KCET 2022 Biology A1 Question Paper With Answer Key And Solutions PDF

Step 1: Urine formation begins with filtration of blood plasma.
Step 2: This occurs in the glomerulus, a tuft of capillaries in the nephron.
Step 3: High pressure forces water, ions, urea, glucose into Bowman's capsule → glomerular filtrate.
Step 4: PCT, DCT, collecting duct handle reabsorption/secretion, not filtration.
Hence, filtration takes place only in the glomerulus. Quick Tip: Urine formation steps: 1. Glomerular filtration (Glomerulus) 2. Tubular reabsorption (PCT, Loop of Henle, DCT) 3. Tubular secretion (DCT, Collecting duct)

Step 1: The brain has left and right cerebral hemispheres.
Step 2: Corpus callosum is a broad band of ~200 million nerve fibers.
Step 3: It connects left ↔ right cerebral hemispheres for coordination.
Step 4: Cerebellum is connected via cerebellar peduncles; spinal cord via medulla oblongata.
Thus, only (D) is correct. Quick Tip: - Corpus Callosum → Lateral integration (left-right brain) - Cerebellar Peduncles → Cerebrum ↔ Cerebellum - Brainstem → Brain ↔ Spinal cord

Step 1: Menstrual cycle → shedding of uterine lining (menstruation).
Step 2: Occurs in primates (humans, apes, monkeys).
Step 3: Other mammals (cow, tiger, rat) have estrous cycle → endometrium reabsorbed, no bleeding.
Hence, only apes exhibit menstrual cycle. Quick Tip: - Menstrual cycle → Primates (visible bleeding) - Estrous cycle → Most mammals (no bleeding)

Step 1: Dioecious → male and female flowers on separate plants.
Step 2:
- Papaya: Male, female, hermaphrodite plants → dioecious.
- Mango, Cucurbita, Coconut: Both flowers on same plant → monoecious.
Hence, only papaya is dioecious. Quick Tip: - Dioecious: ♂ and ♀ on different plants - Monoecious: ♂ and ♀ on same plant

Step 1: Stamen = anther (pollen) + stalk.
Step 2: Stalk is called filament.
Step 3:
- Petiole → leaf stalk
- Peduncle → inflorescence axis
- Pedicel → flower stalk
Only filament is part of stamen. Quick Tip: - Stamen: Anther + Filament - Flower stalk: Pedicel - Inflorescence stalk: Peduncle

Step 1: Ovule is the female reproductive unit in angiosperms.
Step 2: Contains nucellus (tissue), integuments, and megaspore mother cell (MMC).
Step 3: MMC → meiosis → megaspore → embryo sac.
Step 4: Entire ovule is homologous to megasporangium in lower plants.
Hence, ovule = megasporangium. Quick Tip: - Ovule = Megasporangium + Integuments - MMC → inside nucellus → forms megaspore

Step 1: Polygonum type (common) embryo sac:
- Megaspore → 3 mitotic divisions → 8 nuclei.
Step 2: Arrangement:
- 3 antipodals
- 2 synergids
- 1 egg cell
- 1 central cell (2 polar nuclei → binucleate)
Step 3: Total: 7 cells, 8 nuclei.
Hence, (D) is correct. Quick Tip: Embryo sac (Polygonum type): - 7 cells: 3 antipodal + 2 synergid + 1 egg + 1 central (2 nuclei) - 8 nuclei total

Step 1: Excavation at Masada (King Herod’s fortress), near Dead Sea.
Step 2: Date palm seed (~2000 years old) found.
Step 3: Germinated in 2005 → named “Methuselah”.
Step 4: Scientific name: Phoenix dactylifera.
Hence, (D) is correct. Quick Tip: Oldest viable seed: Phoenix dactylifera (Date palm) → ~2000 years Location: Masada, Israel

Step 1: Spermatogenesis needs 2–3°C below body temperature (37°C).
Step 2: Scrotum keeps testes outside abdomen → cooler environment.
Step 3:
- Sperm storage → epididymis
- Hormone secretion → Leydig cells
- Release → vas deferens
Only temperature regulation is the primary reason. Quick Tip: - Scrotum → Thermoregulation for sperm production - Pampiniform plexus → Cools arterial blood

Step 1: Parts of fallopian tube:
- Infundibulum → funnel end
- Fimbriae → finger-like projections
- Isthmus → narrow part near uterus
Step 2: Labia minora → part of external genitalia (vulva).
Step 3: (A), (B), (C) → internal; (D) → external.
Hence, labia minora is the odd one. Quick Tip: Fallopian tube parts: Infundibulum → Fimbriae → Ampulla → Isthmus Labia minora → Vulva (external)

Step 1: Fetal development timeline:
- 4th month: Limbs fully formed, heartbeat detectable.
- 5th month: Quickening (first fetal movements felt by mother), lanugo (fine hair) appears on head and body.
- 8th month: Subcutaneous fat increases, hair thickens.
Hence, first movements + hair on head → 5th month. Quick Tip: - Quickening: 18–20 weeks (~5th month) - Lanugo: Appears at ~5th month, sheds by 7–8th month

Step 1: Normal WBC differential count:
- Neutrophils: 50–70% (most abundant)
- Lymphocytes: 20–40%
- Monocytes: 2–8%
- Eosinophils: 1–4%
- Basophils: 0.5–1%
Step 2: Neutrophils → first responders in bacterial infection.
Hence, most abundant → neutrophils. Quick Tip: WBC order (abundance): Neutrophils > Lymphocytes > Monocytes > Eosinophils > Basophils ("Never Let Monkeys Eat Bananas")

Step 1:
- Bulbil: Vegetative bud → Agave (correct).
- Conidia: Asexual spores → Penicillium, not Hydra.
- Spores: Sexual/asexual → Ferns, not sponges.
- Gemmules: Internal buds → Sponges, not Amoeba.
Hence, only (A) is correct. Quick Tip: - Bulbil: Agave, Garlic - Gemmule: Sponges - Conidia: Fungi - Budding: Hydra

Step 1:
- RCH: Reproductive & Child Health (program)
- MTP: Medical Termination of Pregnancy
- RTI: Reproductive Tract Infection
- ART: Assisted Reproductive Technology (IVF, IUI, ZIFT, GIFT)
Step 2: To treat infertility → ART.
Hence, (D) is correct. Quick Tip: - Infertility treatment: ART (IVF, ICSI, etc.) - Contraception: MTP, IUD - Health programs: RCH

Step 1: Amniocentesis: Sampling of amniotic fluid (16–18 weeks).
Step 2: Contains fetal cells → karyotyping → sex determination, genetic disorders (Down’s, thalassemia).
Step 3:
- Cell culture → secondary use
- Heart/brain disease → ultrasound
Hence, primary use → sex & genetic diagnosis. Quick Tip: - Amniocentesis: 16–18 weeks → Fetal cells → Karyotype - Chorionic Villus Sampling (CVS): 10–12 weeks - Banned in India for sex determination

Step 1: Human evolution:
- Australopithecus → Homo habilis (2.4–1.4 mya)
- Homo habilis: "Handy man", used stone tools, first in Homo genus.
- Homo erectus: Later, used fire.
- Homo sapiens: Modern humans.
Hence, first human-like → Homo habilis. Quick Tip: Human evolution order: H. habilis → H. erectus → H. sapiens

Step 1:
- XY system (humans): Male = XY (heterogametic), Female = XX (homogametic)
- XO system (grasshopper): Male = XO (heterogametic), Female = XX
Step 2: In both, male produces two types of gametes → male heterogamety.
Hence, (B) is correct. Quick Tip: - Male heterogamety: XY, XO, XY (male produces X & Y or X & O) - Female heterogamety: ZW (birds)

Step 1: Mendelian disorders: Gene mutations → single gene (thalassemia, haemophilia, cystic fibrosis).
Step 2: Non-Mendelian: Chromosomal abnormalities → Down’s syndrome (trisomy 21).
Hence, (D) is non-Mendelian. Quick Tip: - Mendelian: Sickle cell, Haemophilia - Non-Mendelian: Down’s, Turner’s, Klinefelter’s (aneuploidy)

Step 1: Klinefelter’s syndrome: XXY male.
Step 2: Symptoms:
- Tall, underdeveloped testes
- Gynecomastia (breast development due to estrogen imbalance)
Step 3: Turner’s (XO) → female, no gynecomastia.
Hence, (D) is correct. Quick Tip: - Klinefelter’s (XXY): Male + gynecomastia, sterile - Turner’s (XO): Female, short, infertile

Step 1: Pedigree symbols:
- Square → Male
- Circle → Female
- Shaded → Affected
- Unshaded → Normal
Step 2: Affected male → shaded square.
Hence, (A) is correct. Quick Tip: Pedigree: - Male: □ (normal), ■ (affected) - Female: ○ (normal), ● (affected)

Step 1: The diagram typically shows DNA wrapped around histone octamer with a linker.
Step 2: This structure is "beads on a string" → nucleosome.
Step 3:
- Chromosome: Condensed chromatin
- Mesosome: Bacterial membrane infolding
- Ribosome: Protein synthesis organelle
Hence, the diagram is nucleosome. Quick Tip: - Nucleosome = DNA + Histone octamer (H2A, H2B, H3, H4) × 2 - "Beads on a string" → 11 nm fiber

Step 1: Placenta secretes:
- hCG (maintains corpus luteum)
- hPL (human placental lactogen)
- Progestogens (progesterone)
- Relaxin (late pregnancy)
Step 2: FSH → secreted by anterior pituitary, not placenta.
Hence, (C) is correct. Quick Tip: - Placental hormones: hCG, hPL, Progesterone, Estrogen, Relaxin - Pituitary: FSH, LH, TSH, ACTH

Step 1: Griffith used S (smooth) and R (rough) strains of Streptococcus pneumoniae.
Step 2: Heat-killed S + live R → mice died → transformation.
Step 3: Led to discovery of DNA as genetic material.
Hence, (C) is correct. Quick Tip: - Griffith (1928): S. pneumoniae (R + heat-killed S → virulent) - Avery, MacLeod, McCarty (1944): DNA is transforming principle

Step 1: Total codons = \(4^3 = 64\)
Step 2:
- 3 stop codons: UAA, UAG, UGA → no amino acid
- 61 sense codons → code for 20 amino acids (degenerate code)
Hence, 61 codons code for amino acids. Quick Tip: - 64 codons total - 61 code amino acids - 3 stop codons - AUG: Start + Methionine

Step 1: DNA fingerprinting uses VNTRs (Variable Number Tandem Repeats).
Step 2: These are satellite DNA → highly repetitive, non-coding.
Step 3: Number of repeats varies between individuals → unique pattern.
Step 4: Purine/pyrimidine ratio, DNA amount, fingerprint ridges → not used.
Hence, (A) is correct. Quick Tip: - DNA Fingerprinting: VNTRs (minisatellites) - Alec Jeffreys (1984) - Probe + Southern blot + Autoradiography

Step 1:
- P. falciparum: Cerebral malaria, high parasitemia, most fatal.
- P. vivax: Benign tertian, relapses
- P. malariae: Quartan, chronic
- P. ovale: Mild, rare
Step 2: Causes blackwater fever, multi-organ failure.
Hence, most infectious & fatal → P. falciparum. Quick Tip: - P. falciparum: Malignant tertian, cerebral, fatal - P. vivax: Benign tertian, Duffy antigen

Step 1: Type I hypersensitivity → mediated by IgE.
Step 2: Allergen → binds IgE on mast cells/basophils → histamine release.
Step 3:
- IgG, IgM: Immunity
- IgA: Mucosal
Hence, allergy → IgE. Quick Tip: - Allergy: IgE → Mast cell degranulation → Histamine - Anaphylaxis: Severe IgE reaction

Step 1: Anabolic steroids → androgenic effects in females.
Step 2: Causes:
- Deep voice
- Facial hair
- Enlarged clitoris → masculinisation
Step 3: Liver damage possible, but masculinisation is classic in females.
Hence, (C) is correct. Quick Tip: - Anabolic steroids in females: Virilization (masculinisation) - In males: Gynecomastia, testicular atrophy

Step 1: Opiates → derived from opium poppy (Papaver somniferum).
Step 2:
- Morphine, Heroin, Codeine → opiates
- Amphetamines: Stimulants
- Barbiturates: Sedatives
- LSD: Hallucinogen
Hence, morphine is opiate narcotic. Quick Tip: - Opiates: Morphine, Heroin (CNS depressant, analgesic) - Cannabinoids: Marijuana - Cocaine: Stimulant

Step 1: Swiss cheese → made with Propionibacterium shermanii.
Step 2: Ferments lactic acid → propionic acid + CO₂.
Step 3: CO₂ forms large bubbles → holes (eyes) in cheese.
Step 4: Not methane, not fungus, not machine.
Hence, (A) is correct. Quick Tip: - Swiss cheese holes: CO₂ by Propionibacterium - Roquefort: Penicillium roqueforti (blue veins)

Step 1: LAB → Lactic Acid Bacteria (e.g., Lactobacillus) used in curd formation.
Step 2: During fermentation, LAB synthesizes Vitamin \(B_{12}\) (cobalamin).
Step 3:
- Vitamin C → not produced
- Vitamin E → fat-soluble, not microbial
- Vitamin B → vague; \(B_{12}\) is specific
Hence, Vitamin \(B_{12}\) increases in curd. Quick Tip: - Curd (Yogurt): LAB → ↑ Vitamin \(B_{12}\), folate - Sauerkraut, Kimchi: Also ↑ \(B_{12}\)

Step 1: Oily stains → lipids/fats.
Step 2: Lipase → hydrolyzes triglycerides → glycerol + fatty acids.
Step 3:
- Amylase: Starch
- Renin: Milk clotting (not in laundry)
- Protease: Proteins
Hence, lipase removes oily stains. Quick Tip: - Detergent enzymes: – Lipase → Oil – Protease → Protein (blood, egg) – Amylase → Starch

Step 1: Meselson & Stahl (1958) used E. coli.
Step 2: Grew in \(^{15}\)NH₄Cl → heavy DNA → transferred to \(^{14}\)N medium.
Step 3: Density gradient centrifugation → hybrid band after one generation → semiconservative replication.
Hence, first shown in E. coli. Quick Tip: - Meselson-Stahl: \(^{15}\)N → \(^{14}\)N → Hybrid DNA - Conservative: HH + LL - Dispersive: All intermediate

Step 1: Sequence: \(5^{\prime}\)-GAATTC-\(3^{\prime}\) \(3^{\prime}\)-CTTAAG-\(5^{\prime}\)
Step 2: Reads same on complementary strand in opposite direction → palindrome.
Step 3: Recognized by EcoRI (restriction enzyme).
Step 4: Not replication, codon, or mutation.
Hence, palindromic sequence. Quick Tip: - Palindrome: 5'-GAATTC-3' = 3'-CTTAAG-5' (reverse complement) - EcoRI: Cuts between G and A

Step 1: Agarose gel electrophoresis → DNA moves toward anode (negative charge).
Step 2: Smaller fragments move faster → separate by size.
Step 3:
- Ligation → recombinant DNA
- Restriction enzyme → cutting
- PCR/Extraction → isolation
Hence, separation by size. Quick Tip: - Gel electrophoresis: – Small DNA → travels far – Large DNA → stays near well

Step 1: Vector has ampicillin resistance gene (ampᵣ).
Step 2: Only transformed cells (took up plasmid) grow on ampicillin plate.
Step 3: Non-recombinants also grow → use insertional inactivation (e.g., lacZ).
Step 4: First selection → transformed cells.
Hence, (D) is correct. Quick Tip: - Selectable marker: ampᵣ, tetᵣ → selects transformants - Blue-white screening: X-gal → recombinants (white)

Step 1: RNAi → dsRNA introduced.
Step 2: Dicer cuts dsRNA → siRNA (21–23 nt).
Step 3: RISC uses siRNA → degrades complementary mRNA.
Step 4: ssDNA, ssRNA, dsDNA → not used.
Hence, dsRNA triggers RNAi. Quick Tip: - RNAi pathway: dsRNA → Dicer → siRNA → RISC → mRNA cleavage

Step 1: Cry-IAC → Bt toxin from Bacillus thuringiensis.
Step 2: Specific to lepidopteran larvae (butterflies/moths).
Step 3: Cotton bollworm (Helicoverpa armigera) → lepidopteran → controlled by Cry-IAC.
Step 4:
- Cry-IIAB: Nematodes
- Corn borer: Cry-IA (different)
Hence, cotton bollworms. Quick Tip: - Cry-I: Lepidoptera (bollworm) - Cry-II: Diptera + Lepidoptera - Cry-III: Coleoptera (beetle)

Step 1: ADA → Adenosine Deaminase → needed in T-lymphocytes.
Step 2: Deficiency → SCID (no immunity).
Step 3: Bone marrow → source of hematopoietic stem cells → produce healthy lymphocytes.
Step 4: First gene therapy → ADA gene into lymphocytes.
Hence, bone-marrow transplantation. Quick Tip: - ADA deficiency: SCID - Treatment: Bone marrow transplant or Gene therapy

Step 1: Population change = (Births + Immigration) – (Deaths + Emigration)
Step 2:
- Births (natality) = 25
- Deaths (mortality) = 24
- Immigration = 2
- Emigration = 3
Step 3: \[ \Delta P = (25 + 2) - (24 + 3) = 27 - 27 = 0 \]
Hence, net increase = 0. Quick Tip: - Population growth: \(\Delta P = (B + I) - (D + E)\) - Zero growth: \(B + I = D + E\)

Step 1: Molecular scissors → cut DNA at specific sites.
Step 2: Restriction enzymes (e.g., EcoRI, HindIII) recognize palindromic sequences and cleave DNA.
Step 3: Used in rDNA technology for cloning.
Step 4: Polymerases → synthesize DNA/RNA, not cut.
Hence, restriction enzyme. Quick Tip: - Restriction enzyme → "Molecular scissors" - Ligase → "Molecular glue"

Step 1:
- Diurnal: Active during day (e.g., humans, birds).
- Nocturnal: Active at night (e.g., owls).
- Crepuscular: Dawn/dusk.
Step 2: Vesporal, Cresporal, Auroral → not standard terms.
Hence, diurnal. Quick Tip: - Diurnal → Day - Nocturnal → Night - Crepuscular → Twilight

Step 1: Deserts: High temperature + very low rainfall (<25 cm/year).
Step 2: (D) says more rainfall + low temperature → incorrect.
Step 3:
- (A): Grasslands → moderate rain, warm
- (B): Temperature + precipitation → biome distribution
- (C): Tundra → cold, low precipitation
Hence, (D) is incorrect. Quick Tip: - Desert: Hot, <25 cm rain - Tundra: Cold, <25 cm rain - Rainforest: >200 cm rain

Step 1: PAR (400–700 nm) → used in photosynthesis.
Step 2: Of total solar radiation:
- ~50% is PAR
- Plants capture 2–10% of PAR for gross primary productivity.
Step 3: Most energy lost as heat, reflection, transmission.
Hence, 2–10%. Quick Tip: - PAR: 50% of solar radiation - Plants use: 2–10% of PAR - NPP: ~1–2% of solar energy

Step 1: Equation: \( S = cA^Z \)
- \( S \): Species richness
- \( A \): Area
- \( c, Z \): Constants
Step 2: Species-area relationship (Alexander von Humboldt).
Step 3: Log form: \(\log S = \log c + Z \log A\) → straight line.
Hence, species-area relationship. Quick Tip: - \( S = cA^Z \) → Species-area curve - Z: 0.1–0.2 (mainland), 0.6–1.0 (islands)

Step 1: Cuscuta → yellow, leafless vine.
Step 2: Attaches to host stem externally → penetrates via haustoria → absorbs water/nutrients.
Step 3:
- Ectoparasite: Lives outside host (e.g., lice, Cuscuta)
- Endoparasite: Lives inside (e.g., tapeworm)
Hence, ectoparasitism. Quick Tip: - Cuscuta: Stem holoparasite → ectoparasite - Rafflesia: Root endoparasite

Step 1: PM₂.₅ → particles < 2.5 μm.
Step 2: Small size → enter deep into lungs → alveoli → blood.
Step 3: Cause respiratory disease, heart attack, cancer.
Step 4: PM₁₀ (>2.5 μm) → trapped in upper airways.
Hence, < 2.5 μm → greatest risk. Quick Tip: - PM₂.₅: < 2.5 μm → lung alveoli - PM₁₀: < 10 μm → nose/throat - WHO limit: PM₂.₅ < 10 μg/m³ (annual)

Step 1: Homeostasis → maintaining stable internal conditions (pH, temperature, ions).
Step 2:
- Thermoregulation: Temperature
- Osmoregulation: Water/salt
- Metastasis: Cancer spread
Step 3: Homeostasis includes all.
Hence, homeostasis. Quick Tip: - Homeostasis → "Same standing" (Claude Bernard) - Feedback loops: Negative (most), Positive (rare)

Step 1: BSE → Mad Cow Disease.
Step 2: Caused by prions → misfolded PrP proteins.
Step 3: No nucleic acid → resistant to heat, radiation.
Step 4: Human form → vCJD.
Hence, prions. Quick Tip: - Prions: Proteinaceous infectious particles - Diseases: BSE, CJD, Kuru, Scrapie

Step 1: Red algae (Rhodophyta):
- Pigment: Phycoerythrin (red)
- Storage: Floridean starch (similar to glycogen)
Step 2:
- Brown algae: Fucoxanthin, laminarin
- BGA: Phycocyanin, glycogen
- Green algae: Chlorophyll, starch
Hence, red algae. Quick Tip: - Red algae: – Phycoerythrin (red) – Floridean starch – Agar, carrageenan

Step 1: Arthropods show diverse respiratory adaptations:
- Gills: Aquatic (crabs, prawns)
- Book gills: Limulus (horseshoe crab)
- Book lungs: Scorpions, spiders
- Trachea: Insects
Step 2:
- Sponges → no organs
- Annelids → moist skin
- Molluscs → gills, ctenidia
Hence, only arthropods have all four. Quick Tip: - Arthropod respiration: – Aquatic: Gills – Terrestrial: Trachea, book lungs, book gills

Step 1: Colchicine → alkaloid used in polyploidy induction.
Step 2: Extracted from corms of Colchicum autumnale (autumn crocus).
Step 3: Inhibits spindle formation → arrests mitosis at metaphase.
Hence, Colchicum. Quick Tip: - Colchicine source: Colchicum autumnale - Use: Polyploidy, gout treatment

Step 1: Setae → locomotion in earthworm.
Step 2: Present in all segments except:
- 1st segment (peristomium)
- Last segment (anus)
- Clitellar segments (14–16) → no setae
Step 3: Clitellum → gland for cocoon.
Hence, first, last, and clitellum. Quick Tip: - Earthworm setae: – Absent in 1st, last, 14–16 (clitellum) – S-shaped, 4 pairs/segment

Step 1: Cell Theory (1838–1839):
- M.J. Schleiden (plants)
- Theodor Schwann (animals)
Step 2: Postulates:
1. All organisms made of cells
2. Cell → basic unit of life
Step 3: Rudolf Virchow (1855): "Omnis cellula-e-cellula".
Hence, Schleiden and Schwann. Quick Tip: - Cell Theory: – Schleiden (1838): Plants – Schwann (1839): Animals – Virchow (1855): Cell division

Step 1: Cotton fiber → seed hair of Gossypium.
Step 2: Composed of >90% cellulose (β-1,4 glucose polymer).
Step 3:
- Starch → storage (plants)
- Glycogen → animal storage
- Insulin → hormone
Hence, cellulose. Quick Tip: - Cotton: Cellulose (95%) - Jute: Lignin + cellulose - Silk: Protein

Step 1: Crossing over → exchange of genetic material in pachytene.
Step 2: Recombinase (e.g., Spo11, RAD51) → forms Holliday junction.
Step 3:
- Endonuclease → cuts DNA
- Ligase → joins
- Polymerase → fills gaps
But recombinase initiates recombination.
Hence, recombinase. Quick Tip: - Crossing over: – Synaptonemal complex → Recombinase → Chiasma

Step 1: Kranz anatomy → C4 plants.
Step 2: Features:
- Bundle sheath cells with chloroplasts
- Mesophyll → radial chloroplasts
Step 3: Maize → C4 plant.
Pea, tomato, potato → C3.
Hence, maize. Quick Tip: - Kranz anatomy: – C4 plants (maize, sugarcane) – Bundle sheath → CO₂ fixation (PEP carboxylase)

Step 1: RQ = \(\frac{CO_2 produced}{O_2 consumed}\)
Step 2: Glucose: \[ C_6H_{12}O_6 + 6O_2 \rightarrow 6CO_2 + 6H_2O \]
Step 3: \[ RQ = \frac{6}{6} = 1.0 \]
Hence, 1.0. Quick Tip: - RQ values: – Carbohydrate: 1.0 – Fat: 0.7 – Protein: 0.9 – Anaerobic: ∞

Step 1: Epiglottis → cartilage flap.
Step 2: Closes larynx during swallowing → food enters esophagus.
Step 3: If fails → food enters trachea → choking reflex (cough).
Hence, epiglottis. Quick Tip: - Swallowing: – Epiglottis closes larynx – Soft palate closes nasopharynx

Step 1: Binomial nomenclature → Genus + species.
Step 2: Introduced by Carolus Linnaeus in "Systema Naturae" (1758) and "Species Plantarum" (1753).
Step 3:
- Bentham & Hooker → classification
- John Ray → early binomial
Hence, Linnaeus. Quick Tip: - Binomial system: Linnaeus - ICBN/ICZN: Rules for naming - Homo sapiens: Linnaeus