Bihar Board Class 12 Syllabus 2027: Subject Wise Topics, PDF Download and Exam Pattern

Electric charges and conservation, Coulomb’s law, Electric field, Electric dipole, Electric flux, Gauss’s theorem, Conductors and insulators, Dielectrics, Capacitors and capacitance, Parallel plate capacitor, Energy stored in a capacitor, Van de Graaff generator.

Electric current and flow of charges, Ohm’s law, Drift velocity, Electrical resistivity and conductivity, Temperature dependence of resistance, Electrical energy and power, EMF and internal resistance, Combination of cells, Kirchhoff’s laws, Wheatstone bridge, Potentiometer.

Biot-Savart law, Ampere’s law, Force between parallel current-carrying conductors, Torque on a current loop, Moving coil galvanometer, Bar magnet as equivalent solenoid, Earth’s magnetic field and magnetic elements, Diamagnetic/paramagnetic/ferromagnetic substances, Electromagnets and permanent magnets.

Faraday’s laws of induction, Lenz’s law, Eddy currents, Self and mutual inductance, AC Generator, RMS and peak values, LCR series circuit, Resonance, Power in AC circuits, Power factor, Wattless current, Transformer, LC oscillations.

Displacement current, Electromagnetic waves and their characteristics, Transverse nature of EM waves, Electromagnetic spectrum (radio, microwave, infrared, visible, UV, X-rays, gamma rays), Applications of different EM waves.

Reflection and refraction at plane and spherical surfaces, Lens formula, Power and combination of lenses, Refraction through a prism, Scattering of light, Optical instruments (microscope, telescope). Wave optics: Wavefront, Huygens’ principle, Interference of light (Young’s double slit experiment), Diffraction, Resolving power, Polarisation.

Photoelectric effect, Einstein’s photoelectric equation, Photon, Wave nature of matter, de Broglie relation, Davisson-Germer experiment, Heisenberg uncertainty principle.

Rutherford’s nuclear model, Bohr model of hydrogen atom, Hydrogen spectrum, Atomic masses and composition of nucleus, Radioactivity (alpha, beta, gamma), Radioactive decay law, Half-life, Nuclear reactions, Fission and Fusion, Nuclear reactor.

Semiconductors: energy bands, intrinsic and extrinsic. p-n junction diode: I-V characteristics, half-wave and full-wave rectifiers. Zener diode as voltage regulator. Transistor: working, characteristics, transistor as amplifier and switch. Logic gates: OR, AND, NOT, NAND, NOR.

Elements of a communication system (block diagram), Bandwidth of signals and transmission medium, Propagation of electromagnetic waves (sky wave, space wave), Modulation (amplitude and frequency), Internet, Mobile telephony.

Classification of solids, Unit cell and crystal lattice, Packing efficiency, Voids (tetrahedral and octahedral), Density calculation, Point defects (Schottky, Frenkel), Electrical and magnetic properties.

Types of solutions, Concentration terms (molarity, molality, mole fraction, ppm), Solubility, Vapour pressure, Raoult’s law, Colligative properties (relative lowering of vapour pressure, elevation in boiling point, depression in freezing point, osmosis), Abnormal molar masses, Van’t Hoff factor.

Galvanic cells, Standard electrode potential, Nernst equation, Electrochemical series, Conductance in electrolytic solutions, Kohlrausch’s Law, Electrolysis, Faraday’s laws, Batteries (primary and secondary), Fuel cells, Corrosion.

Rate of reaction, Factors affecting rate, Rate expression and rate constant, Order and molecularity, Integrated rate equations, Half-life, Activation energy, Arrhenius equation, Collision theory.

Adsorption (physical and chemical), Adsorption isotherms, Catalysis: homogeneous and heterogeneous, Enzyme catalysis, Colloids: classification, preparation, properties, Emulsions, Applications.

Occurrence and concentration of ores, Extraction (thermodynamic — Ellingham diagram, electrochemical), Refining methods (distillation, electrolytic, zone refining), Uses of aluminium, copper, zinc, iron.

Group 15 (N, P): Oxides and oxoacids of nitrogen, preparation of NH3 and HNO3, PCl3 and PCl5. Group 16 (O, S): Properties of SO2 and H2SO4, oxoacids of sulphur. Group 17 (Halogens): Preparation of Cl2 and HCl, interhalogen compounds. Group 18 (Noble gases): Properties and uses.

Transition metals: general properties, oxidation states, magnetic properties, colour, catalytic properties, interstitial compounds, alloys. Important compounds: K2Cr2O7, KMnO4. Lanthanoids and actinoids: electronic configuration, oxidation states, lanthanoid contraction.

Werner’s theory, Ligands and their types, IUPAC nomenclature, Isomerism, Bonding: VBT and CFT, Colour and magnetic properties, Importance in biological and industrial contexts.

Classification, nomenclature, nature of C–X bond, Preparation, physical and chemical properties, SN1 and SN2 mechanisms, Optical isomerism, Reactions of haloarenes, Uses and environmental effects.

Classification, nomenclature, preparation, physical and chemical properties of alcohols, Acidic nature of phenols, Reactions of phenols (nitration, halogenation, Kolbe’s, Reimer-Tiemann), Ether: preparation and properties.

Nomenclature, preparation, physical properties, Nucleophilic addition reactions, Oxidation and reduction, Aldol condensation, Cannizzaro reaction. Carboxylic acids: preparation, acidity, reactions (esterification, decarboxylation, acyl chloride formation).

Classification, nomenclature, structure, Methods of preparation, Physical and chemical properties, Basicity of amines, Diazonium salts: preparation and importance in synthetic chemistry.

Carbohydrates: classification, glucose and fructose structures, glycosidic bond. Proteins: amino acids, peptide bond, denaturation. Enzymes: mechanism and factors. Vitamins: fat-soluble and water-soluble. Nucleic acids: DNA and RNA structure and biological roles.

Classification based on source, structure, and mode of polymerisation. Addition polymers (polyethylene, Teflon) and condensation polymers (nylon, polyester). Natural rubber and vulcanisation. Biodegradable polymers.

Chemicals in medicines: analgesics, tranquilisers, antiseptics, antibiotics, antacids, antihistamines. Chemicals in food: preservatives, artificial sweeteners. Cleansing agents: soaps and detergents, cleansing action mechanism.

Types of relations (reflexive, symmetric, transitive, equivalence), Types of functions (one-one, onto, bijective), Composition and inverse of functions, Binary operations. Inverse trigonometric functions: range, domain, principal value branches, properties.

Matrices: order, types, operations (addition, multiplication, scalar), transpose, symmetric and skew-symmetric, adjoint and inverse. Determinants: properties, expansion, area of triangle, cofactors, Cramer’s rule, solution of linear equations.

Continuity and differentiability, Derivatives of composite, implicit, exponential, logarithmic and parametric functions, Second-order derivatives, Rolle’s and Mean Value theorems, Applications (tangents and normals, increasing/decreasing functions, maxima and minima). Integration as inverse of differentiation, methods (substitution, by parts, partial fractions), Definite integrals, Area under curves. Differential equations: order, degree, general and particular solutions, variable separable, homogeneous, linear first-order.

Vectors: types, addition, dot product, cross product, scalar and vector triple products. 3D Geometry: direction cosines and ratios, equations of a line and plane in different forms, angle between line and plane, coplanarity, shortest distance between skew lines, distance from a point to a plane.

Introduction to LPP, Related terminology (constraints, objective function, feasible region, corner-point), Mathematical formulation, Graphical method of solution, Different types of problems (diet, manufacturing, transportation).

Conditional probability and properties, Multiplication theorem, Independent events, Total probability, Bayes’ theorem, Random variable and its probability distribution, Mean and variance, Bernoulli trials, Binomial distribution.

Asexual and sexual reproduction in organisms, Sexual reproduction in flowering plants (pollination, fertilisation, endosperm, embryo, seed formation, apomixis, polyembryony), Human reproduction (gametogenesis, fertilisation, implantation, embryonic development, parturition, lactation), Reproductive health (contraception, STIs, MTP, infertility).

Heredity and variation, Mendelian genetics (mono- and dihybrid crosses), Chromosomal theory of inheritance, Sex determination, Linkage and crossing over, Mutation, Molecular basis of inheritance: DNA structure, replication, transcription, translation, gene regulation (lac operon), Human genome project, DNA fingerprinting. Evolution: origin of life, Darwinian and modern theory, Hardy-Weinberg principle, Speciation.

Human health and disease (pathogens, immunity, AIDS, cancer, drugs and alcohol abuse), Microbes in human welfare (dairy, biogas, sewage treatment, industrial products, biocontrol agents), Food production improvement (animal husbandry, plant breeding, biofortification, single-cell protein).

Principles and processes of biotechnology (genetic engineering, tissue culture), Tools: restriction enzymes, vectors, PCR, gel electrophoresis, Recombinant DNA technology steps. Applications in medicine (insulin, gene therapy, molecular diagnostics), agriculture (Bt crops, pest-resistant plants) and environment.

Organism and its environment (abiotic factors, adaptations, population interactions — mutualism, competition, predation, parasitism), Ecosystems (structure, productivity, decomposition, energy flow, ecological pyramids, succession), Biodiversity (types, hotspots, importance, threats, conservation — in situ and ex situ), Environmental issues (air/water pollution, ozone depletion, global warming, deforestation).

Concept and characteristics of management, Management as science, art and profession, Levels of management (top, middle, supervisory), Functional areas of management, Five management functions (planning, organising, staffing, directing, controlling), Coordination — meaning, characteristics, importance and relationship with other management functions.

F.W. Taylor’s Scientific Management: five principles, six techniques (functional foremanship, standardisation and simplification, method study, motion study, time study, differential piece wage system, mental revolution). Henry Fayol’s 14 Principles of Management (division of work, authority and responsibility, discipline, unity of command, unity of direction, subordination of individual interest, remuneration, centralisation, scalar chain, order, equity, stability, initiative, esprit de corps). Comparison between Taylor and Fayol.

Concept and importance of business environment, Features (specific and general forces, interrelatedness, dynamic nature, uncertainty, complexity, relativity), Five dimensions: economic, social, technological, political and legal. Impact of government policy changes — liberalisation, privatisation, globalisation (LPG), demonetisation, GST — with business examples.

Concept, features, importance and limitations of planning. Planning process (setting objectives, developing premises, identifying alternative courses, evaluating alternatives, selecting, implementing, follow-up). Types of plans: objectives, strategy, policy, procedure, method, rule, budget, programme — definitions and distinctions between them.

Concept and importance of organising. Organising process (identification and division of work, departmentalisation, assignment of duties, establishing reporting relationships). Functional and divisional organisational structures — merits and demerits. Formal and informal organisations. Delegation: elements (authority, responsibility, accountability) and importance. Decentralisation: importance and difference from delegation.

Concept, need and importance of staffing as a management function, Staffing process. Recruitment: internal sources (promotions, transfers) and external sources (direct recruitment, advertising, employment agencies, campus recruitment). Selection process steps. Training and development methods: on-the-job (apprenticeship, job rotation, coaching, internship) and off-the-job (vestibule, classroom, correspondence, e-learning).

Concept, importance and elements of directing. Motivation: concept, importance, Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs (physiological, safety, social, esteem, self-actualisation), financial incentives (pay and allowances, bonus, profit-sharing, co-partnership, retirement benefits, perquisites) and non-financial incentives (status, job enrichment, employee recognition, organisational climate, career advancement). Leadership: concept, qualities and styles (autocratic, democratic, laissez-faire). Communication: meaning, importance, types (formal — downward, upward, horizontal; informal — grapevine), barriers and how to overcome them.

Concept, importance and limitations of controlling. Relationship between planning and controlling. Process of controlling (setting performance standards, measuring actual performance, comparing actual with standards, analysing deviations, taking corrective action). Techniques of managerial control: traditional (budgetary control, break-even analysis, financial statements analysis) and modern (ROI, ratio analysis, responsibility accounting, management audit, PERT and CPM).

Concept, role and objectives of financial management (profit maximisation vs wealth maximisation). Financial planning. Capital structure: concept and factors affecting (cash flow position, interest coverage ratio, debt-service coverage ratio, ROE, tax rate, cost of debt, flexibility, control, regulatory framework). Fixed capital: meaning and factors affecting requirements. Working capital: meaning and factors affecting requirements. Dividend decision: factors (earnings, stability of earnings, growth prospects, cash flow, tax liability, shareholder preferences, access to capital market, legal constraints).

Concept and functions of financial markets. Money market: meaning and instruments (treasury bills, commercial paper, call money, certificate of deposit, commercial bill). Capital market: primary market (methods of flotation — public issue/IPO, offer for sale, private placement, rights issue, e-IPO) and secondary market (stock exchange — trading mechanism, dematerialisation). NSE and BSE: features and functions. SEBI: objectives, functions and powers.

Marketing concept (production, product, selling, marketing and societal) and functions. Marketing mix — the 4 Ps: Product (concept, classification, product life cycle, branding, packaging, labelling). Price (factors: cost, demand, competition, objectives, government regulations). Place/Physical Distribution (channels: zero-level, one-level, two-level, three-level; factors affecting choice; warehousing and transportation). Promotion (advertising — merits and demerits; sales promotion — objectives and tools; personal selling — features; public relations — role).

Concept and importance of consumer protection. Consumer Protection Act 2019: provisions and applicability. Rights of consumers (right to safety, right to information, right to choose, right to be heard, right to seek redressal, right to consumer education). Duties of consumers. Consumer redressal agencies: District Consumer Disputes Redressal Commission, State Consumer Disputes Redressal Commission, National Consumer Disputes Redressal Commission. Role of consumer organisations and NGOs.