomes more strategic, India’s partnership with ASEAN continues to strengthen its position in the global arena.
Quick Tip: India's Act East Policy focuses on enhancing both economic and strategic ties with ASEAN to promote regional stability and cooperation.

China’s rise as a global power is characterized by its rapid economic growth, strategic diplomacy, and military expansion. Economically, China has become one of the world’s largest economies, with an emphasis on industrialization, technological innovation, and global trade. China’s Belt and Road Initiative (BRI) is a key element of its foreign policy, aimed at enhancing trade routes and strengthening China’s influence across Asia, Africa, and Europe.

Diplomatically, China has become increasingly assertive, especially in multilateral platforms like the United Nations, where it exercises significant influence due to its permanent membership and veto power. Its growing relations with developing nations have also bolstered its global presence.

Militarily, China has modernized its armed forces, expanding its naval presence and asserting territorial claims, particularly in the South China Sea. These actions have led to tensions with neighboring countries and the United States. Furthermore, China’s engagement in regional and global security matters, including counter-terrorism and cyber security, enhances its position as a leading global player.

China’s rise has shifted the global power dynamics, challenging the traditional influence of Western powers, particularly the United States. As China strengthens its role in international governance, it faces both cooperation and rivalry, marking its growing influence in global geopolitics.
Quick Tip: China’s economic and military expansion is reshaping international relations, driving shifts in global power structures.

The declaration of National Emergency in India in 1975 had a major impact on the nation’s political and constitutional landscape, particularly in terms of Fundamental Rights and the relationship between the Executive and the Judiciary. The emergency led to the suspension of key Fundamental Rights, especially under Articles 19, 21, and 22. Civil liberties were severely curtailed, with political dissent being suppressed, and numerous political leaders were arrested. The writ of habeas corpus, which allows individuals to seek judicial remedy against illegal detention, was also suspended, as seen in the landmark ADM Jabalpur case, where the Supreme Court upheld the government’s actions. This decision was a turning point in the relationship between the Executive and the Judiciary, with the Judiciary unable to act as a check on the government’s power.

The aftermath of the Emergency brought significant constitutional reforms, including the 44th Amendment Act of 1978, which made the declaration of National Emergency more difficult and restored certain Fundamental Rights. The Act also emphasized judicial review and reinforced the Judiciary’s role in safeguarding democracy. In response to the crisis, the relationship between the Executive and Judiciary was recalibrated, ensuring a more robust framework for judicial independence.

Thus, the National Emergency underscored the need for a balanced separation of powers, with a strong and independent Judiciary playing a critical role in preserving democratic principles and protecting civil liberties, even in times of crisis.
Quick Tip: The Emergency era highlights the importance of judicial independence in safeguarding democracy and human rights during crises.

The declaration of National Emergency in India on 25th June 1975 had significant repercussions on Fundamental Rights and the relationship between the Executive and the Judiciary. During the Emergency, civil liberties were suspended, and fundamental rights under Articles 19, 21, and 22 were curtailed. The government gained sweeping powers, including the authority to arrest individuals without trial, leading to widespread detentions, censorship of the media, and suppression of political opposition.

A critical consequence was the curtailment of judicial power. The famous ADM Jabalpur case (1976) illustrated this, where the Supreme Court upheld the suspension of the right to seek a writ of habeas corpus. This decision, often criticized, demonstrated the Executive’s control over the Judiciary during the Emergency, sidelining judicial review and oversight of government actions.

The aftermath of the Emergency led to the 44th Amendment Act of 1978, which reintroduced safeguards for Fundamental Rights. It made the declaration of National Emergency more difficult and ensured that rights like the right to life (Article 21) could not be suspended during an emergency, except in situations of external aggression or war.

The Emergency period fundamentally altered the balance of power between the Executive and Judiciary, emphasizing the need for an independent Judiciary to prevent authoritarian rule. It also highlighted the importance of Constitutional safeguards to prevent the misuse of emergency powers and the erosion of democratic principles.
Quick Tip: The 44th Amendment Act of 1978 restored judicial safeguards to protect fundamental rights, reinforcing the importance of checks and balances in governance.