AILET 2024 LLM Question Paper with Solution PDF is available for download. NLU Delhi has conducted AILET 2024 on December 08, 2024. The question paper comprises a total of 150 questions divided among three sections.

AILET 2024 LLM Question Paper with Solution PDFs

AILET 2024 LLM Question Paper with Solution PDF download icon Download Check Solution

Question 1:

The concept of parliamentary form of Government in the Constitution of India is derived from the Constitution of which country?


Question 2:

Match the following:

i.  Copyright Act                                      a. 10 years

ii.  Patent Act                                           b. Indefinite terms

iii.  Trademark Act                                   c. 20 years

iv.  Geographical Indication Act             d. Life of Author + 60 years term

 


Question 3:

Laxmikant Pandey v. Union of India (AIR 1984 SC) lays down the rule regarding:


Question 4:

In case of suicide by a married woman, the court under section 113-A of the Indian Evidence Act 1872, may presume that suicide had been abetted by her husband, if
I. Suicide was committed by the wife within a period of seven years from the date of her marriage.
II. The wife was subjected to cruelty.
III. The wife was illiterate and from a poor family.
IV. The wife was deserted by the husband.
Select the correct option:


Question 5:

Which Schedule of the Constitution of India deals with allocation of seats in the Council of States?


Question 6:

A party cannot avail the benefit of Doctrine of Fairness to alter the terms of contract because it is presumed that if a commercial contract is taking place under a statute:


Question 7:

The creation of a Right by the Lapse of Time is __________ prescription.


Question 8:

How many amendments have been made in the Constitution of India till date?


Question 9:

Which Part of the Constitution of India deals with Fundamental Rights?


Question 10:

The Contract Labour (Regulation and Abolition) Act, 1970 will be applicable on which of the following:

Establishment X has 17 female employees since the last two years as contract labours for making papers.
Establishment Y has 21 female employees since the last two years as contract labours for making papers.
Establishment Z hires 21 female employees as contract labours for 59 days in the preceding year for destroying papers after Exams in NLUs.
Contractor A hires 21 female employees as contract labours for a seasonal work of preparing a sweet dish called Ghevar on occasion of Raksha Bandhan in the month of August.

Question 11:

A document containing a communication from a husband to his wife in the hands of a third person is:


Question 12:

Which of the following is incorrect with regards to a Lok Adalat?


Question 13:

Pick the correct statement:


Question 14:

“The statement in order to constitute a ‘confession’ under the Indian Evidence Act 1872, must either admit in terms the offence or at any rate substantially all the facts which constitute the offence.” The above view was expressed by the Privy Council in which case?


Question 15:

The Supreme Court of India in which case dealt with the validity of the entry tax?


Question 16:

Find the odd one out:


Question 17:

Which Article of the Constitution of India deals with the validity of pre-Constitution laws?


Question 18:

Match List I with List II and select the correct option:

List I                            List II

a. Section 146 IPC   1. Fabricating False Evidence

b. Section 340 IPC   2. Extortion

c. Section 192 IPC   3. Rioting

d. Section 383 IPC   4. Wrongful confinement

 


Question 19:

Whose permission is required for an Indian citizen to accept any title from any foreign State?


Question 20:

Any person arrested and detained in custody has to be produced before the nearest Magistrate within?


Question 21:

Match the following:

Type of IPR                                         Protects the intellectual property

i. Copyright Act                                  a. Of a seller selling geographical uniqueness of a product

ii. Patents Act                                     b. Created by a business’ brand identity in the marketplace

iii. Trademarks Act                             c. Created by inventors

iv. Geographical Indications Act      d. Created by artists

 


Question 22:

Under the provision of Hindu Succession Act, 1956, any property inherited by a female Hindu from her father or mother shall devolve, in absence of any son or daughter of the deceased (including the children of any pre-deceased son or daughter):


Question 23:

An arbitral award may not be set aside by the Court for being in conflict with the public policy of India if:


Question 24:

If a witness who is unable to speak, gives his evidence in writing in the open court, evidence so given shall be deemed to be:


Question 25:

Following applies to voidable contracts:


Question 26:

The most important feature of Kelsen’s pure theory is Grundnorm, which is presumed to be valid and has to be followed. Which will be considered as the Grundnorm from the following:


I. Constitution ought to be followed
II. Penal laws ought to be followed
III. Murder/thief ought to be punished


Question 27:

Which of the following is a Directive Principle under the Constitution of India?


Question 28:

What should be the composition of the Internal Committee as per POSH Act 2013?


Question 29:

Consider the following statements about the President of India:


I. The President shall not hold any other office of profit.
II. Any citizen can be appointed as the President of India if he has completed the age of thirty years.
III. In case of impeachment of the President of India on the ground of violation of the Constitution of India, the charge shall be preferred by either House of the Parliament.


Question 30:

Who determines the salaries of Chairman and Deputy Chairman of the Council of States?


Question 31:

Rule of fair trial to marriage is mentioned under:


Question 32:

Which provision provides that “in determining whether a group of persons is or is not a firm, or whether a person is or is not a partner in a firm, regard shall be had to the real relation between the parties, as shown by all relevant facts taken together”?


Question 33:

The following individuals cannot be appointed as arbitrators unless the parties, after a dispute has arisen between them, mutually agree by an express agreement in writing to select them as arbitrators:


Question 34:

Dowry Prohibition law will be considered as law by:


I. Positive school of law as it is passed by the Parliament of India.
II. Sociological school of law as it represents the social fact of dowry being prohibited in India.
III. Historical school of law as it developed from the consciousness of law which realised demanding dowry as wrong.


Question 35:

The Supreme Court of India enjoys original jurisdiction on which of the following issues?


Question 36:

In which case, it was held that ‘identification parades’ do not contravene Article 20(3) of the Constitution of India, which requires that no accused shall be compelled to be witness against himself?


Question 37:

Part V of the Constitution of India also deals with which of the following?


Question 38:

Power to give a divorce can be delegated by a Muslim husband to:


Question 39:

Pardon may be tendered to an accomplice under Section 306 of the Code of Criminal Procedure 1973 when:


Question 40:

Following is true about any hire-purchase agreement:


Question 41:

Who is competent under the Constitution of India to declare National Emergency?


Question 42:

What do you understand by the term ‘Mini Constitution’?


Question 43:

Olga Tellis \& Ors. v. Bombay Municipal Corporation \& Ors. (1985) 3 SCC 545 is a leading case on which issue?


Question 44:

Under Section 2(vii) of the Dissolution of Muslim Marriage Act 1939, a Muslim wife shall be entitled to obtain a decree for dissolution of her marriage:


Question 45:

Consider the following principles:


Principle I: Copyright provides exclusive rights to the owner or creator of a literary work.
Principle II: The copyright of a work created within the scope of employment by an employee is given to the employer.
Principle III: The Copyright Act, 1957 states in its provisions that fair dealing with a literary, dramatic, musical, or artistic work that is not a computer programme is not an infringement of copyright.


Fact: P created a cartoon when she was hired by S for her magazine. X used that cartoon without prior permission of S in her class slides to simplify a topic in class. Decide.


Question 46:

The Constitution of India provides special provisions for which of the following States?

  • (a) Delhi, Punjab and Nagaland.
  • (b) Delhi, Nagaland and Sikkim.
  • (c) Madhya Pradesh, Nagaland and Sikkim.
  • (d) Madhya Pradesh, Punjab and Assam.

Question 47:

Which of the following assertion is incorrect?

  • (a) In fast-track arbitration under the Arbitration and Conciliation Act, 1996, an oral hearing may be held only if all the parties make a request or if the arbitral tribunal considers it necessary to have an oral hearing for clarifying certain issues.
  • (b) An arbitral award shall be made in writing and shall be signed by members of the arbitral tribunal.
  • (c) Seat of arbitration and venue of the arbitration are one and the same concept.
  • (d) A judicial authority shall not refer an action to arbitration if it finds that prima facie no valid arbitration agreement exists.

Question 48:

A valid purpose of a Wakf is:

  • (a) Religious or charitable
  • (b) Payment of money to poor
  • (c) Burning of lamps in a mosque
  • (d) All of the above

Question 49:

Match List I with List II:

List I                                                                                                             List II

1. Examination of witness by police                                                        (i) Section 53A

2. Examination of person accused of rape by medical practitioner     (ii) Section 161

3. Medical examination of the victim of rape                                          (iii) Section 200

4. Examination of complainant                                                                 (iv) Section 164A

(a) (i) (ii) (iii) (iv)

(b) (ii) (i) (iv) (iii)

(c) (ii) (iv) (i) (iii)

(d) (iv) (ii) (iii) (i)


Question 50:

The Supreme Court of India recently asked whether it should reconsider its 45 years landmark decision on the definition of ‘industry’ in which the triple test was laid down. Which case is being referred here for reconsideration?

  • (a) DN Banerjee v. PR Mukherjee.
  • (b) The Bangalore Water Supply and Sewerage Board v. A. Rajappa and Others.
  • (c) University of Delhi v. Ramnath.
  • (d) State of Bombay v. Hospital Mazdoor Sabha.

Question 51:

Compulsory education to all children of the age of six to eighteen years falls under which category?

  • (a) Fundamental Rights.
  • (b) Directive Principles of State Policy.
  • (c) It is not stipulated in the Constitution of India.
  • (d) Customary rights.

Question 52:

Following statements are correct about the Sale of Goods Act, 1930:

  • (a) The Act refers to two types of contractual promises i.e., conditions and warranties
  • (b) The principle of caveat emptor applies
  • (c) Property does not pass until seller does the thing which he was bound to do and the buyer has its notice
  • (d) All of the above are correct

Question 53:

Evolution and development of natural law theory may be studied under the following heads:

  • (a) Ancient Period, Medieval Period
  • (b) Period of Renaissance, Modern Period
  • (c) Under both a) and b)
  • (d) None of the above

Question 54:

Which schedule of the Constitution of India contains special administration and control provisions for Scheduled Areas and Scheduled Tribes?

  • (a) Third Schedule
  • (b) Eighth Schedule
  • (c) Fifth Schedule
  • (d) Seventh Schedule

Question 55:

Write the correct sequence as enshrined in the Preamble to the Constitution of India.

  • (a) Justice, Liberty, Equality, Fraternity
  • (b) Justice, Equality, Liberty, Fraternity
  • (c) Justice, Fraternity, Liberty, Equality
  • (d) Justice, Liberty, Fraternity, Equality

Question 56:

Which Schedule of the Constitution determines the disqualification of a person from being a Member of either House of the Parliament of India?

  • (a) 9th
  • (b) 10th
  • (c) 11th
  • (d) 12th

Question 57:

Which of the following are exceptions to the principles of natural justice?

  • (a) Statutory exclusion
  • (b) Confidentiality
  • (c) Both a) and b)
  • (d) None of the above

Question 58:

Under which sections of the Code of Criminal Procedure 1973 provision regarding summary trial is given?

  • (a) Sections 255–260
  • (b) Sections 360–365
  • (c) Sections 260–265
  • (d) Sections 265–270

Question 59:

Which of the following is a method to control Delegated Legislation?

  • (a) Executive Control
  • (b) Judicial Control
  • (c) Parliamentary Control
  • (d) All of the above

Question 60:

Match the following jural correlatives:

1. Right         (i) No Right

2. Privilege   (ii) Duty

3. Power        (iii) Disability

4. Immunity   (iv) Liability


(a) (i) (ii) (iii) (iv)

(b) (ii) (i) (iv) (iii)

(c) (ii) (i) (iii) (iv)

(d) (i) (iii) (ii) (iv)


Question 61:

Identify the correct pair(s).

I.  I.C. GolakNath v. State of Punjab : Supervision of Tribunals

II.  L. Chandra Kumar v. Union of India : Right to Information

III.  Maneka Gandhi v. Union of India : Post decisional hearing

IV.  P. V. Narasimha Rao v. State : Doctrine of Colourable Legislation

 


Question 62:

The term ‘Ombudsman’ originated in which country?

  • (a) UK
  • (b) Sweden
  • (c) USA
  • (d) France

Question 63:

There is no jurisdiction to grant bail under Section 438 of Code of Criminal Procedure, 1973 in:

  • (a) the court of magistrate
  • (b) the Court of Session
  • (c) the High Court
  • (d) both b) and c)

Question 64:

Consider the following international instruments and arrange them in chronological order:
I. Convention Relating to the Status of Refugees
II. ILO Convention No. 97 (Migration for Employment Convention (Revised))
III. International Convention on the Protection of the Rights of All Migrant Workers and Members of Their Families
IV. Declaration on the Human Rights of Individuals who are not nationals of the country in which they live

  • (a) I, III, II, IV
  • (b) II, I, IV, III
  • (c) I, IV, II, III
  • (d) II, IV, I, III

Question 65:

Which of the following is not applicable to a registered trade union?
I. The Societies Registration Act, 1860 (21 of 1860)
II. The Co-operative Societies Act, 1912 (2 of 1912)
III. The Companies Act, 1956

  • (a) Only I is applicable
  • (b) Only II is applicable
  • (c) Only III is applicable
  • (d) None of the legislations are applicable

Question 66:

The writ of Mandamus can be issued against which of the following?

  • (a) Any Company which has a statutory or public duty to perform.
  • (b) The President of India.
  • (c) Legislature to enact a particular law.
  • (d) Any private individual.

Question 67:

Pick the correct statement about oppression and mismanagement:

  • (a) Individual interest may be sacrificed to the economic exigencies of the enterprise and judgment of the directors must prevail.
  • (b) No more damage should come to the minority shareholders or individual shareholder than is absolutely necessary for protecting the benefit to the company.
  • (c) Sidebottom v. Kershaw, Lease \& Co is the leading case on this issue.
  • (d) All of above are correct.

Question 68:

What is not an essential ingredient of ‘Gift’ as defined under the Transfer of Property Act, 1882?

  • (a) consideration
  • (b) free will
  • (c) acceptance by the donee
  • (d) property should be in existence

Question 69:

What is the duration of a lease for an immovable property for agricultural purpose in the absence of any contract or local law?

  • (a) The lease shall be deemed to be a lease from year to year, terminable on the part of the lessor by six months’ notice.
  • (b) The lease shall be deemed to be a lease from year to year, terminable on the part of the lessee by six months’ notice.
  • (c) The lease shall be deemed to be a lease from year to year, terminable on the part of either the lessor or the lessee by three months’ notice.
  • (d) The lease shall be deemed to be a lease from year to year, terminable on the part of either the lessor or the lessee by six months’ notice.

Question 70:

Match the following:

A. Sexual intercourse by husband with minor wife                     I. State of Punjab v. Gurmit Singh

B. In-camera trial of rape case                                                       II. Vishakha v. State of Rajasthan

C. Sexual harassment of women at workplace                            III. Sakshi v. UOI

D. In-camera trial of a case under sections 354 and 377, IPC     IV. Independent Thought v. UOI

(a) I II III IV

(b) II III IV I

(c) III II I IV

(d) IV I II III


Question 71:

Which of the following is true about passing off with respect to trademark?
I. The passing off is providing protection to registered goods and services.
II. The passing off is providing protection to unregistered goods and services.
III. In passing off, it is not essential for the plaintiff to establish that the disputed mark has a distinctive identity for the user of the plaintiff ’s goods or services.

  • (a) Only I
    (b) Only II
    (c) Both I and III
    (d) None of the above

Question 72:

Consider the following Statements in relation to Principle 21 of the Stockholm Declaration
Statement I: Principle 21 is reiterated in Principle 3 of the Rio Declaration
Statement II: Principle 21 is comprised of two elements
Statement III: Principle 21 reflects Customary International Law
Which of these statement(s) is/are correct?

  • (a) I
    (b) II and III
    (c) I and III
    (d) I and II

Question 73:

As per the new Industrial Relations Code 2020, gratuity will be given to fixed term employees if they render service for a minimum of __ unlike the old law which provided minimum criteria for claiming gratuity to be __?

  • (a) 5 years, 1 year
    (b) 1 year, 5 years
    (c) 1 year, 3 years
    (d) 3 years, 5 years

Question 74:

When does a contingent interest become a vested interest under the provisions of the Transfer of Property Act, 1882?

  • (a) On the happening of the event
    (b) Contingent interest never becomes a vested interest
    (c) As per the contract between the parties
    (d) As per the local usage

Question 75:

Which of the following statement(s) are correct in relation to Nationally Determined Contributions (NDC) in the context of Article 4 of the 2015 Paris Agreement?
I. State parties to the Paris Agreement are legally obligated to prepare, communicate and maintain NDC and achieve their NDC.
II. State parties to the Paris Agreement are legally obligated to communicate a NDC every 5 years.
III. Least Developing Nations are exempt from the mandate to prepare and submit NDC.
Select the correct option:

  • (a) I, II and III
    (b) Only II
    (c) I and II
    (d) None of the above statements are correct

Question 76:

Following is true about malicious prosecution:

  • (a) Plaintiff has to prove that he was prosecuted by the defendant
  • (b) The proceedings terminated in plaintiff’s favour
  • (c) There was no reasonable or probable cause for the prosecution
  • (d) All of the above

Question 77:

‘Attested’ as interpreted under the Transfer of Property Act, 1882 implies:

  • (a) Attested by at least one witness
  • (b) Attested by at least two witnesses
  • (c) Attested by two or more witnesses
  • (d) The Transfer of Property Act, 1882 does not specify the number of witnesses

Question 78:

General Practice which is a constituent element of Customary International Law refers to:
I. Practice of States
II. Conduct of NGOs
III. Conduct of Private Individuals
IV. Practice of International Organisations
Select the correct option:

  • (a) I, II and IV
    (b) Only I
    (c) I and IV
    (d) I, III and IV

Question 79:

Company N slightly altered an already existing medicine ‘M’ and wants to get it patented. Decide:

  • (a) The patent cannot be granted as slight alteration would not amount to novelty.
  • (b) The patent can be granted as it includes novelty because of slight alteration.
  • (c) The patent cannot be granted as this will also amount to evergreening of patents.
  • (d) Both a) and c)

Question 80:

Pick the correct statement:

  • (a) According to Dr. Allen, custom as a legal and social phenomenon grows up partly by forces inherent in society, forces of purity of reason and necessity and partly of suggestions and imitation.
  • (b) Professor Holland says that custom is a generally observed course of conduct.
  • (c) Professor Keeton defines custom as those rules of human action, established by usage and regarded as legally binding by those to whom the rules are applicable.
  • (d) All of the above are correct.

Question 81:

Following is not correct about the Board of Directors:

  • (a) Only individuals can be appointed as directors.
  • (b) Requirement of one-woman director in listed companies \& a director who has stayed in India for not less than 182 days in the previous calendar year.
  • (c) Public company should have minimum 5 directors and Private company should have minimum 2 directors.
  • (d) None of the above are correct.

Question 82:

The Occupational Safety, Health and Working Conditions Code, 2020 has subsumed how many major labour laws into one Code?

  • (a) 10
  • (b) 11
  • (c) 12
  • (d) 13

Question 83:

According to which theory, new states are established by the will and consent of already existing states?

  • (a) Declaratory
  • (b) Monist
  • (c) Constitutive
  • (d) None of the above

Question 84:

A judgement:

  • (a) Should not contain the name of the victim in case of sexual offences
  • (b) Includes an order of discharge
  • (c) Must be written in the English language
  • (d) In case of acquittal need not direct the accused to be set free

Question 85:

A prosecutes B for adultery with C, A’s wife. B denies that C is A’s wife, but the Court convicts B for adultery. Afterwards, C is prosecuted for bigamy in marrying B during A’s lifetime. C says that she never was A’s wife. The judgement against B is:

  • (a) Relevant as against C
  • (b) Irrelevant as against C
  • (c) Relevant and admissible against C
  • (d) None of the above

Question 86:

Which of the following statement is incorrect regarding the precautionary principle in international environmental law?

  • (a) When an activity, product or technology may cause harm to the environment, precautionary measures should be taken to prevent or mitigate potential damage
  • (b) Lack of scientific certainty is no reason to postpone action
  • (c) Occurrence of serious and irreversible harm to the environment is a mandatory condition for the operation of this principle
  • (d) The principle is applied by States according to their capabilities

Question 87:

Gaurav, an accused, wants to submit carbon copy of the suicide note as secondary evidence. The original is with the opposite party and he has failed to produce the same in the court. The suicide was not within the knowledge of the accused prior to the receipt of the carbon copy. Which of the following will hold true for the case?

  • (a) The evidence can be admitted as it satisfies the requirements of both Section 64 and 65 of the Indian Evidence Act, 1872
  • (b) The evidence cannot be admitted due to applicability of Section 30 of the Indian Evidence Act, 1872
  • (c) The evidence cannot be admitted as it fails to satisfy the requirement of Section 64 of the Indian Evidence Act, 1872
  • (d) The evidence cannot be admitted as it fails to satisfy the requirement of Section 65 of the Indian Evidence Act, 1872

Question 88:

Assertion (A): Article 19 of the Vienna Convention on the Law of Treaties (1969) provides that the States have the right to make reservation circumscribed by three exceptions.

Reason (R): The making of reservations is incident upon the sovereignty and equality of states.

  • (a) Both (A) and (R) are true and (R) is the correct explanation of (A)
  • (b) Both (A) and (R) are true but (R) is not a correct explanation of (A)
  • (c) (A) is true but (R) is false
  • (d) (A) is false but (R) is true

Question 89:

Match List I with List II and select the correct answer using the code given below:

List I                                                                       List II

(i) Tukaram v. State of Maharashtra                1. General A.S. Vaidya Case

(ii) State of Tamil Nadu v. Nalini                       2. Mathura Rape Case

(iii) Varendra Kumar Ghosh v. Emperor          3. Post-Master Murder Case

(iv) State of Maharashtra v. Sukh Deo Singh  4. Rajeev Gandhi Murder Case

 

  • (a) 2 4 3 1
  • (b) 1 2 3 4
  • (c) 4 3 2 1
  • (d) 3 1 2 4

Question 90:

The following statement highlighting the Espoo Convention as an “exemplary standard” for conducting Environmental Impact Assessment was made in the:

“In my respectful view, what appears to be missing in this analysis by the Court is what specific obligations arise during stage two of this process. In attempt to fill this lacuna, the present opinion will offer suggestions as to appropriate minimum standards that should be fulfilled by any nation State conducting an EIA. In this regard, the Convention on Environmental Impact Assessment in a Transboundary Context (“Espoo Convention”) drafted by the United Nations Economic Commission for Europe (“UNECE”) provides, in my view, an exemplary standard for the process to be followed when conducting an EIA.”

 

  • (a) Separate Opinion by Judge Donoghue in Certain Activities Carried Out by Nicaragua in the Border Area (Costa Rica v. Nicaragua)
  • (b) Separate opinion by Judge Cançado Trindade in Certain Activities Carried Out by Nicaragua in the Border Area (Costa Rica v. Nicaragua)
  • (c) Separate Opinion by Judge Bhandari in Certain Activities Carried Out by Nicaragua in the Border Area (Costa Rica v. Nicaragua)
  • (d) Separate Opinion by Judge Koroma in Gabčíkovo-Nagymaros Project (Hungary v. Slovakia)

Question 91:

Following principles are considered as settled while interpreting taxation statutes:

  • (a) In interpreting a taxation statute, equitable considerations are entirely out of place. Taxation statutes cannot be interpreted on any presumption or assumption.
  • (b) Before taxing any person, it must be shown that he falls within the ambit of the charging section by clear words used in the section and the golden rule of interpretation applies.
  • (c) If the words are ambiguous and open to two interpretations, the benefit of interpretation is to be given to the State.
  • (d) Both a) and b).

Question 92:

Following is not included within the ambit of ‘consumer rights’:

  • (a) The right to be protected against the marketing of goods, products or services which are hazardous to life and property
  • (b) No right to be informed about the quality, quantity, potency, purity, standard and price of goods, products or services so as to protect the consumer against unfair trade practices
  • (c) The right to be assured, wherever possible, access to a variety of goods, products or services at competitive prices
  • (d) The right to consumer awareness

Question 93:

Assertion (A): An accomplice shall be a competent witness against an accused person.

Reason (R): An accomplice is unworthy of credit, unless he is corroborated in material particulars.

  • (a) Both (A) and (R) are true, and (R) is the correct explanation of (A)
    (b) Both (A) and (R) are true, but (R) is not the correct explanation of (A)
    (c) (A) is true, but (R) is false
    (d) (A) is false, but (R) is true

Question 94:

Nemo judex in causa sua implies which of the following?

  • (a) No one can be a judge in his own case
    (b) The act of Court shall not prejudice anyone
    (c) Burden of proof lies on the plaintiff
    (d) A delegate cannot further delegate

Question 95:

In which of the following cases did the Supreme Court of India identify both Precautionary and Polluter Pays principles as essential features of sustainable development?

  • (a) Indian Council for Enviro-legal Action \& Ors. v. Union of India \& Ors. (1996)
    (b) Vellore Citizen’s Welfare Forum v. Union of India (1996)
    (c) M.C. Mehta v. Kamal Nath \& Ors. (1997)
    (d) Narmada Bachao Andolan v. Union of India \& Ors. (2000)

Question 96:

Consider the following principles:

Principle A: International humanitarian law aims to protect the civilian population and civilian objects, and establishes the distinction between combatants and non-combatants. States must never make civilians the object of attack and must consequently never use weapons that are incapable of distinguishing between civilian and military targets.


Principle B: International humanitarian law prohibits causing of unnecessary suffering to combatants; it is accordingly prohibited to use weapons causing them such harm or uselessly aggravating their suffering. Therefore, states do not have unlimited freedom of choice of means in the weapons they use.

  • (a) Both Principles A and B are correct
    (b) Only Principle A is correct
    (c) Only Principle B is correct
    (d) Both Principle A and Principle B are incorrect

Question 97:

Following matters or disputes can be referred to mediation under the Mediation Act 2023:

  • (a) Disputes relating to investment matters
    (b) Disputes relating to claims against minors
    (c) Subject matter over which the Tribunal constituted under the National Green Tribunal Act, 2010 has jurisdiction
    (d) Suits for declaration having effect of right in rem

Question 98:

Following is not correct about the ‘same word same meaning’ rule:

  • (a) When the Legislature uses the same word in different parts of the same section or statute, there is a presumption that the word is used in the same sense throughout
    (b) The presumption noted in (a) is a weak presumption and is readily displaced by the context
    (c) When the same word is used at different places in the same clause of the same section, it bears the same meaning at each place having regard to the context of its use
    (d) None of the above

Question 99:

“Article 36, paragraph 1(b), of the Vienna Convention provides that if a national of the sending State is arrested or detained, and ‘if he so requests’, the competent authorities of the receiving State must, ‘without delay’, inform the consular post of the sending State.” [Jadhav Case (India v. Pakistan)]

In the context of this case, the International Court of Justice understood the expression ‘without delay’ as:

  • (a) Immediately upon arrest
    (b) To be determined on the basis of individual’s circumstances
    (c) Before interrogation
    (d) None of the above

Question 100:

Following is true about further issue of share capital:

  • (a) Rights shares should be issued to existing equity shareholders of the company, as nearly as circumstances admit, in proportion to the paid-up share capital on those shares
    (b) Should be issued to employees under a scheme of employees’ stock option, if the company passes ordinary resolution in this behalf
    (c) To no other person even if authorized by special resolution of the company
    (d) All of the above