Important Questions for Chapter 8: Human Health and Diseases

Ans: The two major groups of cells that are required to attain a specific immunity in a human are T-lymphocytes and B-lymphocytes.

Ans: Due to AIDS the immune system of the patient is very weak and hence can not fight against any infections.

Ans: Syphilis and Gonorrhea are diseases that are sexually transmitted and also are curable.

Ans: B – lymphocyte cells can produce antibodies

Ans: It is the study of the causes of the diseases and their effects.

Ans: Wuchereria Bancrofti is the scientific name of the causative germ of elephantiasis 

Ans: Gambusia is the name of the fish that helps in the eradication of the mosquito larvae

Ans: Hepatitis B Vaccine

Ans: Health can be defined as a complete state of mental, physical, and social well-being of a human being.

Ans: The action of antigens is neutralized by antibodies in humans.

Ans: Chikungunya and Dengue can be controlled through the eradication of the Aedes mosquito

Ans: Lysozyme, is a lytic enzyme that is present in human saliva and it kills the germs that are present in the food.

Ans: The injection needles when shared between two persons can cause the transmission of Hepatitis B and AIDS from one person to another. So, it is always recommended to use a fresh needle while using injections for different individuals.

Ans: Antihistamine is effective in allergies.

Ans: Skin and Mucous Membrane are the first line of defense in the human body 

Check Out: Difference between antigen and antibody

Ans: Hematuria 

Ans: D.P.T vaccine is an example of an active immunity vaccine

Ans: Four polypeptide chains are present in an antibody molecule

Ans: Von Behring was awarded the Nobel prize for passive immunity.

Ans: Hepatitis – B vaccine

Ans: Angiology is the study of the blood vessels

Ans: BCG vaccine is a preventive measure against Tuberculosis

Ans: Congenital diseases are diseases that are present at the time of birth.

Check Out: Difference between vaccination and immunization

Ans: Thalassemia is caused due to the decreased synthesis of the β-polypeptide chain of hemoglobin

Ans: Throat

Ans: Widal Test is used to detect the presence of Typhoid.

Ans: Mantoux test is the test used for the detection of Tuberculosis

Ans: Penicillin is the antibiotic used in Tetanus injection.

Ans: Leukemia is a blood cancer.

Ans: Antiseptics are the agents used to kill the microbes present on the living surfaces known as

Ans: The difference between active and passive immunity is as tabulated below - 

Ans: Infectious diseases depending on the pathogens are listed as follows:

1. Bacterial Diseases: Pneumonia, Plague, Tetanus, Typhoid, Diphtheria
2. Viral Diseases: Polio, Common Cold, Measles
3. Protozoan Diseases: Amoebiasis, Malaria
4. Helminthic Diseases: Taeniasis, Ascariasis, Filariasis
5. Fungal Diseases: Ringworm

Ans: The application of Antihistamine and Passive immunization are as given below - 

1. Antihistamine: These are the chemicals that are provided against the allergic reactions
2. Passive immunization: These are the ready-made antibodies that are established in the body and they provide a quick immune response in the body.

Ans: Following are the symptoms of a person suffering from an allergic reaction:

1. The appearance of blisters on the skin, the skin becomes red
2. Tissue fluid is accumulated below the skin
3. Inability to breathe and watery eyes
4. High fever
5. Mucous membrane gets affected leading to asthma and cough

Ans: Symptoms are as follows:

1. Sudden high fever
2. Frontal headache becomes severe and causes pain behind the eyes which affect and worsens the movements of the eyes

Ans: Dengue fever can be prevented and treated with the following:

1. Elimination of Mosquitoes and their eggs. Protect the entries by using wire mesh on windows and doors.
2. The affected person should take proper bed rest, and plenty of fluids are recommended
3. Pain Killer medicines are also recommended.
4. There is no specific treatment or vaccine that is available for dengue fever.

Ans: The preventive measures that can be adopted to prevent microbial infections are as follows - 

1. Consumption of healthy food, drinking safe water and pure air
2. Avoiding crowded places
3. Maintaining personal hygiene through vaccine administration

Ans: MRI: Magnetic Resonance Imaging is a medical imaging technique in which a Magnetic field and radio waves are generated by a computer to create a detailed image of the tissues and organs inside a body. It is a non-invasive technique.

CT: Computed Tomography uses X-rays to create medical imaging of the internal images of the body in detail. It is an invasive technique and provides a sectional and 3D picture of any section or body part.

Ans: Antibodies are produced by B-Cells whereas T-Cells help B-cells in the production of those antibodies. These B-cells and T-cells are formed in the bone marrow.

Ans: The immune system of the person will become weak when the thymus gland is removed from the body. T-lymphocytes are developed and matured in the thymus glands. 

Read More: Difference between t cells and b cells

Ans: Two types of tumors are Benign Tumors and Malignant Tumors. The differentiation between the two is as follows:

Ans: The unpleasant characteristic symptoms of the body of a drug addict if the regular drug dosage is discontinued abruptly are called withdrawal symptoms. These symptoms include sweating, shakiness, depression, anxiety, muscular cramps, restlessness, etc.

Ans: Uncontrolled proliferation of the cells without any differentiation in the same. Cancer cells are invasive as these cells are capable of invading other tissues and this ability is known as metastasis. 

Ans: Lifestyle diseases are related to the ways a person lives. It can be caused even due to the lack of exercise, physical activity in the body, or even mental stress. The posture of a person, their specific food habits, work-related ethics, or exposure to any kind of radiation or harmful substances can cause a lifestyle disease. For example Obesity, Cancer, Heart Disease, etc.

Ans: The immunity levels of persons especially children get lowered due to the presence of pollutants in the air. This increases the sensitivity of the body to allergies easily. The presence of dust increases the chances of allergies like running nose, sneezing, watery eyes, or difficulty breathing. The lifestyle of the people in the metropolitan cities makes people more sensitive to these allergies. 

Read More: Vector Borne Diseases

Ans: On smoking tobacco, the adrenal gland is stimulated by nicotine to release adrenaline or nor-adrenaline into blood circulation. These two hormones can cause the blood pressure to increase and thus can lead to a fast or irregular heartbeat. Tobacco smoking can narrow the arteries. It also results in the hardening of the artery walls which can cause a blood clot which can eventually lead to a stroke or a heart attack. 

Smoking tobacco affects and damages the alveoli of the lungs causing a decrease in the surface area for the exchange of gasses in the lungs. This causes the disorder emphysema.

Ans: The differences between T Cells and B Cells can be tabulated as below - 

Ans: To enhance their performance during sports events, sportspersons consume drugs. Thus, it is essential to test for the presence of any drugs in the body of the sportsperson. For this, urine and blood samples are taken before the event for checking the presence of any drugs in the body. These tests are usually done to check the presence of drugs like anabolic steroids, Narcotic analgesics, and diuretics. 

Drugs like Cocaine are obtained from the Erythroxylum coca plant, Caffeine is obtained from the Coffea arabica plant and Narcotics are obtained from the Papaver somniferum plant.

Read More: Plasmodium Life Cycle

Ans: Diagnosis of blood cancer:

1. Blood and bone marrow tests: To check the increase in the count of cells in the case of leukemia
2. Radiography: To detect cancer of the internal organs, X-rays are used.
3. Monoclonal antibodies: For the detection of certain cancers, antibodies are used against cancer-specific antigens.
4. Resonance imaging: Strong magnetic field and non-ionizing radiations are used to check the physiological and pathological changes in the living tissue of the body.
5. Histopathological study or biopsy:  The suspected tissue’s piece is cut into thin sections and is then stained. After that, it is examined by a pathologist under a microscope.
6. Computed tomography: Three-dimensional internal images is generated using X-rays 

Ans: The effects of alcohol and drug abuse are as follows:

1. Excess in the dosage of either drugs or alcohol can lead to coma and death. This can be caused due to heart and respiratory failure or cerebral damage.
2. A combination of drugs or alcohol and their intake can also lead to death.
3. Violence, vandalism, and reckless behavior are the immediate effects of alcohol or drug abuse.
4. Rebellious and aggressive behavior
5. Change in weight of the person
6. The person loses interest in hobbies and personal hygiene
7. It can affect the sleeping or eating habits of the person
8. The person keeps himself isolated from friends and family
9. There is a drop in the academic performance of the person as a side effect of alcohol or drug abuse

The following measures can be used to avoid the usage of drugs:

1. People should avoid getting influenced due to peer pressure.
2. In issues like Stress, disturbance, and failure, one should reach out for counseling.
3. The person should seek peers and family
4. Medical or professional help can be taken by people who are suffering from alcohol or drug addiction so that they can lead a normal and healthy life.

Check Out: Symptoms of Depression

Ans: It is an infectious disease which is caused by Salmonella typhi bacteria and can affect many organs. If not treated on time, it can be fatal. The disease can be caused by the consumption of contaminated water directly or indirectly. The blood cells and the intestinal tract a person get infected due to the bacteria. A Widal test is done to confirm the Typhoid disease. 

Symptoms of Typhoid are as follows:

1. Fatigue and weakness
2. High Fever
3. Headache
4. Sweating
5. Weight loss and loss of appetite
6. Stomach pain

Causes of Typhoid:

1. Consumption of raw fruits and vegetables fertilized with human waste
2. Contaminated water consumption
3. Use a toilet that is contaminated with the bacteria and then touch your mouth before washing your hands.

Treatment of Typhoid:

1. Drinking plenty of fluids
2. Consulting doctor
3. Eating proper meals and at regular intervals

Prevention of Typhoid:

1. Washing hands properly
2. Avoiding the consumption of Untreated or Contaminated water
3. Avoid raw vegetables and fruits