UP Board Class 12 Nagrik Shastra Question Paper 2024 with Answer Key (Code 323 EQ)

The disintegration of the Soviet Union was due to a combination of economic pressures, including stagnation and the failure of economic reforms, as well as administrative and political deadlock, which resulted from the rigidities of the central bureaucratic system and the conflicting interests within the union and its satellite states.
Quick Tip: To answer questions on historical events, correlate the given options with key known facts and consider their combined implications.

The Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN) was formed on August 8, 1967, in Bangkok, Thailand by the five original member countries: Indonesia, Malaysia, Philippines, Singapore, and Thailand.
Quick Tip: For questions about the formation of organizations, remember key dates and founding members.

The majority group in Sri Lanka is the Sinhalese, who account for around 75% of the country's population. They predominantly follow Buddhism and are the largest ethnic group in the country. The Tamils, another significant ethnic group, mostly reside in the northern and eastern parts of Sri Lanka. There have been ethnic tensions between the Sinhalese and Tamils, leading to a civil war that lasted from 1983 to 2009.

In terms of religion, Sinhalese are predominantly Buddhist, while Tamils are mainly Hindus, although there is a significant Christian minority in both groups. Quick Tip: Understanding the demographic composition of a country can aid in analyzing its social and political dynamics.

Bangladesh was formed in 1971 after a bloody liberation war, which was primarily fought between the Pakistani military and the Bengali population of East Pakistan, now Bangladesh. The war followed the declaration of independence by Sheikh Mujibur Rahman, and it resulted in Bangladesh's independence after a nine-month conflict.

The year 1971 marked the creation of Bangladesh as a separate nation following its split from Pakistan, which had been formed in 1947 after the partition of India. The independence of Bangladesh was achieved with the support of India, which intervened in the war on behalf of the Bengali people.
This event was significant not only for Bangladesh but for South Asian geopolitics, marking a new chapter in the region's history. Quick Tip: Remember significant historical events and their dates for accurate recall in exams.

The fourth summit of the "World Social Forum" was held in Mumbai, India, in 2004. This forum brought together global social movements, activists, and organizations that aim to address social, political, and economic inequalities. The event in Mumbai was significant as it was a platform for discussing alternative globalisation, social justice, and human rights. The forum was attended by activists from all over the world, demonstrating India's growing role in global civil society. Quick Tip: Link the location of international events with their themes to improve memory retention.

Jayaprakash Narayan, also known as JP, is regarded as the father of the “Total Revolution”. In the 1970s, he initiated a movement in India advocating for systemic change in the political, social, and economic spheres. The Total Revolution aimed at establishing a more just and egalitarian society. His ideas were a reaction against the growing corruption and mismanagement during the Emergency period, and he worked for a complete transformation of India's social and political structure. Quick Tip: Relate historical figures to their key movements or ideologies for easier recall.

The States Reorganisation Act, 1956, was passed to reorganise the boundaries of Indian states based on linguistic lines. As a result of this Act, 14 states and 6 union territories were formed. The restructuring was done to address the aspirations of different linguistic communities and ensure smoother governance. Some states were merged, and new ones were created based on the need for regional autonomy. The process significantly impacted the political landscape of post-independence India. Quick Tip: For questions involving legislative acts, focus on the year and the major outcomes.

The Emergency in India was declared under Article 352 of the Indian Constitution in 1975 by then-President Fakhruddin Ali Ahmed on the advice of Prime Minister Indira Gandhi. Article 352 allows the President to proclaim a National Emergency if the security of India or any part of it is threatened by war, external aggression, or armed rebellion. The 1975 Emergency led to widespread political repression and curtailment of civil liberties. Quick Tip: Remember key constitutional articles and their implications to understand governance mechanisms.

Operation Blue Star was an Indian military operation carried out in 1984 in Punjab to remove armed Sikh militants who were holed up in the Golden Temple complex in Amritsar. The operation, which aimed to apprehend militants and remove weapons stored in the holiest shrine of Sikhism, resulted in significant casualties and damage to the temple. The operation led to widespread unrest and contributed to the assassination of Prime Minister Indira Gandhi later that year. Quick Tip: Link significant military operations to their locations and causes for deeper understanding.

The Mandal Commission was set up in 1979 by the Government of India under the chairmanship of B.P. Mandal. Its main objective was to identify the socially and economically backward classes (OBCs) in India and recommend ways to provide them with affirmative action for their advancement in society. The Commission’s report, submitted in 1980, proposed the reservation of 27% of government jobs for OBCs, a recommendation that sparked significant political and social debates. Quick Tip: Understanding the purpose of commissions can aid in grasping social reform initiatives in India.

The European Union (EU) was established to promote economic cooperation and integration among its members. The aim was to create a single market allowing for the free movement of goods, services, capital, and people, thus ensuring peace, stability, and economic prosperity in Europe.
Quick Tip: Understanding the fundamental goals of international organizations can provide insights into their actions and policies.

Two examples of changes in food items in India due to globalization are:

1. The introduction of international fast-food chains such as McDonald's and KFC, which popularized burgers and fried chicken.

2. The availability of exotic fruits like kiwi and avocado, previously rare in Indian markets.
Quick Tip: Link the presence of global brands and their products to the concept of globalization.

The World Health Organization (WHO) is a specialized agency of the United Nations responsible for international public health. Its main objective is to ensure the highest possible level of health for all people by coordinating international health activities and responding to health emergencies.
Quick Tip: Remembering the roles of major international organizations can enhance understanding of global health and governance.

Two main causes of the dispute between India and China are:

1. Border disputes, particularly over the Aksai Chin and Arunachal Pradesh regions.

2. Political tensions, including differing views on Tibet and each country's strategic alliances.
Quick Tip: Focus on geographic and historical contexts to understand international disputes.

Two major organs of the United Nations are:

1. The General Assembly, which is the main deliberative organ where all member states have representation.

2. The Security Council, responsible for maintaining international peace and security.
Quick Tip: Knowing the structure of international organizations like the UN can help in understanding how global governance works.

Two reasons for the appointment of the States Reorganisation Commission in India were:

1. To address the demands for creating states on linguistic lines.

2. To streamline administrative efficiency by reorganizing state boundaries according to language and culture.
Quick Tip: Relate administrative changes to cultural and linguistic factors for a comprehensive understanding of political geography.

The Emergency in 1975 was declared under Article 352 of the Indian Constitution by then-President Fakhruddin Ali Ahmed on the advice of Prime Minister Indira Gandhi. The Emergency was proclaimed on the grounds of "internal disturbance" which the government linked to widespread protests and a growing political crisis.

It was one of the most controversial periods in Indian political history as it led to the suspension of civil liberties, censorship of the media, and political repression. During this time, opposition leaders were arrested, and elections were postponed. The Emergency remained in effect until 1977, when it was lifted after widespread protests and a change in the political landscape. This period marked a significant turning point in Indian democracy. Quick Tip: Connect significant historical events with key figures involved for better recall.

The concept of 'Total Revolution' introduced by Jayaprakash Narayan in 1975 called for a comprehensive reform of all aspects of Indian society, including its political, economic, and social systems, advocating for non-violent and peaceful change.
Quick Tip: Link concepts of social movements with their foundational principles and objectives.

Goa, which was a Portuguese colony, was liberated on December 19, 1961, following a military operation called Operation Vijay. The operation was carried out by the Indian Army to end Portuguese rule over Goa, Daman, and Diu, which had continued for over 450 years. The operation was initiated after diplomatic efforts to negotiate with Portugal had failed. Under the command of Major General K. P. Candeth, the Indian forces successfully captured the region with minimal casualties. The liberation of Goa was a significant event in the Indian freedom struggle, as it marked the end of colonialism in India and the integration of Goa into the Indian Union. Quick Tip: Remember dates of key historical events and their impacts on national boundaries and sovereignty.

The main problem of Manipur has been ethnic conflict and insurgency. The region has been historically home to various ethnic groups, such as Meiteis, Nagas, and Kukis, leading to tensions over issues like territorial claims, autonomy, and cultural recognition. The insurgency problem began in the 1950s, with demands for a separate state or greater autonomy from certain groups. Over time, various insurgent groups, some of which have been backed by external forces, have waged armed conflict against the Indian state. These conflicts have often been exacerbated by the state's response, leading to human rights violations and a cycle of violence. Despite several peace initiatives, ethnic strife and insurgent activity continue to affect the socio-political stability of the region. Quick Tip: Analyzing regional conflicts requires understanding of the ethnic, cultural, and political contexts involved.

Environmental concerns are crucial in global politics because they affect all nations, regardless of borders. Issues like climate change, biodiversity loss, and pollution require collective action and international cooperation to effectively manage and mitigate impacts on ecosystems and human health.
Quick Tip: Understanding the interdependence of global environmental issues can highlight the importance of international collaboration.

The principle of "Common But Differentiated Responsibilities" (CBDR) is associated with environmental law and policy, particularly in the context of climate change. It acknowledges that while all nations are responsible for addressing global environmental problems, not all bear the same level of responsibility or have the same capacity to act. Developed nations are typically expected to take a greater role due to their higher historical emissions and greater technological and financial capacities.
Quick Tip: Link principles like CBDR to international treaties like the Kyoto Protocol for better understanding.

Globalisation refers to the process of increased interconnectedness and interdependence among countries, typically characterized by free trade, the global movement of capital, and the exchange of culture and ideas. Examples include the spread of technology such as the internet, which connects people globally, and multinational corporations like Apple and McDonald's, which operate worldwide.
Quick Tip: Recognize how globalisation affects daily life through products, services, and cultural exchange.

In today's globalized world, the complexity of international relations and the multiplicity of issues such as security threats, economic crises, and environmental challenges necessitate alliance politics. Alliances, such as NATO or the United Nations, allow countries to pool their resources, coordinate their actions, and enhance their influence, thus achieving goals that might be difficult to accomplish unilaterally.
Quick Tip: Consider how alliances can leverage collective strength to address shared challenges.

After the declaration of Emergency in India in 1975, significant changes occurred in the governance system, including a drastic increase in the power of the executive branch, particularly the Prime Minister, at the expense of the judiciary and legislature. Civil liberties were suspended, press freedom was curtailed, and political dissent was suppressed, leading to a more authoritarian style of governance.
Quick Tip: Study the impacts of political decisions on the structure and function of government systems.

India's Non-Alignment policy, established during the Cold War, was characterized by its decision not to align with or against any major power blocs, namely the US and the USSR. The policy aimed to maintain national independence, autonomy in foreign affairs, and to promote peace and security through non-alignment in global conflicts, thus allowing India to focus on its development agenda.
Quick Tip: Link historical foreign policies to their broader geopolitical contexts.

The South Asian Association for Regional Cooperation (SAARC) was established in 1985 to promote regional economic and social development among its member states. It comprises Afghanistan, Bangladesh, Bhutan, India, Maldives, Nepal, Pakistan, and Sri Lanka. While SAARC has facilitated cooperation in areas such as education, healthcare, and cultural exchange, it has largely failed to achieve significant economic and political integration. The ongoing conflict between India and Pakistan has hindered decision-making and regional collaboration. Trade within SAARC remains low due to mutual distrust, restrictive trade policies, and poor connectivity. Furthermore, the organization lacks strong enforcement mechanisms, making it difficult to implement agreements effectively. Despite its limitations, SAARC continues to play a role in disaster management and regional dialogue, albeit with limited influence compared to other regional organizations.
Quick Tip: Evaluate regional organizations not just by their goals but by their actual impact and the challenges they face.

The United Nations (UN) was established in 1945 to maintain international peace and security, promote human rights, and support global development. In the present world order, it plays a crucial role in conflict resolution through peacekeeping missions, diplomatic interventions, and humanitarian aid. The UN agencies, such as the WHO and UNESCO, contribute significantly to global health and education. However, the effectiveness of the UN is often questioned due to the dominance of the five permanent members of the Security Council, who exercise veto power, leading to political deadlocks. The UN has faced challenges in responding to emerging global crises, including climate change, cybersecurity threats, and regional conflicts. While it remains a key platform for international cooperation, reforms are needed to enhance its decision-making and effectiveness.
Quick Tip: Understanding the structure and functions of the UN can help in analyzing its influence on global issues.

Indian Foreign Policy is based on the principles of peaceful coexistence, strategic autonomy, and global engagement. The four key characteristics include:


1. Non-Alignment: India follows a policy of not aligning with any major power bloc, allowing it to maintain diplomatic flexibility and independence.

2. Panchsheel Principles: India emphasizes mutual respect for sovereignty, non-aggression, non-interference, equality, and peaceful coexistence in international relations.

3. South-South Cooperation: India actively promotes collaboration among developing nations, especially in trade, technology transfer, and development programs.

4. Strategic Autonomy: India maintains independent decision-making in foreign relations, balancing ties with global powers like the USA, Russia, and China.


These principles have shaped India's role in global governance, economic diplomacy, and security cooperation.
Quick Tip: Link foreign policy characteristics to specific historical and contemporary events for a deeper understanding.

The problem of Jammu and Kashmir originates from the partition of India in 1947, territorial disputes between India and Pakistan, and ethnic diversity within the region. The main causes include:


1. Historical Dispute: Pakistan claims Kashmir based on religious majority, while India asserts its legal accession in 1947.

2. Cross-border Terrorism: Pakistan-based militant groups have contributed to instability in the region.

3. Internal Unrest: Some groups in Kashmir demand greater autonomy or independence, leading to security challenges.

4. Article 370 and its Abrogation: In 2019, India revoked Article 370, removing Jammu and Kashmir’s special status to integrate it fully with India.


The Indian government is addressing these issues through economic development, strengthening security measures, and promoting local governance. However, diplomatic challenges with Pakistan and internal unrest remain major concerns.
Quick Tip: Analyze conflict resolution strategies in terms of both their immediate effects and long-term impacts.

The European Union (EU) is one of the most influential international organizations, with significant economic, political, legal, and diplomatic power. The four key factors that contribute to its strength are:


1. Economic Strength: The EU is one of the world’s largest economic blocs, with a combined GDP exceeding \(16 trillion\). It operates a single market, facilitating free movement of goods, services, capital, and people among member states. The euro, used by 19 of the 27 member countries, strengthens its global economic influence.


2. Political Influence: The EU plays a crucial role in shaping international policies on trade, climate change, and human rights. Through its extensive network of treaties and diplomatic engagements, it holds significant sway in global governance. The European Parliament and European Commission collectively formulate policies that impact not just Europe but the entire world.


3. Legal Framework: The EU has a well-developed legal system that governs trade, human rights, and regulatory policies across its member states. The European Court of Justice ensures legal consistency and enforces EU laws, making them binding for all members. This legal coherence strengthens its ability to negotiate international agreements.


4. Diplomatic Reach: The EU maintains diplomatic relations with most countries and is actively involved in peacekeeping and humanitarian efforts. It negotiates trade agreements with major economies and acts as a mediator in global conflicts, increasing its geopolitical importance.


The combination of economic integration, political influence, legal strength, and diplomatic outreach makes the EU a dominant global entity.
Quick Tip: Consider the multifaceted nature of power in international relations, encompassing economic, political, and legal aspects.

The India-Pakistan dispute is one of the most complex international conflicts, primarily centered around Kashmir but also fueled by historical grievances, religious differences, and geopolitical factors. The key causes of the dispute include:


1. Kashmir Issue: The root of the conflict lies in the princely state of Jammu and Kashmir, which was claimed by both India and Pakistan after independence in 1947. Multiple wars and ongoing skirmishes have worsened tensions.


2. Cross-Border Terrorism: Pakistan-based militant groups have carried out attacks in India, escalating hostilities and reducing diplomatic engagement.


3. Water Disputes: The Indus Waters Treaty governs water sharing, but disputes arise over dam constructions and river diversions.


4. Religious and Historical Divide: The partition of British India in 1947 resulted in deep-seated animosities that continue to influence relations.


Steps to Resolve the Conflict:


1. Bilateral Talks: Regular diplomatic engagements and peace dialogues can help reduce tensions.

2. International Mediation: Involvement of global organizations like the UN can help negotiate settlements.

3. Confidence-Building Measures (CBMs): Cultural exchanges, economic cooperation, and joint security initiatives can foster trust.

4. Economic Integration: Strengthening trade and business ties can create interdependencies that deter conflict.


A long-term resolution requires political will, economic cooperation, and people-to-people engagement to establish lasting peace.
Quick Tip: For complex international issues, consider both diplomatic and non-diplomatic approaches to conflict resolution.

The First and Second Five-Year Plans played a fundamental role in shaping India's economic development after independence.


First Five-Year Plan (1951-1956):


1. Focus on Agriculture: Recognizing food shortages, the plan prioritized agricultural expansion, irrigation, and land reforms. Major dams like Bhakra Nangal were constructed.

2. Community Development: Rural upliftment programs were initiated to modernize villages.

3. Inflation Control: Policies were introduced to stabilize prices and manage demand.

4. Modest Industrial Growth: While primarily agrarian, the plan also encouraged small-scale industries.

5. Achievements: Agricultural output increased significantly, laying the foundation for food security.


Second Five-Year Plan (1956-1961):


1. Industrialization Strategy: The plan emphasized heavy industries, steel plants, and manufacturing.

2. Mahalanobis Model: A growth model focusing on capital goods industries was adopted.

3. Public Sector Expansion: Major industries were nationalized to strengthen economic self-reliance.

4. Infrastructure Development: Railways, roads, and power projects received significant investments.

5. Achievements: Industrial production increased, but the plan led to a fiscal deficit and inflation.


Together, these plans laid the foundation for India's mixed economy, balancing agriculture with industrial growth.
Quick Tip: Understanding the objectives of historical economic policies can provide insights into a nation's development trajectory.

At the time of independence, India faced competing visions of development:


1. State vs. Market Debate: Some leaders, like Jawaharlal Nehru, advocated for a socialist state-driven model, while others supported a free-market approach.

2. Agriculture vs. Industry: There was debate on whether to prioritize agricultural self-sufficiency or industrial expansion.

3. Foreign Investment Dilemma: Some policymakers wanted to attract foreign capital, while others feared dependence on Western economies.

4. Public vs. Private Sector: The role of the government in managing industries was contested.


Resolution:


1. A Mixed Economy Model was adopted, integrating state control with private enterprise.

2. Five-Year Plans were introduced, balancing agricultural and industrial growth.

3. The government took charge of critical industries while allowing private sector participation.


These decisions shaped India's long-term economic trajectory, blending socialist and capitalist principles.
Quick Tip: Examining historical debates on development can reveal the roots of current economic policies and challenges.