The fees for BSc Statistics in India vary from INR 500 to INR 2,00,000 per semester. Numerous private and government colleges across the country offer this course. Private colleges generally have higher fees compared to government colleges. Additionally, students need to consider hostel fees, which typically range from INR 2,000 to INR 80,000 annually.
Some of the leading private colleges offering BSc Statistics courses include Sri Subbaraya & Narayana College, Sadguru Gadage Maharaj College, Chhatrapati Shivaji Maharaj University, and Alankar P.G. Girls College. On the other hand, top government colleges like Osmania College, Loyola College, Hindu College, Lady Shri Ram College for Women, and Mahatma Gandhi Memorial College also offer reputable BSc Statistics programs.
Cities like Mumbai, Delhi, Bangalore, and Chennai host global corporations, research institutions, and startups. They provide diverse roles for statisticians, from data analysts to data scientists. These cities' thriving job markets have elevated demand for Statistics courses, offering promising paths to aspiring statisticians.
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Table of Contents
- BSc Statistics Fees in Top Colleges in India
- BSc Statistics Fees in Top Private Colleges
- BSc Statistics Fees in Top Government Colleges
- BSc Statistics Fees in Top States
4.1 Karnataka
4.2 TamilNadu
4.3 Telangana
4.4 Kerala
4.5 Gujarat
4.6 Maharashtra
4.7 West bengal
4.8 Uttar Pradesh
4.9 Delhi NCR
4.10 Rajasthan
4.11 Andhra Pradesh
4.12 Odisha
5.1 Coimbatore
5.2 Bangalore
5.3 Chennai
5.4 Hyderabad
5.5 Pune
5.6 Mumbai
5.7 Kolkata
5.8 Lucknow
5.9 Jaipur
5.10 Visakhapatnam
6.1 Savitribai Phule Pune University
6.3 Delhi University
BSc Statistics Fees in Top Colleges in India
BSc Statistics fees in India vary among institutions and regions. On average, fees range from INR 500 to INR 2,00,000 per year in government and private colleges. Here is the list of top BSc Statistics Colleges, along with their per semester fee structure.
Check: BSc Statistics Admission
BSc Statistics Fees in Top Private Colleges
In private colleges in India, pursuing a BSc in Statistics can have a semester fee ranging from INR 8,000 to INR 2,00,000. However, these fees can vary based on factors such as the college's reputation, location, and provided facilities. Here is the list of top Private BSc Statistics Colleges, along with their per semester fee structure.
College Name | Fees |
---|---|
Sri Subbaraya & Narayana College - [SSNC], Guntur | INR 5,715 |
Sadguru Gadage Maharaj College, Kalyan | INR 1,898 |
Bhandarkars Arts and Science College, Udupi | INR 15,500 |
Chhatrapati Shivaji Maharaj University - [CSMU], Navi Mumbai | INR 28,050 |
Alankar P.G. Girls College, Jaipur | INR 13,050 |
Alva's College Moodubidire, Dakshin Kannada | – |
Apoorva Degree College, Karimnagar | – |
BV Raju College, Bhimavaram | INR 8,000 |
Mata Gujri College, Fatehgarh Sahib | INR 16,005 |
Pratap College, Jalgaon | INR 2,983 |
BSc Statistics Fees in Top Government Colleges
Government colleges in India usually offer the BSc statistics program at a lower cost compared to private institutions, ensuring affordability for a wide range of students. Here is the list of top Government BSc Statistics Colleges, along with their per semester fee structure.
College Name | Fees |
---|---|
Osmania College, Kurnool | INR 5,000 |
VS Patel College of Arts and Science, Navsari | INR 2,065 |
Periyar EVR College - [PEVRC], Tiruchirappalli | INR 1,180 |
Yashwantrao Chavan College of Science, Satara | INR 1,070 |
Loyola College, Chennai | INR 6,185 |
Hindu College, New Delhi | INR 11,700 |
Lady Shri Ram College for Women - [LSR], New Delhi | INR 11,985 |
Mahatma Gandhi Memorial College - [MGM], Udupi | INR 915 |
Banda University of Agriculture and Technology - [BUAT], Banda | INR 23,325 |
Sri Venkateswara College - Delhi, New Delhi | INR 7,988 |
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BSc Statistics Fees in Top States
BSc Statistics courses are available across various states and cities in India. Both public and private colleges offer these programs, with government institutions generally offering lower course fees. Here are some top colleges in states like Karnataka, Tamil Nadu, Telangana, Kerala, and others:
BSc Statistics Fees in Karnataka
Here is the list of top BSc Statistics Colleges in Karnataka, along with their per semester fee structure.
College Name | Fees |
---|---|
Bhandarkars Arts and Science College, Udupi | INR 15,500 |
Alva's College Moodubidire, Dakshin Kannada | – |
Montfort College, Bangalore | INR 60,000 |
JSS Banashankari Arts, Commerce & S.K.Gubbi Science College, Dharwad | – |
Govindram Seksaria Science College - [GSSC], Belgaum | INR 35,000 |
Mahatma Gandhi Memorial College - [MGM], Udupi | INR 915 |
REVA University, Bangalore | INR 75,000 |
St. Claret College - [SCC], Bangalore | INR 25,000 |
Mount Carmel College - [MCC], Bangalore | – |
SDM College Ujire, Dakshin Kannada | INR 21,000 |
BSc Statistics Fees in TamilNadu
Here is the list of top BSc Statistics Colleges in TamilNadu, along with their per semester fee structure.
College Name | Fees |
---|---|
Periyar EVR College - [PEVRC], Tiruchirappalli | INR 1,180 |
Loyola College, Chennai | INR 6,185 |
Madras Christian College - [MCC], Chennai | – |
Fatima College, Madurai | INR 13,253 |
Marudhar Kesari Jain College for Women - [MKJC], Vaniyambadi | – |
St. Joseph's College, Tiruchirappalli | INR 4,425 |
PSG College of Arts and Science, Coimbatore | INR 3,500 |
Government Arts College, Salem | INR 718 |
SDNB Vaishnav College for Women, Chennai | INR 2,410 |
Shrimathi Devkunvar Nanalal Bhatt Vaishnav College for Women (Evening), Chennai | INR 723 |
BSc Statistics Fees in Telangana
Here is the list of top BSc Statistics Colleges in Telangana, along with their per semester fee structure.
BSc Statistics Fees in Kerala
Here is the list of top BSc Statistics Colleges in Kerala, along with their per semester fee structure.
College Name | Fees |
---|---|
Farook College, Kozhikode | INR 1,595 |
T.K.M. College of Arts and Science - [TKMCAS], Kollam | INR 11,250 |
N.A.M College Kallikkandy, Kannur | – |
St. Thomas College, Kottayam | INR 2,454 |
Vimala College, Thrissur | INR 11,250 |
Mahatma Gandhi University, School of Distance Education - [SDE], Kottayam | INR 988 |
Mar Ivanios College, Thiruvananthapuram | INR 11,250 |
Government Brennen College Dharmadam, Thalasery | INR 1,060 |
Mar Athanasius College, Kothamangalam | INR 1,037 |
Government College for Women, Thiruvananthapuram | – |
BSc Statistics Fees in Gujarat
Here is the list of top BSc Statistics Colleges in Gujarat, along with their per semester fee structure.
College Name | Fees |
---|---|
VS Patel College of Arts and Science, Navsari | INR 2,065 |
Uka Tarsadia University, Bardoli | INR 29,500 |
MG Science Institute, Ahmedabad | – |
Dr. Subhash University, Junagadh | INR 22,500 |
St Xavier's College, Ahmedabad | INR 4,993 |
H. & H. B. Kotak Institute of Science, Rajkot | INR 858 |
Maharaja Sayajirao University of Baroda - [MSU], Vadodara | INR 4,420 |
Silver Oak University, Ahmedabad | INR 17,500 |
Charutar Vidya Mandal University - [CVM University] Anand, Vallabh Vidyanagar | INR 31,000 |
Gujarat University - [GU], Ahmedabad | INR 40,000 |
BSc Statistics Fees in Maharashtra
Here is the list of top BSc Statistics Colleges in Maharashtra, along with their per semester fee structure.
College Name | Fees |
---|---|
Sadguru Gadage Maharaj College, Kalyan | INR 1,898 |
Chhatrapati Shivaji Maharaj University - [CSMU], Navi Mumbai | INR 28,050 |
Pratap College, Jalgaon | INR 2,983 |
Yashwantrao Chavan College of Science, Satara | INR 1,070 |
Amity University, Mumbai | INR 44,000 |
Ramniranjan Jhunjhunwala College - [R.J.C], Mumbai | INR 3,683 |
K J Somaiya College of Science and Commerce - [KJSSC], Mumbai | INR 5,671 |
Swami Vivekananda college, Kolhapur | INR 4,733 |
Vishwakarma University - [VU], Pune | INR 72,500 |
Mithibai College of Arts, Mumbai | INR 25,000 |
BSc Statistics Fees in West bengal
Here is the list of top BSc Statistics Colleges in West Bengal, along with their per semester fee structure.
College Name | Fees |
---|---|
Sonarpur Mahavidyalaya, South 24 Parganas | INR 1,740 |
St. Xavier's College - [SXC], Kolkata | INR 30,250 |
Bijoy Krishna Girls College - [BKGC], Howrah | INR 4,635 |
Ramakrishna Mission Residential College - [RKMRC], Kolkata | INR 23,550 |
Deshbandhu College for Girls, Kolkata | INR 4,375 |
Indian Statistical Institute - [ISI], Kolkata | – |
Shri Shikshayatan College, Kolkata | INR 19,780 |
Amity University, Kolkata | INR 40,200 |
South Calcutta Girls College, Kolkata | INR 11,115 |
Presidency University, Kolkata | INR 1,063 |
BSc Statistics Fees in Uttar Pradesh
Here is the list of top BSc Statistics Colleges in Uttar Pradesh, along with their per semester fee structure.
College Name | Fees |
---|---|
Banda University of Agriculture and Technology - [BUAT], Banda | INR 23,325 |
Shri Varshney College, Aligarh | – |
Aligarh Muslim University - [AMU], Aligarh | INR 46,860 |
Amity University, Lucknow | INR 40,000 |
Amity University, Noida | INR 38,000 |
Banaras Hindu University - [BHU], Varanasi | INR 2,200 |
Integral University, Lucknow | INR 20,000 |
Uttar Pradesh Rajarshi Tandon Open University - [UPRTOU], Allahabad | INR 3,100 |
IIMT University - [IIMTU], Meerut | INR 10,000 |
Khwaja Moinuddin Chishti Urdu Arabi-Farsi University, Lucknow | INR 30,000 |
BSc Statistics Fees in Delhi NCR
Here is the list of top BSc Statistics Colleges in Delhi NCR, along with their per semester fee structure.
College Name | Fees |
---|---|
Raffles University, Neemrana | INR 40,500 |
Hindu College, New Delhi | INR 11,700 |
Lady Shri Ram College for Women - [LSR], New Delhi | INR 11,985 |
Sri Venkateswara College - Delhi, New Delhi | INR 7,988 |
Kirori Mal College - [KMC], New Delhi | INR 6,688 |
Amity University, Noida | INR 38,000 |
Ramanujan college, New Delhi | INR 12,500 |
IIMT University - [IIMTU], Meerut | INR 10,000 |
Ramjas College, New Delhi | INR 8,136 |
Shaheed Rajguru College of Applied Sciences for Women, New Delhi | INR 10,890 |
BSc Statistics Fees in Rajasthan
Here is the list of top BSc Statistics Colleges in Rajasthan, along with their per semester fee structure.
College Name | Fees |
---|---|
Bhupal Nobles University - [BNU], Udaipur | INR 14,750 |
NIMS University, Jaipur | INR 15,000 |
Raffles University, Neemrana | INR 40,500 |
Banasthali Vidyapith, Jaipur | INR 39,500 |
University of Technology - [UOT], Jaipur | INR 15,000 |
JECRC University - [JU], Jaipur | INR 30,000 |
University Maharaja College, Jaipur | INR 34,290 |
Mewar University - [MU], Chittorgarh | INR 17,500 |
BN Post Graduate Girl's College, Udaipur | – |
Stani Memorial PG College - [SMPGC], Jaipur | INR 15,250 |
BSc Statistics Fees in Andhra Pradesh
Here is the list of top BSc Statistics Colleges in Andhra Pradesh, along with their per semester fee structure.
College Name | Fees |
---|---|
Osmania College, Kurnool | INR 5,000 |
Sri Subbaraya & Narayana College - [SSNC], Guntur | INR 5,715 |
BV Raju College, Bhimavaram | INR 8,000 |
GITAM School of Science, Visakhapatnam | INR 50,000 |
PB Siddhartha College Arts and Science, Vijayawada | INR 12,500 |
Sir C R Reddy College - [CRAA], Eluru | INR 7,500 |
Vignan's Foundation for Science, Technology, and Research, Guntur | INR 45,000 |
Aditya degree college, Rajahmundhry | – |
Adoni Arts and Science College, Adoni | – |
JKC College, Guntur | INR 11,850 |
BSc Statistics Fees in Odisha
Here is the list of top BSc Statistics Colleges in Odisha, along with their per semester fee structure.
College Name | Fees |
---|---|
Ravenshaw University - [RU], Cuttack | INR 13,720 |
Rama Devi Women's University, Bhubaneswar | INR 1,805 |
Government Autonomous College, Rourkela | INR 3,750 |
BJB Autonomous College - [BJB], Bhubaneswar | INR 12,500 |
Salipur Autonomous College, Cuttack | INR 3,500 |
Gangadhar Meher University, Sambalpur | INR 2,750 |
Dharmashala Mahavidyalaya, Jajapur | – |
BSc Statistics Fees in Top Cities
India is home to a diverse range of cities, both small and large, that provide BSc statistics courses in numerous colleges. Here is a list of a few such cities and colleges:
BSc Statistics Fees in Coimbatore
Here is the list of top BSc Statistics Colleges in Coimbatore, along with their per semester fee structure.
College Name | Fees |
---|---|
PSG College of Arts and Science, Coimbatore | INR 3,500 |
Government Arts College (Autonomous), Coimbatore | INR 688 |
Indian Statistical Institute - [ISI], Coimbatore | – |
Vimala College, Thrissur | INR 11,250 |
St Thomas' College, Thrissur | INR 1,285 |
Sree Kerala Varma College, Thrissur | INR 11,250 |
St Aloysius College Elthuruth, Thrissur | – |
Mar Athanasius College, Kothamangalam | INR 1,237 |
Government Arts College (Autonomous), Karur | INR 665 |
St Joseph's College Moolamattam, Idukki | INR 11,000 |
BSc Statistics Fees in Bangalore
Here is the list of top BSc Statistics Colleges in Bangalore, along with their per semester fee structure.
College Name | Fees |
---|---|
Montfort College, Bangalore | INR 60,000 |
REVA University, Bangalore | INR 75,000 |
St. Claret College - [SCC], Bangalore | INR 25,000 |
Mount Carmel College - [MCC], Bangalore | INR 21,000 |
Christ University, Bangalore | INR 32,500 |
St Joseph's University, Bangalore | INR 30,000 |
Kristu Jayanti College - [KJC], Bangalore | INR 30,000 |
Seshadripuram First Grade College - [SFGC], Bangalore | – |
Dayananda Sagar Institutions - [DSI], Bangalore | – |
Indian Academy Degree College - [IADC-A], Bangalore | INR 30,850 |
BSc Statistics Fees in Chennai
Here is the list of top BSc Statistics Colleges in Chennai, along with their per semester fee structure.
BSc Statistics Fees in Hyderabad
Here is the list of top BSc Statistics Colleges in Hyderabad, along with their per semester fee structure.
College Name | Fees |
---|---|
St Pious Degree College for Women, Hyderabad | – |
Annie Besant College for Women, Hyderabad | – |
Malla Reddy University - [MRU], Hyderabad | INR 35,000 |
Raja Bahadur Venkat Rama Reddy Women's College - [RBVRR], Hyderabad | INR 11,390 |
Acme College of Information Technology - [ACIT], Hyderabad | INR 5,550 |
Holy Mary Degree College - [HMDC], Hyderabad | INR 60,000 |
GITAM, Hyderabad | INR 45,000 |
Narsee Monjee Institute of Management Studies | INR 51,000 |
Aurora's Degree College, Hyderabad | – |
Villa Marie College for Women, Hyderabad | INR 20,200 |
BSc Statistics Fees in Pune
Here is the list of top BSc Statistics Colleges in Pune, along with their per semester fee structure.
BSc Statistics Fees in Mumbai
Here is the list of top BSc Statistics Colleges in Mumbai, along with their per semester fee structure.
College Name | Fees |
---|---|
Amity University, Mumbai | INR 44,000 |
Ramniranjan Jhunjhunwala College - [R.J.C], Mumbai | INR 3,683 |
K J Somaiya College of Science and Commerce - [KJSSC], Mumbai | INR 5,671 |
Mithibai College of Arts, Mumbai | INR 25,000 |
Kishinchand Chellaram College - [KC College], Mumbai | INR 5,368 |
Narsee Monjee Institute of Management Studies - [NMIMS Deemed to be University], Mumbai | INR 1,12,500 |
Sunandan Divatia School of Science - [SDSOS], Mumbai | INR 63,250 |
St. Xavier's College, Mumbai | INR 3,594 |
Bhavan's College, Mumbai | INR 3,533 |
D.G. Ruparel College of Arts Science and Commerce, Mumbai | INR 3,503 |
BSc Statistics Fees in Kolkata
Here is the list of top BSc Statistics Colleges in Kolkata, along with their per semester fee structure.
College Name | Fees |
---|---|
St. Xavier's College - [SXC], Kolkata | INR 30,250 |
Ramakrishna Mission Residential College - [RKMRC], Kolkata | INR 23,550 |
Deshbandhu College for Girls, Kolkata | INR 4,375 |
Indian Statistical Institute - [ISI], Kolkata | – |
Shri Shikshayatan College, Kolkata | INR 19,780 |
Amity University, Kolkata | INR 40,200 |
South Calcutta Girls College, Kolkata | INR 11,115 |
Presidency University, Kolkata | INR 1,063 |
Bethune College, Kolkata | INR 686 |
Behala College, Kolkata | INR 4,008 |
BSc Statistics Fees in Lucknow
Here is the list of top BSc Statistics Colleges in Lucknow, along with their per semester fee structure.
College Name | Fees |
---|---|
Amity University, Lucknow | INR 40,000 |
Integral University, Lucknow | INR 20,000 |
Khwaja Moinuddin Chishti Urdu Arabi-Farsi University, Lucknow | INR 30,000 |
National Post Graduate College, Lucknow | – |
University of Lucknow - [LU], Lucknow | INR 8,277 |
Shia PG College, Lucknow | INR 3,815 |
Navyug Kanya Mahavidyalaya, Lucknow | INR 25,840 |
Chhatrapati Shahu Ji Maharaj University - [CSJMU], Kanpur | INR 9,000 |
DAV College - [DAV], Kanpur | INR 4,775 |
Pandit Prithi Nath College - [PPN], Kanpur | INR 3,510 |
BSc Statistics Fees in Jaipur
Here is the list of top BSc Statistics Colleges in Jaipur, along with their per semester fee structure.
College Name | Fees |
---|---|
NIMS University, Jaipur | INR 15,000 |
Banasthali Vidyapith, Jaipur | INR 39,500 |
University of Technology - [UOT], Jaipur | INR 15,000 |
JECRC University - [JU], Jaipur | INR 30,000 |
University Maharaja College, Jaipur | INR 34,290 |
Stani Memorial PG College - [SMPGC], Jaipur | INR 15,250 |
Maharishi Arvind University - [MAU], Jaipur | INR 13,500 |
Nirwan University, Jaipur | INR 7,500 |
Central University of Rajasthan - [CURAJ], Ajmer | INR 6,670 |
Raffles University, Neemrana | INR 40,500 |
BSc Statistics Fees in Visakhapatnam
Here is the list of top BSc Statistics Colleges in Visakhapatnam, along with their per semester fee structure.
College Name | Fees |
---|---|
GITAM School of Science, Visakhapatnam | INR 50,000 |
Dr. Lankapalli Bullayya College, Visakhapatnam | – |
St. Joseph's College for Women, Visakhapatnam | INR 9,945 |
GITAM, Visakhapatnam | INR 50,000 |
MVR Degree College Gajuwaka, Visakhapatnam | INR 11,500 |
Samata College, Visakhapatnam | INR 3,000 |
PRISM Degree & P.G. College, Visakhapatnam | INR 20,000 |
Dadi Veerunaidu College - [DVN], Visakhapatnam | – |
Visakha Government Degree College for Women, Visakhapatnam | INR 5,425 |
Unity Degree College, Visakhapatnam | INR 22,500 |
BSc Statistics Fees in Top Universities
In India, numerous prestigious universities offer high-quality education. Within these universities, several colleges provide BSc Statistics programs. Notable universities such as DU, Osmania, and Calcutta, along with the affiliated colleges, are highlighted below.
BSc Statistics Fees in Savitribai Phule Pune University
Here is the list of top BSc Statistics Colleges affiliated with Savitribai Phule Pune University, along with their per semester fee structure.
BSc Statistics Fees in Calcutta University
Here is the list of top BSc Statistics Colleges affiliated with Calcutta University, along with their per semester fee structure.
College Name | Fees |
---|---|
Sonarpur Mahavidyalaya, South 24 Parganas | INR 1,740 |
St. Xavier's College - [SXC], Kolkata | INR 30,250 |
Bijoy Krishna Girls College - [BKGC], Howrah | INR 4,635 |
Ramakrishna Mission Residential College - [RKMRC], Kolkata | INR 23,550 |
Deshbandhu College for Girls, Kolkata | INR 4,375 |
Shri Shikshayatan College, Kolkata | INR 19,780 |
South Calcutta Girls College, Kolkata | INR 11,115 |
Bethune College, Kolkata | INR 686 |
Behala College, Kolkata | INR 4,008 |
Gurudas College, Kolkata | INR 1,848 |
BSc Statistics Fees in Delhi University
Here is the list of top BSc Statistics Colleges affiliated with Delhi University, along with their per semester fee structure.
College Name | Fees |
---|---|
Hindu College, New Delhi | INR 11,700 |
Lady Shri Ram College for Women - [LSR], New Delhi | INR 11,985 |
Sri Venkateswara College - Delhi, New Delhi | INR 7,988 |
Kirori Mal College - [KMC], New Delhi | INR 6,668 |
Ramanujan college, New Delhi | INR 12,500 |
Ramjas College, New Delhi | INR 8,136 |
Shaheed Rajguru College of Applied Sciences for Women, New Delhi | INR 10,890 |
PGDAV College, New Delhi | INR 6,905 |
Mata Sundri College for Women, New Delhi | INR 12,768 |
Ram Lal Anand College - [RLA], New Delhi | INR 9,675 |
BSc Statistics Fees in Osmania University
Here is the list of top BSc Statistics Colleges affiliated with Osmania University, along with their per semester fee structure.
BSc Statistics Fees in Mangalore University
Here is the list of top BSc Statistics Colleges affiliated with Mangalore University, along with their per semester fee structure.
BSc Statistics Fees: FAQs
Ques. Is being a statistician a rewarding career?
Ans. The Bureau of Labor Statistics forecasts a 32.7% job growth for statisticians from 2021 to 2031, with an estimated addition of 11,200 positions. Statisticians are skilled in utilizing data to inform decision-making, making it a promising and rewarding profession.
Ques. What are the best fields for statisticians?
Ans. Statisticians find promising opportunities in various fields. Business and Industry sectors such as Manufacturing, Marketing, Engineering, and Statistical Computing offer roles for statisticians. Health and Medicine fields, including Public Health, Pharmacology, Genetics, and Epidemiology, are also relevant. Moreover, careers in education, teaching, scientific writing, and journalism are viable options for statisticians to consider.
Ques. What advantages do degrees in statistics offer?
Ans. A degree in statistics offers several advantages. It equips you with the skills to gather data, conduct numerical measurements, engage in projects, and deliver presentations. This provides you with strong data analysis and manipulation abilities. Developing proficiency in analytical research techniques is a crucial subject-specific skill that can greatly benefit your career in statistics.
Ques. Is mathematics a prerequisite for statistics?
Ans. Yes, mathematics is a fundamental requirement for statistics. It forms a significant portion, accounting for over half of the curriculum in a statistics degree program. To pursue a bachelor's degree in statistics, a minimum overall maths GPA of 50% is typically necessary.
Ques. What role does statistics play in modern life?
Ans. Statistics play a crucial role in modern life. Governments use data to make informed decisions about demographics, health, education, and other important issues. They might conduct educational research to evaluate the academic achievements of high school students using a specific curriculum or gather demographic information through a census.
Ques. What are the three categories of statistics?
Ans. The three categories of statistics are (i) the average, (ii) the median, and (iii) the mode. The field of statistics involves the collection, analysis, interpretation, presentation, and organization of data in a specific manner.
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