Bihar Board Syllabus 2027: Subject-Wise Topics, Weightage and PDF Download

Laws of chemical combination. Dalton’s atomic theory. Mole concept and Avogadro’s number. Atomic and molecular masses. Empirical and molecular formulae. Stoichiometry and limiting reagent. Percentage composition of compounds.

Discovery of sub-atomic particles. Thomson’s and Rutherford’s models. Bohr’s model of hydrogen atom. Dual nature of matter. Quantum mechanical model. Quantum numbers (n, l, m, s). Shapes of s, p, d orbitals. Aufbau principle. Pauli exclusion principle. Hund’s rule. Electronic configuration of elements.

Mendeleev’s periodic law. Modern periodic law and periodic table. Electronic configuration and periodic trends. Ionization energy. Electron gain enthalpy. Electronegativity. Atomic and ionic radii. Valence and oxidation state trends across periods and groups.

Ionic bond and lattice energy. Born-Haber cycle. Covalent bond. VSEPR theory. Hybridisation (sp, sp², sp³, sp³d). Molecular orbital theory (bonding and anti-bonding orbitals). Resonance. Polarity of bonds. Hydrogen bonding (inter and intramolecular).

Intermolecular forces. Gas laws (Boyle’s, Charles’s, Gay-Lussac’s). Ideal gas equation. Kinetic theory of gases. Real gases: deviation from ideal behaviour and van der Waals equation. Liquefaction. Vapour pressure. Viscosity and surface tension.

System, surroundings, state functions. First law of thermodynamics: internal energy and enthalpy. Hess’s law. Standard enthalpies of formation, combustion, and neutralisation. Second law: entropy and spontaneity. Gibbs energy change and equilibrium. Criteria for equilibrium and spontaneity.

Chemical equilibrium. Law of mass action. Equilibrium constants Kc and Kp. Relationship between Kc and Kp. Le Chatelier’s principle. Ionic equilibrium: Arrhenius, Brønsted-Lowry, and Lewis acids and bases. pH scale. Buffer solutions. Solubility product and common ion effect. Henderson equation.

Oxidation and reduction. Oxidation number rules. Balancing redox equations: ion-electron method and oxidation number method. Types of redox reactions. Applications of redox reactions in daily life and industry.

Position of hydrogen in periodic table. Preparation and properties of dihydrogen. Hydrides: ionic, covalent, and metallic. Properties of water (hard and soft water). Heavy water. Hydrogen peroxide: preparation, structure, uses. Hydrogen as future fuel.

Group 1 (alkali metals): general properties. Important compounds: NaOH, Na₂CO₃, NaCl, NaHCO₃, KNO₃. Group 2 (alkaline earth metals): general properties. Important compounds: CaCO₃, CaO, Ca(OH)₂, plaster of Paris, Mg compounds. Biological importance.

Group 13 (Boron family): properties of boron, borax, boric acid, diborane, aluminium and its compounds. Group 14 (Carbon family): allotropes of carbon, oxides of carbon, silicon dioxide, silicates, zeolites.

Classification and IUPAC nomenclature of organic compounds. Isomerism (structural and stereoisomerism). Electronic effects: inductive, electromeric, resonance, hyperconjugation. Reaction intermediates: carbocation, carbanion, free radical, carbene. Types of organic reactions.

Alkanes: preparation, combustion, halogenation (free radical mechanism). Alkenes: preparation, addition reactions, Markovnikov’s rule, ozonolysis. Alkynes: preparation, acidic character, addition reactions. Benzene: Kekule structure, aromaticity, electrophilic substitution reactions (nitration, halogenation, sulphonation, Friedel-Crafts). Carcinogenicity and toxicity.

Atmospheric pollution (tropospheric and stratospheric). Global warming and greenhouse effect. Acid rain. Ozone layer depletion. Water pollution and water treatment. Soil pollution. Industrial waste. Green chemistry principles as alternative approach.

Types of solutions. Expressing concentration: molality, molarity, mole fraction. Henry’s law for gas solubility. Raoult’s law. Ideal and non-ideal solutions. Colligative properties: lowering of vapour pressure, depression of freezing point, elevation of boiling point, osmotic pressure. Van’t Hoff factor. Abnormal molar masses.

Conductance of electrolytic solutions. Kohlrausch’s law. Galvanic cells. Standard electrode potential. Nernst equation and cell EMF. Gibbs energy and electrochemical cells. Electrolysis: Faraday’s laws of electrolysis. Products of electrolysis. Batteries: primary, secondary (lead storage, Ni-Cd, lithium), fuel cells. Corrosion.

Rate of reaction and factors affecting it. Rate laws and rate constants. Order and molecularity. Integrated rate equations (zero order and first order). Half-life. Pseudo-first-order reactions. Temperature dependence: Arrhenius equation and activation energy. Collision theory of chemical reactions.

Adsorption (physisorption and chemisorption). Freundlich adsorption isotherm. Catalysis: homogeneous and heterogeneous. Enzyme catalysis. Colloids: types, preparation, purification. Properties of colloidal solutions: Tyndall effect, Brownian motion, electrophoresis. Coagulation. Emulsions.

Electronic configuration of transition metals (Groups 3–12). Variable oxidation states. Colour and magnetic properties. Interstitial compounds. Alloy formation. Catalytic properties. Preparation and properties of KMnO₄ and K₂Cr₂O₇. Lanthanides: properties, lanthanide contraction. Actinides.

Werner’s theory. Ligands: types and donor atoms. Coordination number and central metal atom. IUPAC nomenclature. Isomerism: structural (ionisation, linkage, coordination, solvate) and stereoisomerism (geometric and optical). Bonding: valence bond theory and crystal field theory. Colour and magnetic properties. Biological and industrial importance.

Classification and IUPAC nomenclature. Nature of C–X bond. Methods of preparation of haloalkanes and haloarenes. Physical properties. Chemical reactions: nucleophilic substitution (SN1, SN2 mechanisms). Elimination reactions. Polyhalogen compounds: DDT, CHCl₃, CCl₄, freons and their environmental impact.

Classification and nomenclature. Preparation of alcohols (from alkenes, alkyl halides, carbonyl compounds, Grignard reagent). Chemical reactions of alcohols: substitution, elimination, oxidation, esterification. Acidity of phenols. Reactions of phenols: electrophilic substitution, Reimer-Tiemann, Kolbe’s reaction, coupling reaction. Preparation and reactions of ethers.

Nomenclature and structure of carbonyl group. Preparation of aldehydes and ketones. Nucleophilic addition reactions (with HCN, NaHSO₃, Grignard reagent, water). Aldol condensation. Cannizzaro reaction. Clemmensen and Wolf-Kishner reductions. Carboxylic acids: acidity, preparation from various sources, reactions with metals, bases, and alcohols. Fischer esterification. Hell-Volhard-Zelinsky reaction.

Classification and nomenclature. Structure and preparation: from nitro compounds, amides (Gabriel phthalimide synthesis, Hofmann bromamide reaction). Physical properties and basicity. Chemical reactions: acylation, sulphonation, carbylamine reaction. Diazonium salts: preparation, reactions (Sandmeyer’s reaction, coupling). Distinction tests for primary, secondary, and tertiary amines.

Carbohydrates: classification (mono, di, polysaccharides), structure of glucose and fructose, glycosidic linkage, starch, cellulose, glycogen. Proteins: amino acids, peptide bond, primary to quaternary structure, denaturation, enzymes. Vitamins: classification and deficiency diseases. Nucleic acids: DNA and RNA structure, biological functions. Hormones: introduction and classification.

Polymers: classification (natural, semi-synthetic, synthetic; addition and condensation). Addition polymerisation. Condensation polymerisation. Important polymers: polyethene, Teflon, polyacrylonitrile, nylon-6, nylon-6,6, polyester, Bakelite. Natural and synthetic rubber. Biodegradable polymers. Chemistry in everyday life: medicines (analgesics, antibiotics, antiseptics, antacids, antihistamines), food chemicals, cleansing agents.

Electric charges and their conservation. Coulomb’s law. Electric field and field lines. Electric dipole. Electric flux and Gauss’s theorem (applications: infinite wire, sheet, sphere). Electric potential and potential energy. Conductors and insulators. Dielectrics. Capacitors: parallel plate, cylindrical, spherical. Energy stored in a capacitor. Van de Graaff generator.

Electric current and drift velocity. Ohm’s law. Resistance and resistivity. Temperature dependence of resistance. Electrical energy and power. EMF and internal resistance. Kirchhoff’s laws (KVL and KCL). Wheatstone bridge. Metre bridge. Potentiometer (EMF comparison, internal resistance measurement).

Biot-Savart law and applications (circular loop, solenoid). Ampere’s law and toroid. Force on moving charge (Lorentz force). Cyclotron. Moving coil galvanometer (conversion to ammeter and voltmeter). Bar magnet as magnetic dipole. Earth’s magnetism. Dia-, para-, and ferromagnetic substances. Hysteresis.

Faraday’s laws and Lenz’s law. Motional EMF. Eddy currents. Self-inductance and mutual inductance. AC generator. Peak and RMS values. Phasors. Reactance and impedance. LCR series circuit. Resonance. Power factor. LC oscillations. Transformers: step-up and step-down.

Displacement current and Maxwell’s equations (qualitative). Nature and properties of EM waves. EM spectrum: radio waves, microwaves, infrared, visible, ultraviolet, X-rays, gamma rays. Properties and uses of each band of EM spectrum.

Ray optics: reflection at curved surfaces, mirror formula, refraction, Snell’s law, total internal reflection, refraction at spherical surfaces, lens maker’s equation, power of a lens, refraction through a prism, dispersion, scattering, optical instruments (microscope and telescope). Wave optics: Huygens’s principle, reflection and refraction of wavefronts, interference (Young’s double slit experiment), conditions for constructive and destructive interference, diffraction (single slit), polarisation (Brewster’s law, Malus’s law).

Wave-particle duality. Photoelectric effect (Hertz and Lenard observations). Einstein’s photoelectric equation. Work function and threshold frequency. Stopping potential. de Broglie hypothesis and matter waves. Davisson-Germer experiment (confirmation of wave nature of electrons).

Alpha-particle scattering experiment. Rutherford’s nuclear model. Bohr’s model of hydrogen atom. Energy levels and atomic spectra (Lyman, Balmer, Paschen, Brackett, Pfund series). Nuclear composition, size, and density. Mass-energy relation (E = mc²). Binding energy and BE/nucleon curve. Nuclear fission and fusion. Radioactivity: alpha, beta, gamma decay. Radioactive decay law. Half-life and mean life.

Energy bands in solids. Intrinsic and extrinsic semiconductors. p-n junction diode. Diode as half-wave and full-wave rectifier. LED, photodiode, solar cell. Zener diode as voltage regulator. n-p-n and p-n-p transistors in CE configuration. Transistor as amplifier and switch. Logic gates: AND, OR, NOT, NAND, NOR. De Morgan’s theorems.

Elements of a communication system. Bandwidth of signals and transmission media. Propagation of EM waves. Modulation (AM and FM): need and process. Demodulation. Internet and mobile telephony. Satellite communication and GPS basics.

Types of relations: reflexive, symmetric, transitive, equivalence. Types of functions: one-one, onto, bijective. Composition and inverse functions. Inverse trigonometric functions: domain, range, principal value branch, graphs, properties and formulae.

Matrices: types, operations (addition, multiplication), transpose, symmetric and skew-symmetric, invertible matrices, elementary row operations. Determinants: properties, minors and cofactors, expansion along rows/columns, area of triangle, adjoint, inverse, solving system of linear equations by Cramer’s rule and matrix method.

Continuity and differentiability: continuity of functions, chain rule, implicit differentiation, logarithmic differentiation, parametric differentiation, second-order derivative, Rolle’s theorem and Mean Value theorem. Applications of derivatives: rate of change, increasing/decreasing functions, tangents and normals, approximations, maxima and minima. Integrals: indefinite (substitution, partial fractions, integration by parts), definite integrals (properties, fundamental theorem). Applications of integrals: area between curves. Differential equations: order, degree, variable separable, homogeneous, linear first-order (integrating factor method).

Vectors: magnitude, direction, types, algebra, position vectors, dot product, cross product, scalar triple product, coplanar vectors. Three-dimensional geometry: direction cosines and ratios, equation of a line (vector and Cartesian), angle between lines, shortest distance, equation of a plane (various forms), angle between planes, distance from a point to a plane.

Introduction and mathematical formulation of LP problems. Feasible region and graphical method of solution. Corner point method. Types of LP problems: diet, manufacturing, transportation. Maximisation and minimisation of objective function.

Conditional probability. Multiplication theorem on probability. Independent events. Total probability theorem. Bayes’ theorem. Random variable and probability distribution. Mean and variance of a random variable. Bernoulli trials. Binomial distribution.

Reproduction in organisms: asexual types (binary fission, budding, fragmentation, sporulation). Sexual reproduction in flowering plants: flower structure, pollination (self and cross), fertilisation, seed and fruit development, apomixis, polyembryony. Human reproduction: male and female reproductive systems, gametogenesis, menstrual cycle, fertilisation, embryo development, parturition, lactation. Reproductive health: STDs, contraception, MTP, amniocentesis, infertility.

Principles of inheritance and variation: Mendel’s laws, chromosomal theory, linkage and crossing over, sex determination, mutation, genetic disorders (Down’s syndrome, Klinefelter’s, Turner’s). Molecular basis of inheritance: DNA structure (Watson-Crick model), DNA replication, transcription, translation, genetic code, lac operon, Human Genome Project, DNA fingerprinting. Evolution: origin of life, Darwin’s theory, evidence, natural selection, speciation, Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium, adaptive radiation, human evolution.

Human health and diseases: common diseases (malaria, typhoid, pneumonia, AIDS, cancer), innate and acquired immunity, vaccines, drugs and alcohol abuse. Microbes in human welfare: biogas, sewage treatment, antibiotics, biocontrol agents, biofertilisers, industrial microbiology. Food production strategies: plant and animal breeding, biofortification, tissue culture, single cell protein, aquaculture.

Principles and processes of biotechnology: recombinant DNA technology, restriction enzymes, vectors (plasmids, bacteriophage), PCR, gel electrophoresis, bioreactors. Applications: Bt crops (Bt cotton, Bt brinjal), gene therapy, molecular diagnosis (ELISA, DNA probes), transgenic animals, bioremediation, biopiracy and ethical issues.

Organisms and populations: attributes, growth models (logistic and exponential), population interactions (mutualism, predation, parasitism, competition, commensalism, amensalism). Ecosystem: structure, productivity, decomposition, energy flow, food chains and webs, ecological pyramids, nutrient cycling (carbon, phosphorus), ecosystem services. Biodiversity and conservation: hotspots, threats, in situ (protected areas) and ex situ conservation. Environmental issues: air and water pollution, deforestation, solid waste, greenhouse effect, ozone layer depletion, biomagnification.

Central economic problems. Production possibility frontier. Consumer equilibrium (cardinal utility and indifference curve approaches). Demand: law of demand, determinants, price elasticity. Producer equilibrium (MR-MC and TR-TC approaches). Cost curves and returns to a factor. Market forms (perfect competition, monopoly, monopolistic competition, oligopoly). Price determination. Price ceiling and floor. Foreign exchange market. Labour market equilibrium.

Circular flow of income. GDP, GNP, NNP, NDP: measurement methods (product, income, expenditure). Money: functions and supply. Credit creation. Central bank functions (RBI) and monetary policy instruments (Repo Rate, CRR, SLR). Aggregate demand and supply. Investment multiplier. MPC. Deflationary and inflationary gaps. Fiscal policy. Government budget: revenue and capital receipts and expenditure. Fiscal deficit, revenue deficit, primary deficit. Balance of payments: current and capital accounts. Exchange rate determination.

Nature and significance of management. Taylor’s principles of scientific management and Fayol’s administrative principles. Business environment analysis. Planning (types, process). Organising (divisional and functional structure, delegation, decentralisation). Staffing (recruitment, selection, training). Directing (leadership styles, motivation theories – Maslow and Herzberg, Barnard, McGregor; communication). Controlling (relationship with planning, control process).

Financial management: objectives, capital structure, financial planning. Financial markets: money market instruments, capital market, stock exchange, SEBI. Marketing management: concepts, functions, marketing mix (product, price, place, promotion). Consumer protection: Consumer Protection Act 2019, COPRA, rights and responsibilities of consumers.

Partnership deed, fixed and fluctuating capital accounts, profit and loss appropriation account. Goodwill valuation. Admission, retirement, and death of a partner. Dissolution of partnership firm. Share capital: issue at par, premium and discount, forfeiture, reissue. Debentures: issue and redemption. Financial statement analysis, ratio analysis. Cash flow statement (AS-3).

Overview of computerised accounting system. Accounting information system. Database concepts for accounting. Spreadsheets for accounting: creating worksheets, formulas, generating reports. Introduction to accounting software (Tally or equivalent). Generating financial statements using software.