Bihar Board Class 12 History 2025 Question Paper (Available): Download Bihar Board Class 12 Question Paper with Solution PDF

Step 1: Historical background.

Early humans initially relied on stone tools during the Stone Age. Gradually, they discovered metals that could be easily extracted and shaped. The first such metal was copper, which could be obtained in a relatively pure form from nature (native copper).


Step 2: Analysis of options.

- (A) Iron: Although widely used later in the Iron Age, iron requires high temperatures for smelting and was discovered much after copper.

- (B) Copper: The earliest known metal used by humans. Copper tools, ornaments, and weapons have been found from the Chalcolithic Age (Copper-Stone Age).

- (C) Silver: Rare and not as easily extracted in early times. It came into use later for ornaments.

- (D) Bronze: An alloy of copper and tin. It was discovered after the use of pure copper. Bronze marked the beginning of the Bronze Age, which succeeded the Chalcolithic Age.


Step 3: Conclusion.

Since copper was the first metal used by humans in the Chalcolithic period, the correct answer is Copper.
Quick Tip: Remember the chronological order of human use of materials: Stone Age \(\Rightarrow\) Copper (Chalcolithic Age) \(\Rightarrow\) Bronze Age \(\Rightarrow\) Iron Age.

Step 1: Identify Shortughai.

Shortughai is a well-known Harappan (Indus Valley Civilization) site located outside the main Harappan core region. It lies near the Amu Darya (Oxus River) in present-day northern Afghanistan.


Step 2: Historical importance.

This site was a trading outpost established by the Harappans to access the lapis lazuli mines of Badakhshan, which were a highly prized resource in ancient times. The presence of typical Harappan artifacts such as beads, weights, and pottery confirms its connection with the Indus Valley Civilization.


Step 3: Elimination of wrong options.

- (A) Punjab: Many Harappan sites exist here (like Harappa itself), but Shortughai is not one of them.

- (B) Gujarat: Important sites like Lothal, Dholavira, Surkotada are here, but not Shortughai.

- (C) Rajasthan: Sites like Kalibangan are located here, not Shortughai.

- (D) Afghanistan: Correct, as Shortughai is located in northern Afghanistan.


Step 4: Conclusion.

Thus, the Harappan site called Shortughai is located in Afghanistan.
Quick Tip: Remember: Shortughai is the only Harappan site located in Afghanistan, established mainly for trade in lapis lazuli from Badakhshan mines.

Step 1: Recall major Indus Valley sites.

The Indus Valley Civilization had many urban centers, each known for specific features:

- Harappa: Granaries, fortifications, craft production.

- Mohenjo-Daro: Great Bath, advanced drainage system.

- Dholavira: Water reservoirs and signboard inscription.

- Lothal: Dockyard and bead-making industry.


Step 2: Analyze each option.

- (A) Banawali: Known for agricultural implements and terracotta toys, but no dockyard.

- (B) Shortughai: Located in Afghanistan, famous for lapis lazuli trade, not dockyard.

- (C) Lothal: Located in Gujarat, it had a well-planned dockyard connected to the Sabarmati River, proving maritime trade.

- (D) Chanhudaro: Known for bead-making and craft production, not dockyard.


Step 3: Conclusion.

The only Indus Valley site with clear evidence of a dockyard is Lothal, which highlights the maritime trade links of the civilization.
Quick Tip: For Indus Valley Civilization questions, remember unique site features: Lothal (dockyard), Mohenjo-Daro (Great Bath), Harappa (granaries), Dholavira (reservoirs). Associating sites with features makes memorization easy.

Step 1: Background of Mesopotamian trade.

The Mesopotamians had active trade links with regions across the Arabian Sea and Indian Ocean. In their cuneiform inscriptions, they mention trading partners like Dilmun, Magan, and Meluhha. Each of these terms referred to a specific geographical region.


Step 2: Identification of Meluhha.

- Dilmun: Usually identified with Bahrain.

- Magan: Associated with Oman.

- Meluhha: Mentioned in Mesopotamian texts as a source of carnelian, lapis lazuli, beads, ivory, and cotton—products typical of the Indus Valley Civilization (Harappan culture).


Step 3: Conclusion.

Thus, historians and archaeologists identify Meluhha with the Harappan region (Indus Valley Civilization) because the trade items described in Mesopotamian records match Harappan exports.

\[ \boxed{Meluhha = Harappan region (Indus Valley Civilization)} \] Quick Tip: Remember: In Mesopotamian texts, Dilmun = Bahrain, Magan = Oman, and Meluhha = Harappan region. This helps in understanding ancient trade routes.

Step 1: Understanding the context.

Faience is a glazed non-clay ceramic material widely used in the Indus Valley Civilization. It was crafted into beads, ornaments, and miniature vessels due to its glazed and colorful appearance. Such objects often had both utility and decorative value.


Step 2: Connection with perfume bottles.

Miniature pots of faience, due to their size and fine craftsmanship, are believed to have been used for storing precious items such as perfumes, oils, or scented liquids. This is why archaeologists associate them with perfume bottles.


Step 3: Archaeological findings.

- At Harappa, excavations revealed faience objects, including miniature vessels.

- At Mohenjodaro, similar faience pots were discovered, supporting the idea that they were used as containers for valuable substances.

- At Kalibangan, though faience was found, such specific miniature perfume-like pots were not as prominent.


Step 4: Conclusion.

Therefore, miniature faience pots used as perfume bottles have been found in both Harappa and Mohenjodaro.

\[ \boxed{Correct Answer: Both (A) and (B)} \] Quick Tip: The Indus Valley Civilization is famous for its advanced craftwork, including faience objects. Whenever the question mentions miniature faience pots, the correct answer usually relates to Harappa and Mohenjodaro.

Step 1: Context of Indus Valley excavations.

The Indus Valley Civilization was first discovered in 1921 (Harappa) and 1922 (Mohenjo-Daro). These excavations revealed one of the world’s earliest urban civilizations. Later, more sites were discovered in Gujarat and Rajasthan.


Step 2: Excavation at Lothal.

Lothal, located in present-day Gujarat, was excavated under the leadership of S.R. Rao. It revealed a dockyard, bead-making factories, and advanced town planning. The excavation began in 1955.


Step 3: Elimination of options.

- (A) 1921: This refers to Harappa excavation, not Lothal.

- (B) 1925: Mohenjo-Daro excavation, not Lothal.

- (C) 1946: Refers to discovery of other Indus sites like Chanhudaro.

- (D) 1955: Correct year when S.R. Rao started excavation at Lothal.


Conclusion: The excavation at Lothal began in 1955.
Quick Tip: Remember: Harappa (1921), Mohenjo-Daro (1922), and Lothal (1955) are key milestones in Indus Valley excavations.

Step 1: Understanding Mahajanapadas.

In the 6th century BCE, India saw the emergence of large territorial states known as Mahajanapadas. These were more powerful than earlier Janapadas and are mentioned in Buddhist Anguttara Nikaya and Jain texts.


Step 2: Number of Mahajanapadas.

Both Buddhist and Jain texts clearly state that there were 16 Mahajanapadas. These included Magadha, Kosala, Vatsa, Avanti, Vajji, and others.


Step 3: Elimination of options.

- (A) 6: Too small, does not match historical records.

- (B) 12: Incorrect, not consistent with Buddhist/Jain texts.

- (C) 16: Correct number as per texts.

- (D) 18: Incorrect, later confusions but not historically accurate.


Conclusion: The correct number of Mahajanapadas was 16.
Quick Tip: The Anguttara Nikaya (Buddhist text) and Jain Bhagavati Sutra both list 16 Mahajanapadas. Remember names like Magadha, Kosala, and Vatsa as important ones.

Step 1: Recall historical background.

The Mauryan Empire was the first major empire in India that unified large parts of the subcontinent under centralized rule.


Step 2: Identify the founder.

Chandragupta Maurya, with the guidance of Chanakya (Kautilya), defeated the Nanda dynasty around 321 BCE and established the Mauryan Empire.


Step 3: Eliminate wrong options.

- (B) Ashoka: A great ruler of the Mauryan dynasty, but not the founder. He came later (grandson of Chandragupta).

- (C) Bimbisara: Ruler of the Haryanka dynasty of Magadha, not related to the Mauryan Empire.

- (D) Ajatashatru: Another Magadha ruler, much earlier than the Mauryan period.


Step 4: Conclusion.

Therefore, Chandragupta Maurya is the founder of the Mauryan Empire.
Quick Tip: Remember: Chandragupta Maurya founded the Mauryan Empire with the guidance of Chanakya around 321 BCE, ending the rule of the Nandas.

Step 1: Excavation timeline.

The Indus Valley Civilization sites of Harappa and Mohenjodaro were first excavated in the early 1920s.


Step 2: Role of John Marshall.

John Marshall was the Director General of the Archaeological Survey of India (ASI) from 1902 to 1928. During his tenure, systematic excavations at Harappa (Punjab, now in Pakistan) and Mohenjodaro (Sindh, now in Pakistan) revealed the existence of an advanced urban civilization.


Step 3: Elimination of wrong options.

- (A) Cunningham: He was the first Director General of ASI, but he worked earlier in the 19th century and did not excavate Harappa or Mohenjodaro.

- (B) S.R. Rao: Later archaeologist, known for excavating Lothal in Gujarat (a Harappan port town).

- (C) R.E.M. Wheeler: Came later (1940s) and re-examined Harappan sites with more modern techniques.

- (D) John Marshall: Correct, as he directed the first excavations of Harappa and Mohenjodaro in the 1920s.


Step 4: Conclusion.

Thus, John Marshall was the Director General of ASI during the excavation of Harappa and Mohenjodaro.
Quick Tip: John Marshall (1920s) announced the discovery of the Indus Valley Civilization by excavating Harappa and Mohenjodaro.

Step 1: Understanding the role of Dhamma Mahamatta.

During the reign of Ashoka (Mauryan Empire), special officers known as Dhamma Mahamattas were appointed. Their main responsibility was to propagate Ashoka’s policy of Dhamma (moral and ethical duties).


Step 2: Analyze each option.

- (A) Propagation of Dhamma: Correct. Their primary duty was spreading Ashoka’s Dhamma, promoting non-violence, tolerance, and welfare.

- (B) Revenue collection: This was the duty of other officers, not Dhamma Mahamattas.

- (C) Construction of temple: No such evidence is available.

- (D) None of these: Incorrect since option (A) is correct.


Step 3: Conclusion.

The function of Dhamma Mahamatta was specifically related to the propagation of Dhamma.
Quick Tip: Remember: Ashoka created Dhamma Mahamattas to ensure moral governance, welfare of people, and spread of Buddhist-inspired ethical values.

Step 1: Background of Prayaga Prashasti.

The Prayaga Prashasti (also known as Allahabad Pillar Inscription) was composed by Harisena, the court poet of Samudragupta of the Gupta dynasty.


Step 2: Key details.

- The inscription records the conquests, victories, and achievements of Samudragupta.

- It highlights his military campaigns across North and South India.

- It portrays him as a “Napoleon of India” due to his extensive conquests.


Step 3: Analyze each option.

- (A) Ashoka: Associated with inscriptions but not with Harisena.

- (B) Samudragupta: Correct. Harisena composed the Prayaga Prashasti in his praise.

- (C) Chandragupta: Founder of Gupta dynasty, but not associated with this inscription.

- (D) Prabhavati Gupta: Daughter of Chandragupta II, not related here.


Step 4: Conclusion.

Harisena praised the military and administrative achievements of Samudragupta in the Prayaga Prashasti.
Quick Tip: Link poets with rulers: Harisena (Samudragupta), Kalidasa (Chandragupta II). Prayaga Prashasti = Samudragupta’s achievements.

Step 1: Identify the historical figure.

Gautamiputra Satakarni was one of the greatest rulers of ancient India, mentioned in inscriptions such as the Nashik Prashasti composed by his mother, Gautami Balashri.


Step 2: Dynasty connection.

He belonged to the Satavahana dynasty, which ruled in the Deccan region after the fall of the Mauryas. The Satavahanas played a key role in uniting northern and southern India through trade and political power.


Step 3: Conclusion.

Hence, Gautamiputra Satakarni is associated with the Satavahana dynasty.

\[ \boxed{Satavahana Dynasty} \] Quick Tip: Gautamiputra Satakarni is remembered for defeating the Shakas and reviving the Satavahana power in the Deccan.

Step 1: Background of Sangam society.

Sangam literature provides valuable information about the social and economic structure of early Tamil society. Different groups were identified by their occupation and status.


Step 2: Meaning of Vellalar.

The term “Vellalar” referred to wealthy and influential large landowners who controlled agricultural production and enjoyed high social status in Sangam society. They were distinct from ordinary peasants and laborers.


Step 3: Conclusion.

Therefore, in Tamil Sangam literature, Vellalar were identified as large landowners.

\[ \boxed{Large landowners} \] Quick Tip: In Sangam society, Vellalar = Large landowners, Uzhavar = Peasants/Ploughmen, and Adimai = Slaves. This classification highlights the agrarian base of early Tamil culture.

Step 1: Understanding the context.

In ancient India, groups of artisans, craftsmen, and traders often formed organisations to regulate their activities, maintain quality, and protect mutual interests. These were collective associations.


Step 2: Analyze each option.

- (A) Guilds (Shrenis): These were formal organisations of craft producers and merchants. They controlled production, fixed rules, and protected members.

- (B) Sarthavahas: This term referred to leaders of merchant caravans, not organisations of artisans as a whole.

- (C) Setthis: Refers to wealthy bankers or moneylenders, not craft organisations.

- (D) None of these: Incorrect because the correct term is “Guilds.”


Step 3: Conclusion.

The correct term for organisations of craft producers and merchants was “Guilds” (Shrenis).

\[ \boxed{Correct Answer: Guilds} \] Quick Tip: Remember: In ancient India, craft organisations were called “Shrenis” or guilds, which played a key role in regulating production and trade.

Step 1: Sources of authority.

The Dharmasutras and Dharmashastras are ancient Hindu legal and religious texts. They prescribed rules of conduct, duties, and social norms, including the institution of marriage.


Step 2: The eight forms of marriage.

The texts recognise eight types of marriage:

1. Brahma Vivaha

2. Daiva Vivaha

3. Arsha Vivaha

4. Prajapatya Vivaha

5. Gandharva Vivaha

6. Asura Vivaha

7. Rakshasa Vivaha

8. Paisacha Vivaha


Step 3: Conclusion.

Thus, according to Dharmasutras and Dharmashastras, there were eight forms of marriage.

\[ \boxed{Correct Answer: Eight} \] Quick Tip: Remember: The number of recognised marriage forms in Hindu texts is always “Eight,” divided into approved (first four) and disapproved (last four) categories.

Step 1: Who was Hiuen Tsang?

Hiuen Tsang was a Chinese Buddhist pilgrim and scholar. He came to India to collect Buddhist scriptures and to study at Nalanda University.


Step 2: His visit to India.

He visited India during the reign of Harshavardhana in the 7th century AD. His accounts provide detailed descriptions of Indian society, religion, and politics.


Step 3: Elimination of options.

- (A) Second Century AD: Too early.

- (B) Fifth Century AD: This was the time of Fa-Hien.

- (C) Seventh Century AD: Correct.

- (D) Eighth Century AD: Too late.


Conclusion: Hiuen Tsang came in the 7th century AD.
Quick Tip: Fa-Hien visited during the Gupta period (5th century AD), while Hiuen Tsang visited during Harsha’s reign (7th century AD).

Step 1: Background of Rigveda.

The Rigveda is the oldest of the four Vedas, composed in Sanskrit hymns dedicated to deities such as Indra, Agni, and Varuna.


Step 2: Time period of composition.

Most historians agree that the Rigveda was composed around 1500–1000 BC, which marks the early Vedic age. This is based on linguistic, cultural, and archaeological studies.


Step 3: Elimination of options.

- (A) 2000 to 1500 BC: Considered too early by most modern historians.

- (B) 1500 to 1000 BC: Accepted as the correct period.

- (C) 1000 to 500 BC: Belongs to the later Vedic age.

- (D) 500 to 100 BC: Too late, belongs to post-Vedic period.


Conclusion: Rigveda was compiled between 1500 and 1000 BC.
Quick Tip: Early Vedic period (1500–1000 BC) → Rigveda. Later Vedic period (1000–500 BC) → Yajurveda, Samaveda, Atharvaveda.

Step 1: Understanding the Harappan script.

The Harappan or Indus script is undeciphered but is found on seals, tablets, and pottery. It represents the earliest form of writing in the Indian subcontinent.


Step 2: Number of symbols.

Scholars have identified approximately 400 distinct signs or symbols in the Harappan script. The average inscription is short, usually 4–5 signs in length.


Step 3: Elimination.

- (A) 100: Too low compared to actual findings.

- (B) 200: Still lower than accepted counts.

- (C) 300: Close but slightly underestimated.

- (D) 400: Most widely accepted approximate figure.


Step 4: Conclusion.

Hence, the Harappan script has approximately 400 symbols.
Quick Tip: The Harappan script contains around 400 unique symbols, but it has not yet been deciphered.

Step 1: Recall the Mahajanapadas.

In the 6th century BCE, sixteen Mahajanapadas existed. Each had its own capital city.


Step 2: Identify Ujjaini.

Ujjaini (modern Ujjain in Madhya Pradesh) was the capital of the Mahajanapada known as Avanti. Avanti was an important political, cultural, and trade hub of central India.


Step 3: Elimination.

- (A) Chedi: Its capital was Shuktimati.

- (B) Vatsa: Its capital was Kausambi.

- (D) Matsya: Its capital was Viratanagara.

- (C) Avanti: Correct, with Ujjaini as its capital.


Step 4: Conclusion.

Thus, Ujjaini was the capital of the Avanti Mahajanapada.
Quick Tip: Among the sixteen Mahajanapadas, Ujjaini was the capital of Avanti, which played a key role in ancient Indian politics and trade.

Step 1: Historical context of Kushanas.

The Kushanas were Central Asian rulers who established their empire in North-Western India during the 1st–3rd centuries CE. Their most famous ruler was Kanishka.


Step 2: Meaning of the title “Devaputra.”

The Kushana kings adopted the title Devaputra, which means “Son of God.” This title was influenced by Central Asian and Chinese traditions, where kings often claimed divine descent to legitimize their authority.


Step 3: Analyze the given options.

- (A) Devaputra: Correct. This was the title of Kushana rulers, signifying their divine status.

- (B) Swargaputra: No historical evidence of this title among Kushanas.

- (C) Devaraja: Associated with later Southeast Asian kingdoms, not Kushanas.

- (D) Vikramaditya: Title used by some Gupta rulers, not Kushanas.


Step 4: Conclusion.

The Kushana rulers proudly used the title Devaputra to emphasize their divine legitimacy and authority.
Quick Tip: Remember: Kushanas = Devaputra, Guptas (Chandragupta II) = Vikramaditya, Harshavardhana = Pushyabhuti dynasty titles. Linking rulers with their titles helps in quick recall.

Step 1: Identify the ruler.

Rudradaman I was one of the most famous rulers of the Western Kshatrapas (Shaka dynasty). His rule is significant for the Junagadh inscription that records the repair of the Sudarshana lake in Gujarat.


Step 2: Historical context.

The Sudarshana lake, originally constructed during the Mauryan period, had broken down due to floods. Rudradaman I carried out repairs in the 2nd century AD and issued the Junagadh inscription in Sanskrit.


Step 3: Elimination of options.

- (A) First Century AD: Too early, not correct.

- (B) Second Century AD: Correct, the time of Rudradaman I.

- (C) Third Century AD: Later than Rudradaman’s reign.

- (D) Fourth Century AD: Also too late.


Conclusion: Rudradaman belonged to the Second Century AD.
Quick Tip: Remember: Rudradaman I (Western Kshatrapas) is known for the Junagadh inscription in Sanskrit, 2nd century AD.

Step 1: Context of Mandsaur inscription.

The Mandsaur inscription is a 5th-century CE record that describes the activities of a guild of silk weavers who migrated from Gujarat and settled in Mandsaur (present-day Madhya Pradesh).


Step 2: Significance.

This inscription is important for economic history because it shows the role of guilds in ancient India and their contribution to temple construction and community works.


Step 3: Elimination of options.

- (A) Rajasthan: Incorrect, not the site of discovery.

- (B) Madhya Pradesh: Correct, Mandsaur is located here.

- (C) Karnataka: Incorrect, unrelated to this inscription.

- (D) Gujarat: The silk weavers came from Gujarat, but the inscription was not found there.


Conclusion: The inscription was discovered at Mandsaur in Madhya Pradesh.
Quick Tip: Remember: Mandsaur inscription (5th century) in Madhya Pradesh mentions silk weavers’ guild and their temple donations.

Step 1: Jain literature in Prakrit.

Early Jain texts, especially the Agamas, were composed in Ardhamagadhi Prakrit, which was widely used by Jain monks for spreading teachings among common people.


Step 2: Jain literature in Sanskrit.

Later Jain scholars such as Umasvati, Samantabhadra, and Hemachandra composed important philosophical and literary works in Sanskrit.


Step 3: Jain literature in Tamil.

Jains also contributed significantly to Tamil literature in South India, especially during the Sangam period. They wrote moral and didactic texts that shaped Tamil culture.


Step 4: Conclusion.

Since Jain scholars wrote in Prakrit, Sanskrit, and Tamil, the correct answer is “All of these.”
Quick Tip: Jain literature spans across Prakrit, Sanskrit, and Tamil, showing its wide regional and linguistic influence in ancient India.

Step 1: Identify Gautama Buddha’s birthplace.

Gautama Buddha, founder of Buddhism, was born in 563 BCE. His birthplace is recorded as Lumbini, situated in present-day Nepal.


Step 2: Eliminate wrong options.

- (B) Vaishali: Important Buddhist center, but it is where Buddha gave his last sermon.

- (C) Sarnath: The place where Buddha delivered his first sermon (Dhammachakra Pravartana).

- (D) Bodh Gaya: The site where Buddha attained enlightenment under the Bodhi tree.


Step 3: Conclusion.

Thus, Buddha was born at Lumbini, not at Vaishali, Sarnath, or Bodh Gaya.
Quick Tip: Remember: Buddha was born in Lumbini, attained enlightenment in Bodh Gaya, gave his first sermon at Sarnath, and passed away at Kushinagar.

Step 1: Background of Ellora.

Ellora, located in present-day Maharashtra, is famous for its rock-cut caves that include Hindu, Buddhist, and Jain temples. The most remarkable of these is the Kailashnath Temple.


Step 2: Dynasty responsible.

The Kailashnath Temple was constructed during the reign of the Rashtrakuta dynasty in the 8th century CE. The king Krishna I is credited with commissioning this architectural marvel.


Step 3: Analyze each option.

- (A) Rashtrakuta: Correct. Built under Rashtrakuta patronage.

- (B) Chola: Famous for Brihadeeswara temple in Tamil Nadu, not Ellora.

- (C) Pallava: Known for rock-cut temples at Mahabalipuram, not Ellora.

- (D) Satavahana: Earlier dynasty, not associated with Ellora’s Kailashnath temple.


Step 4: Conclusion.

The Kailashnath Temple at Ellora is a masterpiece of Rashtrakuta art and architecture.
Quick Tip: Remember: Kailashnath Temple = Rashtrakuta (Krishna I). Brihadeeswara = Chola (Rajaraja I). Mahabalipuram = Pallava (Narasimhavarman I).

Step 1: Understanding Tirthankaras.

In Jainism, a Tirthankara is a spiritual teacher who has achieved liberation and shows the path to others. Jain tradition recognizes 24 Tirthankaras.


Step 2: Identify the first Tirthankara.

The very first Tirthankara was Rishabhdeva (also known as Adinatha). He is considered the founder of Jain dharma traditions and mentioned in ancient Jain texts as well as some Hindu Puranas.


Step 3: Analyze each option.

- (A) Mahavira: 24th and last Tirthankara, not the first.

- (B) Parshvanatha: 23rd Tirthankara, earlier than Mahavira but not the first.

- (C) Ajitanatha: 2nd Tirthankara, not the first.

- (D) Rishabhdeva: Correct. He was the 1st Tirthankara.


Step 4: Conclusion.

The first Tirthankara of Jainism was Rishabhdeva.
Quick Tip: Remember: Jain Tirthankaras — 1st = Rishabhdeva, 23rd = Parshvanatha, 24th = Mahavira. This sequence is frequently asked in exams.

Step 1: Background of Al-Biruni.

Al-Biruni was a great Persian scholar, scientist, and traveler. He was originally from Khwarizm (present-day Uzbekistan region).


Step 2: How he came to India.

When Sultan Mahmud of Ghazni invaded Khwarizm, Al-Biruni was taken as a hostage to Ghazni. Later, he accompanied Mahmud on his Indian campaigns.


Step 3: Conclusion.

Thus, it was Sultan Mahmud who brought Al-Biruni from Khwarizm to Ghazni.

\[ \boxed{Sultan Mahmud} \] Quick Tip: Al-Biruni authored "Tahqiq-i-Hind" (Kitab-ul-Hind), a major source on Indian society, culture, and sciences during the 11th century.

Step 1: Identify Rihla.

The "Rihla" (meaning "The Journey") is a famous travel account that provides vivid descriptions of 14th-century societies across Africa, West Asia, India, and beyond.


Step 2: Authorship.

The Moroccan traveler Ibn Battuta wrote the Rihla after traveling extensively for almost 30 years, covering more than 40 countries of the modern world.


Step 3: Conclusion.

Therefore, the author of Rihla was Ibn Battuta.

\[ \boxed{Ibn Battuta} \] Quick Tip: Remember: Al-Biruni wrote "Kitab-ul-Hind," Abdur Razzaq wrote about Vijayanagara, Bernier described Mughal India, and Ibn Battuta authored "Rihla."

Step 1: Background of Francois Bernier.

Francois Bernier was a French physician and traveler who visited India during the Mughal period in the 17th century. He spent several years in India and observed Mughal society, politics, and economy.


Step 2: His multiple roles.

- As a Doctor, he served Dara Shikoh, the eldest son of Shah Jahan.

- As a Political Philosopher, he commented on Mughal governance, social inequality, and political institutions.

- As a Historian, his writings provided valuable historical accounts of Mughal India and are key primary sources for historians.


Step 3: Conclusion.

Since Bernier was simultaneously a doctor, political philosopher, and historian, the correct answer is “All of these.”

\[ \boxed{Correct Answer: All of these} \] Quick Tip: Francois Bernier’s accounts are crucial for understanding 17th-century Mughal India. Always remember: he was a physician, philosopher, and historian.

Step 1: Context of Mughal cities.

During the Mughal period, major cities like Delhi, Agra, and Lahore developed as important centers. However, their urban structure was different from modern planned cities.


Step 2: Bernier’s observation.

Francois Bernier compared Mughal cities to “Camp towns.” According to him, these cities lacked permanent civic infrastructure. Instead, they grew around royal camps and shifted in importance based on where the Mughal emperor stayed.


Step 3: Elimination of other options.

- (A) Ibn Battuta: 14th-century traveler, but he did not describe Mughal towns.

- (C) Tavernier: Another European traveler, but he did not use the phrase “Camp towns.”

- (D) Barbosa: Portuguese traveler, but much earlier than the Mughal period.


Step 4: Conclusion.

Thus, Bernier was the one who described Mughal cities as “Camp towns.”

\[ \boxed{Correct Answer: Bernier} \] Quick Tip: Bernier’s “Camp town” observation shows how Mughal cities were linked to the movement of the emperor and lacked permanent infrastructure.

Step 1: Understanding the Jagannath temple.

The Jagannath temple in Puri, Odisha, is one of the most famous pilgrimage sites in India. The presiding deity is Lord Jagannath, a form of Krishna.


Step 2: Associated deities.

Alongside Jagannath (Krishna), the temple also houses idols of his brother Balarama and his sister Subhadra. Together, these three are worshipped in the temple.


Step 3: Elimination of options.

- (A) Krishna: Correct but incomplete.

- (B) Balarama: Correct but incomplete.

- (C) Subhadra: Correct but incomplete.

- (D) All of them: Correct, since all three are worshipped.


Conclusion: The Jagannath temple of Puri worships Krishna (Jagannath), Balarama, and Subhadra together.
Quick Tip: Jagannath temple is unique as it houses Krishna, Balarama, and Subhadra together, not just one deity.

Step 1: Who were the Nayanars?

The Nayanars were a group of Tamil Shaivite saints who lived between the 6th and 9th centuries CE in South India. They spread devotion through hymns and poems.


Step 2: Religious devotion.

They were ardent devotees of Lord Shiva and played a central role in the Bhakti movement. Their devotional works are preserved in the “Tirumurai.”


Step 3: Elimination of options.

- (A) Brahma: Creator god, not associated with Nayanar worship.

- (B) Vishnu: Worshipped by the Alvars, not the Nayanars.

- (C) Shiva: Correct — the main deity of Nayanar devotion.

- (D) Agni: Vedic fire god, not relevant here.


Conclusion: The Nayanars were worshippers of Lord Shiva.
Quick Tip: Remember: Nayanars → Shaivism (Shiva devotees). Alvars → Vaishnavism (Vishnu devotees).

Step 1: Background.

The Virashaiva or Lingayat movement was a powerful religious reform movement in 12th century Karnataka. It opposed caste distinctions and emphasized devotion to Lord Shiva.


Step 2: Leadership.

Basavanna, a minister in the court of the Kalachuri king Bijjala, was the main leader of this movement. He founded the Anubhava Mantapa, a spiritual parliament where men and women from all castes could discuss religious and social issues.


Step 3: Elimination.

- (A) Appar: A Tamil Shaivite saint from earlier times.

- (B) Sundarar: Another Tamil Shaiva Nayanar saint.

- (C) Karaikkal Ammaiyar: Female saint of the Tamil Shaiva tradition.

- (D) Basavanna: Correct leader of the 12th-century Virashaiva movement in Karnataka.


Step 4: Conclusion.

Thus, Basavanna was the leader of the Virashaiva tradition in 12th century Karnataka.
Quick Tip: Remember: The Virashaiva movement in Karnataka was led by Basavanna, who emphasized equality and devotion to Shiva.

Step 1: Identify the Alvar saints.

The Alvars were Tamil poet-saints devoted to Vishnu, who composed devotional hymns during the Bhakti movement in South India.


Step 2: Their composition.

The collective hymns of the Alvars were compiled as the Nalayira Divyaprabandham, meaning “Four Thousand Divine Compositions.” These works are dedicated to Lord Vishnu and his avatars.


Step 3: Elimination.

- (A) Tevaram: A collection of Shaivite hymns composed by Nayanar saints, not by Alvars.

- (B) Nalayira Divyaprabandham: Correct, composed by Alvars.

- (C) Both (A) and (B): Incorrect, since Alvars only composed Divyaprabandham, not Tevaram.

- (D) None of these: Incorrect.


Step 4: Conclusion.

Therefore, the composition of the Alvar saints is the Nalayira Divyaprabandham.
Quick Tip: Alvar saints were Vaishnavite poets whose hymns were compiled as the Nalayira Divyaprabandham, while Shaivite Nayanars composed the Tevaram.

Step 1: Context.

In medieval Indian history, foreign groups arriving from Central Asia and Persia were given distinct names depending on their origin.


Step 2: Analysis of terms.

- Turushka: A term often used in Sanskrit texts for Turks, not Persians.

- Tajika: Refers to people from Arab regions, not specifically Persians.

- Parashika: Derived from “Parash” (Persia), and used for Persians.

- None of these: Incorrect, since the correct term exists.


Step 3: Conclusion.

The Persians who came to India were referred to as Parashika.
Quick Tip: Remember: Turks = Turushka, Arabs = Tajika, Persians = Parashika. Distinguishing between these names helps in medieval history MCQs.

Step 1: Identify Nizamuddin Aulia.

Shaikh Nizamuddin Aulia was one of the most famous Sufi saints of the Chishti order in medieval India.


Step 2: His Dargah.

The Dargah (shrine) of Nizamuddin Aulia is located in Delhi. It remains one of the most visited Sufi shrines in India and is a symbol of religious harmony.


Step 3: Analyze each option.

- (A) Ajmer: Dargah of Khwaja Moinuddin Chishti, not Nizamuddin Aulia.

- (B) Delhi: Correct, Dargah of Nizamuddin Aulia.

- (C) Patna: Not connected to Nizamuddin Aulia.

- (D) Bihar Sharif: Associated with other Sufi saints, not him.


Step 4: Conclusion.

The Dargah of Shaikh Nizamuddin Aulia is located in Delhi.
Quick Tip: Remember: Ajmer = Khwaja Moinuddin Chishti, Delhi = Nizamuddin Aulia. Both are major Sufi centers in India.

Step 1: Background of Sikh scriptures.

The Adi Granth Sahib is the central scripture of Sikhism, containing the hymns and teachings of Sikh Gurus as well as saints of other traditions.


Step 2: Compilation.

Guru Arjan Dev, the fifth Sikh Guru, undertook the task of compiling the Adi Granth Sahib around 1604 CE. He collected the hymns of Guru Nanak, the succeeding Gurus, and other saints, and installed the scripture at the Golden Temple (Harmandir Sahib) in Amritsar.


Step 3: Conclusion.

Hence, the compilation of the Adi Granth Sahib was done by Guru Arjan Dev.

\[ \boxed{Guru Arjan Dev} \] Quick Tip: Remember: Guru Nanak founded Sikhism, Guru Arjan Dev compiled the Adi Granth, and Guru Gobind Singh later declared the Guru Granth Sahib as the eternal Guru.

Step 1: Understanding the Virashaiva tradition.

The Virashaiva or Lingayat tradition emerged in Karnataka during the 12th century. It emphasized devotion to Lord Shiva and rejected caste distinctions and ritual practices.


Step 2: Nature of Vachanas.

The followers of this tradition, like Basavanna, Akka Mahadevi, and Allama Prabhu, composed short poetic sayings called Vachanas. These Vachanas were written in the Kannada language, making them accessible to common people.


Step 3: Conclusion.

Thus, the Vachanas of the Virashaiva tradition were composed in Kannada.

\[ \boxed{Kannada} \] Quick Tip: Virashaiva saints used Kannada to reach the masses. Always link Basavanna and Akka Mahadevi with Kannada Vachana literature.

Step 1: About Kabir’s compositions.

Kabir, a 15th-century Bhakti saint, composed verses in simple Hindi with deep philosophical and spiritual meaning. His works focused on devotion, equality, and the rejection of caste-based discrimination.


Step 2: Compilation of his works.

- In Bijak, many of Kabir’s verses were preserved, especially among Kabirpanthis.

- In Kabir Granthavali, his teachings were compiled later.

- In the Adi Granth Sahib, the holy book of the Sikhs, some verses of Kabir were also included along with those of other saints.


Step 3: Conclusion.

Since Kabir’s verses are found in all three texts, the correct answer is “All of these.”

\[ \boxed{Correct Answer: All of these} \] Quick Tip: Kabir’s compositions are found in multiple sources — Bijak, Kabir Granthavali, and Adi Granth Sahib — showing his wide spiritual influence.

Step 1: About the Adi Granth Sahib.

The Adi Granth Sahib, compiled by Guru Arjan in 1604 CE, is the central scripture of Sikhism. It contains hymns not only of Sikh Gurus but also of several Bhakti and Sufi saints.


Step 2: Saints included.

- Baba Farid: A famous Sufi saint whose dohas are preserved in the Adi Granth.

- Ravidas: A Bhakti saint from the leatherworking community, who spoke of equality and devotion.

- Kabir: A prominent Bhakti poet-saint whose verses were included to spread the message of devotion and unity.


Step 3: Conclusion.

Since the Adi Granth includes the compositions of Baba Farid, Ravidas, Kabir, along with Sikh Gurus, the correct answer is “All of them.”

\[ \boxed{Correct Answer: All of them} \] Quick Tip: The Adi Granth Sahib is unique as it preserves the hymns of both Sikh Gurus and saints like Kabir, Baba Farid, and Ravidas, showing inclusivity in spirituality.

Step 1: Establishment of Vijayanagara empire.

The Vijayanagara empire was founded in 1336 AD by Harihara I and Bukka Raya I. These brothers were ministers in the Kakatiya and Kampili kingdoms before they established their rule.


Step 2: First ruling dynasty.

The dynasty they founded was called the Sangama dynasty, named after their father Sangama. This was the first ruling family of Vijayanagara.


Step 3: Elimination of options.

- (A) Sangama: Correct, the first dynasty.

- (B) Saluva: Second dynasty, rose later.

- (C) Tuluva: Third dynasty, Krishnadevaraya belonged here.

- (D) Aravidu: Fourth dynasty, ruled in the later phase.


Conclusion: The first dynasty was the Sangama dynasty.
Quick Tip: Remember Vijayanagara dynasties in order: Sangama \(\Rightarrow\) Saluva \(\Rightarrow\) Tuluva \(\Rightarrow\) Aravidu.

Step 1: Who was Krishnadevaraya?

Krishnadevaraya was the most famous ruler of the Vijayanagara empire, known for his administrative skill, military conquests, and patronage of art and literature.


Step 2: His dynasty.

He belonged to the Tuluva dynasty, the third ruling family of Vijayanagara. His reign (1509–1529 AD) is considered the golden age of the empire.


Step 3: Elimination of options.

- (A) Saluva: Incorrect, earlier dynasty before Tuluva.

- (B) Aravidu: Last dynasty, after Tuluva.

- (C) Sangama: First dynasty, centuries earlier.

- (D) Tuluva: Correct, dynasty of Krishnadevaraya.


Conclusion: Krishnadevaraya ruled under the Tuluva dynasty.
Quick Tip: Golden Age of Vijayanagara: Krishnadevaraya (Tuluva dynasty, 1509–1529 AD).

Step 1: Background of the battle.

The Battle of Rakshasi-Tangadi, also known as the Battle of Talikota, was fought between the Vijayanagara Empire and the combined forces of the Deccan Sultanates (Bijapur, Ahmednagar, Golconda, and Bidar).


Step 2: Year of occurrence.

This decisive battle took place in the year 1565. It marked the downfall of the mighty Vijayanagara Empire.


Step 3: Elimination.

- (A) 1560: Too early, not correct.

- (B) 1563: Not historically accurate.

- (C) 1565: Correct year of the battle.

- (D) 1640: Much later, not related.


Step 4: Conclusion.

Thus, the Battle of Talikota took place in 1565.
Quick Tip: Remember: The Battle of Talikota (1565) led to the decline of the Vijayanagara Empire in South India.

Step 1: Background of Gajapati dynasty.

The Gajapati dynasty rose to prominence in Odisha after the decline of the Eastern Ganga dynasty. The word "Gajapati" means "Lord of Elephants," symbolizing military strength.


Step 2: Establishment year.

The dynasty was established in 1435 CE by Kapilendra Deva, who became the first Gajapati ruler.


Step 3: Elimination.

- (A) 1206: Too early, not connected to the Gajapati dynasty.

- (B) 1336: This is the year of foundation of the Vijayanagara Empire, not related.

- (C) 1347: Year of Bahmani kingdom’s foundation, not Odisha.

- (D) 1435: Correct, year when Kapilendra Deva established the Gajapati dynasty in Orissa.


Step 4: Conclusion.

Thus, the Gajapati dynasty of Orissa was founded in 1435.
Quick Tip: The Gajapati dynasty was founded in 1435 by Kapilendra Deva in Odisha, marking a powerful regional rule.

Step 1: Arrival of Portuguese in India.

The Portuguese were the first Europeans to arrive in India by sea. Vasco da Gama reached Calicut in 1498, opening the direct sea route between Europe and India.


Step 2: Conquest of Goa.

In 1510, the Portuguese under Afonso de Albuquerque captured Goa from the Bijapur Sultanate. This conquest gave the Portuguese a stronghold in India for trade and naval power.


Step 3: Analysis of options.

- (A) 1498: Vasco da Gama’s arrival, not Goa conquest.

- (B) 1509: Albuquerque became governor, but conquest of Goa happened in 1510.

- (C) 1510: Correct. Year of conquest of Goa.

- (D) 1526: Year of the Battle of Panipat, unrelated to Goa.


Step 4: Conclusion.

The Portuguese conquered Goa in 1510.
Quick Tip: Remember: Vasco da Gama (1498, Calicut), Portuguese conquest of Goa (1510, Albuquerque).

Step 1: Background of Afanasi Nikitin.

Afanasi Nikitin was a merchant and traveler from Russia. He is famous for his travel account called “The Journey Beyond Three Seas”, where he described his experiences in India.


Step 2: Connection with Vijayanagara.

Nikitin visited India in the 15th century and traveled to the Vijayanagara Empire. His writings provide valuable information on the economic, social, and political life of South India.


Step 3: Analyze each option.

- (A) Portugal: Vasco da Gama and Albuquerque were from Portugal, not Nikitin.

- (B) Italy: Other travelers like Niccolò de’ Conti were Italians.

- (C) Russia: Correct. Nikitin was a Russian merchant.

- (D) Spain: Not connected with Vijayanagara travelers.


Step 4: Conclusion.

Afanasi Nikitin, who visited Vijayanagara, was a merchant from Russia.
Quick Tip: Traveler association: Afanasi Nikitin = Russia, Ibn Battuta = Morocco, Al-Biruni = Central Asia, Niccolò de’ Conti = Italy.

Step 1: Context of Mahanavami Dibba.

The Mahanavami Dibba is a well-known monument located within the royal enclosure at Hampi, the capital of the Vijayanagara Empire.


Step 2: Structure and purpose.

It is a huge stone platform built by King Krishnadeva Raya after his victory over the Gajapati rulers of Orissa. The structure was used for important ceremonies, royal court gatherings, and the celebration of festivals like Mahanavami (Dussehra).


Step 3: Conclusion.

Hence, the Mahanavami Dibba is identified as a massive stone platform.

\[ \boxed{Massive platform} \] Quick Tip: The Mahanavami Dibba at Hampi symbolizes the grandeur of Vijayanagara court rituals and festivities.

Step 1: Religious significance in Vijayanagara.

The rulers of the Vijayanagara Empire gave great importance to divine patronage. Every dynasty had a presiding deity or mother goddess they worshipped.


Step 2: Identification of Pampadevi.

In the case of Vijayanagara, Pampadevi, a form of Goddess Parvati associated with the Tungabhadra River and Hampi region, was worshipped as the mother goddess. The city itself was originally called “Pampakshetra” in her honor.


Step 3: Conclusion.

Thus, the mother goddess of Vijayanagara was Pampadevi.

\[ \boxed{Pampadevi} \] Quick Tip: Remember: Pampadevi was the presiding deity of Vijayanagara, worshipped at the Virupaksha temple in Hampi.

Step 1: Understanding the term 'Kudirai Chettis'.

In Tamil, the word “Kudirai” means “horse” and “Chetti” refers to traders or merchants. Hence, the literal meaning of “Kudirai Chettis” is “Horse Traders.”


Step 2: Role in Vijayanagara Empire.

The Vijayanagara Empire relied heavily on cavalry in warfare. Since horses could not be bred in large numbers in India, they were imported. Kudirai Chettis were a community of traders who played a crucial role in importing and supplying horses, often through Arabian and Portuguese traders.


Step 3: Conclusion.

Thus, the Kudiraichettis of Vijayanagara were known as “Horse Traders.”

\[ \boxed{Correct Answer: Horse traders} \] Quick Tip: “Kudirai” = Horse in Tamil. Always remember Kudirai Chettis were linked with the horse trade in Vijayanagara.

Step 1: About Krishnadevaraya.

Krishnadevaraya (1509–1529 CE) was one of the greatest rulers of the Vijayanagara Empire, belonging to the Tuluva dynasty. He was a patron of literature, art, and culture.


Step 2: His famous literary work.

Krishnadevaraya composed the celebrated Telugu epic “Amuktamalyada.” The title means “The Giver of the Worn Garland.” It describes the story of Andal, a devotee of Lord Vishnu, and also contains reflections on good governance.


Step 3: Other contributions.

Though he was also proficient in Sanskrit and Kannada, his most famous literary contribution remains in Telugu. This is why he is remembered as one of the greatest patrons of Telugu literature.


Step 4: Conclusion.

Thus, “Amuktamalyada” was written in the Telugu language.

\[ \boxed{Correct Answer: Telugu} \] Quick Tip: Remember: Krishnadevaraya’s “Amuktamalyada” is in Telugu — it is one of the most important works in medieval South Indian literature.

Step 1: Understanding Ain-i-Akbari.

The \textit{Ain-i-Akbari is part of Abul Fazl’s monumental work \textit{Akbarnama, written during the reign of Mughal emperor Akbar.


Step 2: Authorship.

Abul Fazl, one of Akbar’s famous Navaratnas (Nine Gems), compiled the Ain-i-Akbari. It provides detailed information on Akbar’s administration, court practices, revenue system, military organization, and culture.


Step 3: Elimination of options.

- (A) Nizamuddin Ahmad: Author of \textit{Tabakat-i-Akbari, not Ain-i-Akbari.

- (B) Abbas Khan Sarwani: Wrote the biography of Sher Shah Suri.

- (C) Abdul Qadir Badauni: Critic of Akbar’s policies, but not the author of Ain-i-Akbari.

- (D) Abul Fazl: Correct author of Ain-i-Akbari.


Conclusion: The Ain-i-Akbari was written by Abul Fazl.
Quick Tip: Abul Fazl wrote both the Akbarnama and Ain-i-Akbari, which are invaluable sources on Mughal history.

Step 1: Mughal agrarian structure.

During the Mughal period, the peasantry formed the backbone of the agrarian economy. Various terms were used in Indo-Persian sources to describe them.


Step 2: Terms used.

- Ryot: A general Persian term used for peasants.

- Muzarian: Used for sharecroppers or tenant cultivators.

- Asami: Another term denoting peasants or cultivators.


Step 3: Conclusion.

Since all these terms (Ryot, Muzarian, Asami) were used, the correct answer is “All of these.”
Quick Tip: In Mughal agrarian records, peasants were called Ryots, Muzarians, or Asamis — showing the diversity of agrarian classifications.

Step 1: Context.

In 18th century Bengal, landlords had to maintain regular services from artisans like blacksmiths, carpenters, and weavers. For these services, they made payments in cash or kind.


Step 2: The Jajmani system.

This arrangement was called the Jajmani system, in which artisans provided hereditary services to landlords or peasants in exchange for payment or maintenance. It was essentially a patron-client system.


Step 3: Elimination.

- (A) Miras: Refers to hereditary ownership of land, not artisan service.

- (C) Watan: Refers to hereditary offices/rights, not cash payment for services.

- (D) None of these: Incorrect, because the system had a name — Jajmani.


Step 4: Conclusion.

Hence, the correct answer is Jajmani system.
Quick Tip: The Jajmani system was a patron-client arrangement where artisans and service providers were tied to landlords through hereditary service exchange.

Step 1: Understanding the term.

During the medieval period, rulers and emperors granted revenue-free lands or assignments as charity to religious figures, scholars, or institutions.


Step 2: Correct identification.

This revenue grant given in charity was called Suyurghal. It provided income from land or revenue collection without taxation obligations.


Step 3: Elimination.

- (A) Arazi: General term for land, not a revenue-free grant.

- (C) Naqdi: Refers to cash payments, not land grants.

- (D) Jajmani: Service system, unrelated to revenue grants.


Step 4: Conclusion.

Thus, the revenue grant given as charity was called Suyurghal.
Quick Tip: Suyurghal was a tax-free revenue grant given in charity, often to religious institutions or scholars in medieval India.

Step 1: Background.

Pineapple, papaya, and maize are not native to India. These crops were originally from the Americas and were introduced to India after the Columbian Exchange that followed the discovery of the New World (1492 onwards).


Step 2: Time of introduction.

These crops were brought to India by the Portuguese during the early modern period. They began to be cultivated widely only from the 17th century.


Step 3: Analyze each option.

- (A) 6th century: Too early, India had no contact with American crops.

- (B) 12th century: Before the discovery of America, not possible.

- (C) 14th century: Still too early, no maritime exchange with America yet.

- (D) 17th century: Correct. The period when these crops were introduced and cultivated.


Step 4: Conclusion.

Pineapple, papaya, and maize began to be grown in India from the 17th century.
Quick Tip: Remember: Crops like maize, papaya, pineapple, tobacco, and potato came to India after the Portuguese arrived — mostly during the 16th–17th centuries.

Step 1: Identify Gulbadan Begum.

Gulbadan Begum was the daughter of Babur, the founder of the Mughal Empire, and the sister of Humayun. She was one of the few women historians in medieval India.


Step 2: Work composed.

She authored the Humayunama, which provides a personal and detailed account of the life of Humayun, including family relations, court politics, and daily life in the Mughal household.


Step 3: Analyze each option.

- (A) Baburnama: Written by Babur himself, not Gulbadan Begum.

- (B) Humayunama: Correct. Authored by Gulbadan Begum.

- (C) Alamgiranama: Refers to Aurangzeb (Alamgir), not by Gulbadan Begum.

- (D) Badshahnama: Written by Abdul Hamid Lahori, court historian of Shah Jahan.


Step 4: Conclusion.

The text composed by Gulbadan Begum was the Humayunama.
Quick Tip: Remember: Baburnama = Babur, Humayunama = Gulbadan Begum, Badshahnama = Shah Jahan’s court, Tuzuk-i-Jahangiri = Jahangir.

Step 1: About Baburnama.

The Baburnama is the autobiography of Zahir-ud-din Muhammad Babur, the founder of the Mughal Empire. It describes his life, conquests, geography, flora, fauna, and culture of the regions he encountered.


Step 2: Language of composition.

Baburnama was originally written in Chagatai Turkish, which was Babur’s mother tongue. Later, it was translated into Persian during the Mughal period because Persian was the court language of the empire.


Step 3: Conclusion.

Thus, the original language of Baburnama was Turkish.

\[ \boxed{Turkish} \] Quick Tip: Baburnama = Autobiography of Babur, written in Turkish (Chagatai). Later translated into Persian for wider Mughal readership.

Step 1: Background of Mughal entry.

Babur, a descendant of Timur on his father’s side and Genghis Khan on his mother’s side, invaded India during the early 16th century.


Step 2: Establishment of Mughal dynasty.

In 1526, Babur defeated Ibrahim Lodi at the First Battle of Panipat. This victory marked the beginning of the Mughal dynasty in India.


Step 3: Conclusion.

Therefore, Babur is regarded as the founder of the Mughal dynasty in India.

\[ \boxed{Babur} \] Quick Tip: Remember: 1526 – First Battle of Panipat – Babur defeated Ibrahim Lodi → Mughal dynasty established in India.

Step 1: Understanding the Jital coin.

The ‘Jital’ was a medieval Indian coin that circulated during the Delhi Sultanate and later periods. It was a commonly used lower-denomination coin.


Step 2: Composition of Jital.

Unlike high-value coins which were often minted in gold or silver, the Jital was made of copper or sometimes billon (an alloy with copper as the main component). This made it affordable and suitable for everyday transactions.


Step 3: Elimination of incorrect options.

- (A) Gold: Gold coins were rare and used for high-value exchange, not for Jital.

- (C) Brass: Not the metal used for Jital.

- (D) Silver: Higher denominations were in silver, not Jital.


Step 4: Conclusion.

Therefore, the Jital coin was made of copper.

\[ \boxed{Correct Answer: Copper} \] Quick Tip: Remember: Jital = Copper coin, commonly used in the Delhi Sultanate economy.

Step 1: Historical context.

The Second Battle of Panipat was fought in 1556, after Humayun’s death. The Mughal throne had passed to the young Akbar, while Hemu (a capable general of Adil Shah Suri) attempted to seize power.


Step 2: The battle.

- Hemu had captured Delhi and declared himself ruler.

- Akbar, under the guidance of Bairam Khan, marched to reclaim Mughal authority.

- The armies clashed at Panipat in 1556.


Step 3: Outcome.

Hemu was defeated when he was struck by an arrow in the eye, causing panic among his troops. This decisive victory secured the Mughal empire for Akbar.


Step 4: Elimination of wrong options.

- (B) Ibrahim Lodi: Defeated by Babur in the First Battle of Panipat (1526), not Akbar.

- (C) Nadir Shah: Invaded India in 1739, long after Akbar’s time.

- (D) Bajirao: Maratha leader of the 18th century, not contemporary to Akbar.


Step 5: Conclusion.

Thus, in the Second Battle of Panipat (1556), Akbar defeated Hemu.

\[ \boxed{Correct Answer: Hemu} \] Quick Tip: First Battle of Panipat (1526): Babur defeated Ibrahim Lodi.
Second Battle of Panipat (1556): Akbar defeated Hemu.
Third Battle of Panipat (1761): Marathas were defeated by Ahmad Shah Abdali.

Step 1: Understanding the Permanent Settlement.

The Permanent Settlement of Bengal was introduced in 1793 as a revenue system by the British. It fixed the land revenue to be paid by zamindars to the British government permanently.


Step 2: Role of the Governor General.

Lord Cornwallis, the Governor General of Bengal from 1786 to 1793, implemented this system in Bengal, Bihar, and Orissa. He is often remembered for his role in administrative and judicial reforms.


Step 3: Elimination of options.

- (A) Warren Hastings: Earlier Governor General, but Permanent Settlement was not introduced under him.

- (B) Cornwallis: Correct — he introduced the system in 1793.

- (C) Buchanan: Not related to this policy.

- (D) Ripon: Came much later (1880s).


Conclusion: The Governor General at the time was Cornwallis.
Quick Tip: Remember: Permanent Settlement = Cornwallis (1793). Ryotwari = Munro (Madras). Mahalwari = Holt Mackenzie (NW Provinces).

Step 1: Background of the Fifth Report.

The Fifth Report was presented to the British Parliament by the Select Committee on Indian affairs. It contained detailed accounts of the revenue system and administration of Bengal, Bihar, and Orissa.


Step 2: Year of presentation.

The report was presented in 1813, and it became an important source for historians studying colonial administration in India.


Step 3: Elimination of options.

- (A) 1793: Incorrect, this was the year of Permanent Settlement.

- (B) 1774: Too early, before Cornwallis reforms.

- (C) 1813: Correct, the year when Fifth Report was presented.

- (D) 1833: Year of the Charter Act, unrelated.


Conclusion: The Fifth Report was tabled in 1813.
Quick Tip: Fifth Report (1813) is an important source on British land administration in Bengal, Bihar, and Orissa.

Step 1: Background.

The Regulating Act of 1773 was the first step to control the East India Company, but it was found insufficient. Hence, the British Parliament introduced another law to increase government control.


Step 2: Pitt's India Act.

The Pitt’s India Act was passed in 1784 under Prime Minister William Pitt the Younger. It established a system of dual control: the Company’s commercial affairs were left with the Court of Directors, while political affairs were overseen by a Board of Control appointed by the British Crown.


Step 3: Elimination.

- (A) 1774: Incorrect, this relates to the Regulating Act timeline.

- (B) 1784: Correct year of Pitt’s India Act.

- (C) 1793: Relates to Cornwallis Code.

- (D) 1813: Charter Act of 1813.


Step 4: Conclusion.

Therefore, the Pitt’s India Act was passed in 1784.
Quick Tip: The Pitt’s India Act of 1784 introduced dual control: the East India Company handled trade, while a Crown-appointed Board controlled political affairs.

Step 1: Identity.

Francis Buchanan (later known as Francis Buchanan-Hamilton) was a Scottish physician, botanist, and geographer.


Step 2: Contributions.

He served as a doctor in the East India Company and conducted extensive surveys in Bengal, Mysore, and other regions of India. His surveys included geography, agriculture, flora, fauna, and social practices.


Step 3: Elimination.

- (A) A doctor: Correct, as he was primarily a physician by training.

- (B) A landlord: Incorrect.

- (C) A businessman: Incorrect, though he worked under the Company.

- (D) Governor: Incorrect, he was never a political governor.


Step 4: Conclusion.

Thus, Francis Buchanan was a doctor by profession and a surveyor by contribution in India.
Quick Tip: Francis Buchanan was a Scottish doctor and surveyor who documented India’s plants, animals, and social conditions in the early 19th century.

Step 1: Background.

The Santhal rebellion, also called the Santhal Hul, was a tribal uprising against British colonial authorities and exploitative landlords (zamindars) and moneylenders (mahajans).


Step 2: Time period.

It took place in the region of present-day Jharkhand and Bihar during the years 1855-1856. The rebellion was led by the four Murmu brothers — Sidhu, Kanhu, Chand, and Bhairav.


Step 3: Analysis of options.

- (A) 1792-1793: Too early, not connected with Santhal rebellion.

- (B) 1833-1834: Wrong period, before the actual Hul.

- (C) 1855-1856: Correct. Actual time of Santhal uprising.

- (D) 1875-1876: Later movements happened but not Santhal rebellion.


Step 4: Conclusion.

The Santhal rebellion occurred in 1855-1856.
Quick Tip: Remember: Santhal rebellion = 1855-56 (Sidhu and Kanhu Murmu). This was one of the biggest tribal uprisings before 1857.

Step 1: Background of Damin-i-Koh.

The British created a special settlement called Damin-i-Koh in the Rajmahal hills (present-day Jharkhand) during the early 19th century.


Step 2: Settlement policy.

The aim was to bring virgin forest land under cultivation. The British invited the Santhal tribe to settle in this region by clearing forests and practicing agriculture.


Step 3: Analysis of options.

- (A) Santhals: Correct. They were settled in Damin-i-Koh by the British.

- (B) Paharias: Already living in the region but not formally settled by the British.

- (C) Mundas: Tribal group of Chotanagpur, not linked with Damin-i-Koh.

- (D) None of them: Incorrect. The Santhals were settled here.


Step 4: Conclusion.

The British settled the Santhals in Damin-i-Koh.
Quick Tip: Remember: Damin-i-Koh = British created settlement for Santhals in Rajmahal Hills, leading later to the Santhal rebellion.

Step 1: Understanding Ryotwari settlement.

The Ryotwari system was introduced by Thomas Munro in Madras Presidency during the British rule. Unlike the Zamindari system, there was no middleman or landlord in this system.


Step 2: Ownership of land.

In the Ryotwari system, the individual cultivator (ryot or farmer) was recognized as the owner of the land. He had to pay land revenue directly to the government.


Step 3: Conclusion.

Thus, under Ryotwari settlement, the farmer was the owner of the land.

\[ \boxed{Farmer} \] Quick Tip: Remember: Zamindari = landlord as intermediary; Ryotwari = farmer as landowner; Mahalwari = revenue settled with village communities.

Step 1: Background of the revolt.

The revolt of 1857, also known as the First War of Independence, began due to discontent among Indian soldiers (sepoys) in the British army.


Step 2: Place of beginning.

On 10th May 1857, sepoys at Meerut rebelled against the British officers after being punished for refusing to use greased cartridges. This mutiny quickly spread to Delhi and then across North India.


Step 3: Conclusion.

Hence, the revolt began at Meerut on 10th May 1857.

\[ \boxed{Meerut} \] Quick Tip: Always remember: 1857 revolt started at Meerut (10 May), spread to Delhi (Bahadur Shah Zafar declared leader), and then across North India.

Step 1: Historical background.

In 1856, the British annexed the princely state of Awadh (Oudh). The ruler at the time was Nawab Wajid Ali Shah, who was known more for his cultural pursuits than for administration.


Step 2: Doctrine of Lapse vs. Misrule.

While the Doctrine of Lapse was applied in several princely states, Awadh was annexed on the grounds of alleged “misrule.” The British claimed that the Nawab failed to provide proper governance, though in reality Awadh was a prosperous region.


Step 3: Conclusion.

Thus, the official reason given by the British for removing Wajid Ali Shah was “misrule.”

\[ \boxed{Correct Answer: Due to misrule} \] Quick Tip: Awadh was annexed in 1856 under the excuse of “misrule,” not the Doctrine of Lapse. This caused widespread resentment and became a factor in the Revolt of 1857.

Step 1: Background of Bengal Army.

The Bengal Army was one of the three Presidency Armies of the East India Company (along with Madras and Bombay Armies). Soldiers were mostly recruited from North India.


Step 2: Why Awadh was important.

Awadh (Oudh) was rich in manpower. The British recruited large numbers of peasants and soldiers from Awadh into their army. Because of this, Awadh was described as the “Nursery of the Bengal Army.”


Step 3: Conclusion.

Thus, the region of Awadh became the primary recruiting ground for the Bengal Army.

\[ \boxed{Correct Answer: Awadh} \] Quick Tip: Awadh was called the “Nursery of the Bengal Army” because most sepoys were recruited from this region.

Step 1: Context of Sati.

The practice of Sati, in which widows were forced or encouraged to immolate themselves on their husband’s funeral pyre, was prevalent in some parts of India. Reformers like Raja Ram Mohan Roy strongly opposed it.


Step 2: Abolition of Sati.

Lord William Bentinck, the Governor General of India, passed Regulation XVII in 1829, which declared Sati illegal and punishable by law. This was a landmark social reform in colonial India.


Step 3: Elimination of options.

- (A) 1820: Too early.

- (B) 1829: Correct year of abolition by law.

- (C) 1833: Wrong, associated with Charter Act, not Sati.

- (D) 1839: Too late.


Conclusion: The practice of Sati was legally abolished in 1829 under Lord William Bentinck.
Quick Tip: Remember: Sati Abolition = 1829 (Lord William Bentinck, with support of Raja Ram Mohan Roy).

Step 1: Who was Bahadur Shah Zafar?

Bahadur Shah Zafar was the last Mughal emperor, who played a symbolic leadership role during the Revolt of 1857. After the failure of the revolt, he was captured by the British.


Step 2: Exile.

The British exiled him to Rangoon (Burma) where he spent the remainder of his life. He died in 1862 in exile.


Step 3: Elimination of options.

- (A) Calcutta: Incorrect.

- (B) Rangoon: Correct, place of exile.

- (C) Bombay: Incorrect.

- (D) Madras: Incorrect.


Conclusion: Bahadur Shah Zafar was exiled to Rangoon after 1857 revolt.
Quick Tip: Bahadur Shah Zafar (last Mughal ruler) was exiled to Rangoon after 1857 and died there in 1862.

Step 1: Background.

After the Revolt of 1857, Governor-General Lord Canning adopted a moderate policy towards rebels who surrendered. This earned him the nickname “Clemency Canning.”


Step 2: Satirical representation.

His lenient policy was criticized by the Anglo-Indian press, and a satirical cartoon titled "The Clemency of Canning" was published mocking his approach.


Step 3: Elimination.

- (A) Newspaper: Incorrect, it was not a newspaper.

- (B) Cartoon: Correct, it was a cartoon mocking Canning’s policies.

- (C) Sculpture: No such sculpture existed.

- (D) Law: Incorrect, not a legislative measure.


Step 4: Conclusion.

Thus, “The Clemency of Canning” was a cartoon.
Quick Tip: Lord Canning was criticized in the British press for his lenient treatment of rebels, and this was mocked in a cartoon titled “The Clemency of Canning.”

Step 1: Background.

The Revolt of 1857 was described differently by historians and political leaders — as a "sepoy mutiny" by British officials and as the “First War of Indian Independence” by Indian nationalists.


Step 2: Contribution of Savarkar.

Vinayak Damodar Savarkar, in his book “The First War of Indian Independence, 1857”, published in 1909, was the one who termed the revolt as a struggle for India’s freedom.


Step 3: Elimination.

- (A) Disraili: British politician, described it as a military mutiny.

- (B) Marx: Saw it as a revolt with socio-economic causes but not explicitly a freedom struggle.

- (C) Tilak: Nationalist leader, but he did not coin this specific term.

- (D) Savarkar: Correct, he called it India’s first freedom struggle.


Step 4: Conclusion.

Hence, the Revolt of 1857 was termed as “India’s Freedom Struggle” by Savarkar.
Quick Tip: Savarkar popularized the idea of the 1857 revolt as India’s “First War of Independence,” shifting its image from a mutiny to a national struggle.

Step 1: Background.

After the Revolt of 1857, the British government realized the need to restructure its army in India to prevent future large-scale uprisings.


Step 2: Formation of Peel Commission.

In 1858, the British established the Peel Commission under Sir Jonathan Peel to investigate and recommend reforms in the Indian army. Its primary aim was to reorganize the structure of the army and maintain a balance between Indian and European soldiers.


Step 3: Key Recommendations.

- Reduce the proportion of Indian soldiers compared to Europeans.

- Exclude Indians from key artillery and strategic positions.

- Ensure that no single community (like high-caste Hindus or Muslims) dominated the army.


Step 4: Analyze options.

- (A) Revenue reforms: Not the purpose.

- (B) Punishment of rebels: This was handled separately, not the Commission’s purpose.

- (C) Reorganization of the army: Correct.

- (D) Spread of education: Not relevant here.


Step 5: Conclusion.

The Peel Commission (1858) was meant for the reorganization of the army.
Quick Tip: Remember: Peel Commission (1858) = Army reforms. Hunter Commission (1882) = Education. Fraser Commission (1902) = Police reforms.

Step 1: Context.

Initially, Calcutta (now Kolkata) was the capital of British India. However, due to administrative and political reasons, the British decided to shift the capital.


Step 2: Decision.

At the Delhi Durbar of 1911, attended by King George V, it was formally announced that the capital would be shifted from Calcutta to Delhi.


Step 3: Implementation.

Although the decision was announced in 1911, the actual construction of New Delhi (designed by Lutyens and Baker) was completed later, and the new capital became functional in 1912.


Step 4: Analyze options.

- (A) 1909: Incorrect, before the decision.

- (B) 1910: Incorrect.

- (C) 1911: Correct, year of Delhi Durbar and official announcement.

- (D) 1912: Year the shift was implemented, but announcement made in 1911.


Step 5: Conclusion.

The capital was shifted from Calcutta to Delhi in 1911.
Quick Tip: Remember: 1911 Delhi Durbar = Capital shift + annulment of Bengal partition. Implementation of new capital began in 1912.

Step 1: Historical background.

Fort Saint George was the first English fortress established in India by the British East India Company. It played a central role in the foundation of the city of Madras (now Chennai).


Step 2: Year and purpose.

It was constructed in 1644 to secure trading activities on the Coromandel Coast. The fort became a center of British military and political operations in southern India.


Step 3: Conclusion.

Thus, Fort Saint George is located in Madras (Chennai).

\[ \boxed{Madras (Chennai)} \] Quick Tip: Remember: Fort Saint George (1644) in Madras was the first British fort in India, while Fort William (1696) was built later in Calcutta.

Step 1: About the monument.

The Gateway of India, located in Mumbai, was built in 1924 to commemorate the arrival of King George V and Queen Mary to India in 1911.


Step 2: Style of construction.

It was designed by George Wittet in the Indo-Saracenic style, which combined elements of Hindu, Muslim, and European architecture. This hybrid style was very popular in colonial-era constructions.


Step 3: Conclusion.

Thus, the Gateway of India is an example of Indo-Saracenic architecture.

\[ \boxed{Indo-Saracenic} \] Quick Tip: Indo-Saracenic architecture = a blend of Islamic arches, Hindu motifs, and European techniques. Famous examples include Gateway of India and Victoria Memorial.

Step 1: Understanding census in India.

The census is an official survey of the population conducted at regular intervals. It provides demographic, economic, and social data necessary for governance and planning.


Step 2: First census attempts.

The first attempt at a census in India was in 1872, but it was not conducted uniformly across the country. Different regions carried it out in different years.


Step 3: Beginning of regular decennial census.

From 1881 onwards, the census began to be conducted regularly every 10 years (decennial census). This marked the beginning of a continuous and systematic process of data collection.


Step 4: Conclusion.

Thus, the regular decennial census in India started in 1881.

\[ \boxed{Correct Answer: 1881} \] Quick Tip: Remember: 1872 = first attempt at census (irregular), 1881 = first regular decennial census in India.

Step 1: Gandhi’s early career.

Mahatma Gandhi completed his law studies in England and returned to India in 1891. Initially, he struggled to establish a successful legal career.


Step 2: South Africa journey.

In 1893, Gandhi received an offer from an Indian businessman, Dada Abdulla, to handle a legal case in South Africa. Gandhi accepted the assignment and traveled to Natal, South Africa.


Step 3: Importance of this journey.

This journey marked a turning point in Gandhi’s life. In South Africa, he faced racial discrimination, which deeply influenced his philosophy of non-violent resistance (Satyagraha).


Step 4: Conclusion.

Thus, Gandhi went to South Africa for a legal case in 1893.

\[ \boxed{Correct Answer: 1893} \] Quick Tip: Remember: Gandhi went to South Africa in 1893 for a legal case — this was the beginning of his political awakening.

Step 1: Background of Champaran Satyagraha.

The Champaran movement (1917) was Gandhiji’s first Satyagraha in India. It was against the oppressive indigo plantation system in Bihar where peasants were forced to grow indigo under the tinkathia system.


Step 2: Role of Raj Kumar Shukla.

Raj Kumar Shukla, a local peasant leader of Champaran, persistently requested Gandhiji to come and witness the plight of the indigo farmers. Moved by his request, Gandhiji visited Champaran and launched the movement.


Step 3: Elimination of options.

- (A) Rajendra Prasad: He later supported Gandhi but did not invite him.

- (B) J.B. Kripalani: Associated with Gandhiji but not linked to the initial request.

- (C) Raj Kumar Shukla: Correct, he persuaded Gandhiji to visit Champaran.

- (D) Tilak: Not related to Champaran.


Conclusion: Gandhiji went to Champaran on the request of Raj Kumar Shukla.
Quick Tip: Champaran Satyagraha (1917) was Gandhiji’s first major movement in India, initiated due to the appeal of Raj Kumar Shukla.

Step 1: Background.

The massacre took place in Amritsar on 13th April, 1919, during the festival of Baisakhi. Thousands of people had gathered peacefully to protest against the Rowlatt Act.


Step 2: The incident.

General Dyer ordered his troops to open fire on the unarmed crowd without warning. Hundreds were killed and many more injured in the closed garden of Jallianwala Bagh.


Step 3: Significance.

This brutal incident shocked the entire nation and marked a turning point in India’s freedom struggle, intensifying opposition against British rule.


Step 4: Elimination of options.

- (A) 13th April, 1917: Too early.

- (B) 13th April, 1918: Incorrect.

- (C) 13th April, 1919: Correct date of the massacre.

- (D) 13th April, 1920: Too late.


Conclusion: The Jallianwala Bagh massacre took place on 13th April, 1919.
Quick Tip: Remember: Jallianwala Bagh massacre → 13 April 1919, ordered by General Dyer, after Rowlatt Act protests.

Step 1: Background.

Mahatma Gandhi wrote the book ‘Hind Swaraj’ (or Indian Home Rule) during his return journey from England to South Africa. It was completed on board the ship Kildonan Castle in November 1909.


Step 2: Importance of the book.

In this book, Gandhi laid down his philosophy of non-violence, critique of modern civilization, and his vision of self-rule for India.


Step 3: Elimination.

- (A) 1906: Incorrect, as Gandhi had not yet developed his full philosophy.

- (B) 1909: Correct, the year of publication.

- (C) 1915: This was the year Gandhi returned to India.

- (D) 1918: This relates to Champaran movement, not Hind Swaraj.


Step 4: Conclusion.

Hence, Gandhiji’s book Hind Swaraj was published in 1909.
Quick Tip: Remember: Gandhi wrote Hind Swaraj in 1909 on board the ship Kildonan Castle; it outlined his philosophy of Swaraj and non-violence.

Step 1: Recall Gandhiji’s movements.

Gandhiji returned to India in 1915. Initially, he was involved in local struggles such as Champaran (1917), Kheda (1918), and Ahmedabad (1918). But these were local satyagrahas, not mass national movements.


Step 2: First mass movement.

The first nationwide movement led by Gandhi was the Non-cooperation Movement (1920–22). It urged Indians to boycott British institutions like schools, colleges, law courts, legislatures, and to resign from government services.


Step 3: Elimination.

- (A) Swadeshi movement: Belonged to the Bengal partition era (1905–08), before Gandhi’s leadership.

- (B) Non-cooperation movement: Correct, Gandhi’s first mass movement.

- (C) Quit India movement: Started later in 1942.

- (D) Salt movement: Part of Civil Disobedience in 1930, not the first.


Step 4: Conclusion.

Thus, the first mass movement under Gandhi was the Non-cooperation Movement in 1920.
Quick Tip: Gandhi’s early local satyagrahas were training grounds, but his first true nationwide mass movement was the Non-cooperation Movement (1920).

Step 1: Background of Simon Commission.

The Simon Commission was set up by the British government in 1927 to review the working of the Government of India Act, 1919. It was headed by Sir John Simon.


Step 2: Composition.

The Commission had a total of seven members, all of whom were British. There were no Indian members included, which led to widespread protests across the country.


Step 3: Slogan.

The Indian response was summarized by the famous slogan: “Simon Go Back!”


Step 4: Analyze options.

- (A) One: Incorrect, more members.

- (B) Three: Incorrect.

- (C) Five: Incorrect.

- (D) Seven: Correct, total number of members.


Step 5: Conclusion.

The Simon Commission had seven members.
Quick Tip: Remember: Simon Commission (1927) = 7 members, all British, no Indian representation → nationwide protests.

Step 1: About the book.

“Gandhi as Mahatma” is a famous historical work authored by Shahid Amin, a noted Indian historian.


Step 2: Content of the book.

The book analyzes how ordinary Indians perceived Mahatma Gandhi during the freedom movement and how he came to be recognized as a “Mahatma” (great soul) by the masses.


Step 3: Analyze options.

- (A) Shahid Amin: Correct, he authored the book.

- (B) Annie Besant: A theosophist and nationalist leader, but not the author of this book.

- (C) Rajendra Prasad: First President of India, not the author.

- (D) Sumit Sarkar: Another historian, but not associated with this particular work.


Step 4: Conclusion.

The book “Gandhi as Mahatma” was written by Shahid Amin.
Quick Tip: Remember: “Gandhi as Mahatma” = Shahid Amin. Always link important nationalist works with their authors for quick recall.

Step 1: About Kamaladevi Chattopadhyay.

Kamaladevi Chattopadhyay was a prominent freedom fighter, social reformer, and an active participant in the Indian independence struggle. She is also remembered for reviving Indian handicrafts and theatre.


Step 2: Participation in Gandhian movement.

She played an important role during the Civil Disobedience Movement (1930), especially during the Salt Satyagraha. She was one of the first women to be arrested by the British while leading protests.


Step 3: Conclusion.

Thus, Kamaladevi Chattopadhyay was an associate of Gandhiji in the Civil Disobedience movement.

\[ \boxed{Civil Disobedience movement} \] Quick Tip: Kamaladevi Chattopadhyay is also credited with persuading Gandhiji to include women in the Salt Satyagraha.

Step 1: Background of Round Table Conferences.

The British government organized three Round Table Conferences in London between 1930 and 1932 to discuss constitutional reforms in India.


Step 2: Participation of Gandhiji.

- First Round Table Conference (1930): Congress boycotted, so Gandhiji did not attend.

- Second Round Table Conference (1931): Gandhiji attended as the sole representative of the Indian National Congress, following the Gandhi-Irwin Pact.

- Third Round Table Conference (1932): Congress again boycotted, and Gandhiji did not participate.


Step 3: Conclusion.

Thus, Gandhiji attended only the Second Round Table Conference as a Congress representative.

\[ \boxed{Second Round Table Conference} \] Quick Tip: Remember: Gandhiji attended only the Second Round Table Conference (1931). The first and third were boycotted by Congress.

Step 1: Background.

In 1932, the British government announced the Communal Award, which provided separate electorates for depressed classes (later called Scheduled Castes). Dr. B.R. Ambedkar initially supported this as it gave political representation to the depressed classes.


Step 2: Gandhi’s opposition.

Mahatma Gandhi opposed separate electorates on the grounds that it would divide Hindu society permanently. While in Yerwada jail, he began a fast unto death in protest.


Step 3: Agreement.

To resolve the issue, an agreement was signed on 24th September 1932 between Gandhi and Ambedkar. This was known as the Poona Pact. It replaced separate electorates with reserved seats for depressed classes within the general Hindu electorate.


Step 4: Conclusion.

Therefore, the Poona Pact was signed in 1932.

\[ \boxed{Correct Answer: 1932} \] Quick Tip: Remember: Poona Pact (1932) — Gandhi and Ambedkar agreed on reserved seats instead of separate electorates for depressed classes.

Step 1: Context.

During World War II, Britain needed Indian support in the war effort. To secure cooperation, the British government sent Sir Stafford Cripps to India in 1942 with constitutional proposals.


Step 2: Proposals.

The Cripps Mission proposed:

- India would be granted dominion status after the war.

- Provinces could choose to remain outside the Indian Union.

- Indians would be included in the Viceroy’s Executive Council.


Step 3: Failure of the mission.

The Indian National Congress rejected the proposals as they did not grant immediate independence. The Muslim League also opposed them because they wanted a separate state (Pakistan). Thus, the mission failed.


Step 4: Conclusion.

The Cripps Mission came to India in 1942.

\[ \boxed{Correct Answer: 1942} \] Quick Tip: Cripps Mission = 1942. Its failure directly led to the launch of the Quit India Movement in the same year.

Step 1: Background of Azad Hind Fauj.

The Azad Hind Fauj (Indian National Army) was first formed in 1942 in Singapore by Mohan Singh with the support of Japan, using Indian prisoners of war captured by the Japanese.


Step 2: Later leadership.

Although Mohan Singh initially founded the INA, later in 1943 Subhash Chandra Bose reorganized it and gave it strong leadership, making it famous worldwide.


Step 3: Elimination of options.

- (A) Rash Behari Bose: He helped in reorganizing but did not found it in 1942.

- (B) Subhash Chandra Bose: Took command in 1943, not the founder in 1942.

- (C) Rash Behari Ghosh: Unrelated to INA.

- (D) Mohan Singh: Correct, founded the INA in September 1942.


Conclusion: The Azad Hind Fauj was founded in 1942 by Mohan Singh.
Quick Tip: Remember: INA was founded by Mohan Singh (1942), but made famous under Subhash Chandra Bose (1943).

Step 1: Background of Cabinet Mission.

The Cabinet Mission Plan was sent to India in 1946 by the British government to discuss the transfer of power and India’s future constitutional setup. It included three members.


Step 2: Leadership.

The chairman of the Cabinet Mission was Pethick-Lawrence, who was then the Secretary of State for India. Other members were Sir Stafford Cripps and A.V. Alexander.


Step 3: Elimination of options.

- (A) Lawrence: Correct, Pethick-Lawrence was the Chairman.

- (B) Cripps: Member, not chairman.

- (C) Wavell: Viceroy of India, not in Cabinet Mission.

- (D) Alexander: Member, not chairman.


Conclusion: The chairman of the Cabinet Mission Plan was Pethick-Lawrence.
Quick Tip: Cabinet Mission (1946) → Members: Pethick-Lawrence (Chairman), Cripps, Alexander.

Step 1: Background.

The Muslim League under Muhammad Ali Jinnah demanded the creation of Pakistan as a separate nation. To press this demand, the League announced a "Direct Action Day."


Step 2: Date of observance.

Direct Action Day was observed on 16th August, 1946. It led to widespread communal riots, most notably the Great Calcutta Killings.


Step 3: Elimination.

- (A) 1945 dates: Incorrect, as the call for Direct Action was made in 1946.

- (B) 16th August, 1946: Correct.

- (C) 17th August, 1945: Incorrect.

- (D) 17th August, 1946: Incorrect, since it was on the 16th.


Step 4: Conclusion.

Thus, the Muslim League observed Direct Action Day on 16th August, 1946.
Quick Tip: Direct Action Day (16 August 1946) marked a turning point in India’s partition struggle, leading to communal riots.

Step 1: Background.

India achieved independence on 15th August, 1947. At this time, Clement Attlee was the Prime Minister of Britain.


Step 2: Party in power.

Clement Attlee belonged to the Labour Party, which had come to power in 1945 after defeating Winston Churchill’s Conservative Party.


Step 3: Elimination.

- (A) Labour Party: Correct, Attlee’s government granted India independence.

- (B) Liberal Party: Incorrect, not in power during this period.

- (C) Republic Party: No such party in Britain.

- (D) Democratic Party: Exists in the USA, not in Britain.


Step 4: Conclusion.

Thus, the Labour Party was in power in Britain when India got independence.
Quick Tip: At India’s independence in 1947, the Labour Party under Clement Attlee was in power in Britain.

Step 1: Background.

The demand for a Constituent Assembly was first raised by M. N. Roy in 1934 and later supported by the Congress. After World War II, the British government agreed to form such an assembly.


Step 2: Cabinet Mission Plan.

In 1946, the Cabinet Mission Plan was sent by the British government to India. It proposed the setting up of a Constituent Assembly elected indirectly by provincial legislatures to draft the Constitution of India.


Step 3: Analyze options.

- (A) Indian Independence Act, 1947: Gave independence to India, but Constituent Assembly was already functioning by then.

- (B) Mountbatten Plan: Concerned with partition, not formation of Constituent Assembly.

- (C) Cabinet Mission Plan: Correct. It led to the establishment of the Constituent Assembly.

- (D) Wavell Plan: 1945 plan, related to interim government, not the Constituent Assembly.


Step 4: Conclusion.

The Constituent Assembly was formed under the Cabinet Mission Plan of 1946.
Quick Tip: Remember: Cabinet Mission Plan (1946) = Constituent Assembly; Indian Independence Act (1947) = Independence + Partition.

Step 1: Constituent Assembly committees.

The Constituent Assembly had several committees to prepare the Constitution. Among these, the most important was the Drafting Committee.


Step 2: Chairman of Drafting Committee.

The Drafting Committee was formed on 29th August 1947, and its Chairman was Dr. B. R. Ambedkar. He played a pivotal role in preparing and presenting the draft of the Constitution.


Step 3: Analyze options.

- (A) Rajendra Prasad: He was the President of the Constituent Assembly, not Chairman of the Drafting Committee.

- (B) Sachchidanand Sinha: First temporary President of the Constituent Assembly.

- (C) B. R. Ambedkar: Correct, he chaired the Drafting Committee.

- (D) Alladi Krishnaswamy Iyer: Member of the committee, but not Chairman.


Step 4: Conclusion.

The Chairman of the Drafting Committee of the Constitution was Dr. B. R. Ambedkar.
Quick Tip: Remember: Rajendra Prasad = President of Assembly, Sachchidanand Sinha = Temporary President, B. R. Ambedkar = Chairman of Drafting Committee.

Step 1: Background.

The Constituent Assembly of India was responsible for framing the Constitution and adopting national symbols. The national flag was one of the key symbols to be officially adopted.


Step 2: Presentation of the proposal.

On 22nd July 1947, Jawaharlal Nehru presented the resolution for adopting the tricolour as the National Flag of independent India in the Constituent Assembly. The flag had saffron, white, and green colours with the Ashoka Chakra in the centre.


Step 3: Conclusion.

Thus, the proposal for the National Flag was presented by Jawaharlal Nehru.

\[ \boxed{Jawaharlal Nehru} \] Quick Tip: Remember: 22 July 1947 – Jawaharlal Nehru moved the resolution for the National Flag in the Constituent Assembly.

Step 1: About the interim government.

The interim government of India was formed in September 1946 under the leadership of Jawaharlal Nehru. It included members from the Indian National Congress, Muslim League, and other communities.


Step 2: Finance portfolio.

Liaquat Ali Khan, a prominent leader of the Muslim League, was given the crucial portfolio of Finance in this interim cabinet. This allocation was a matter of political significance at that time.


Step 3: Conclusion.

Hence, the Finance Minister in the interim government was Liaquat Ali Khan.

\[ \boxed{Liaquat Ali Khan} \] Quick Tip: The interim government (1946–47) had Nehru as Vice President, Sardar Patel in Home, Liaquat Ali Khan in Finance, and Baldev Singh in Defence.

Step 1: Context.

On 15th August 1947, India became independent from British rule. With independence, India required a Governor General to act as the head of state until the constitution was fully implemented.


Step 2: Appointment.

Lord Louis Mountbatten, who was the last British Viceroy of India, was appointed as the first Governor General of independent India. He continued in this role until June 1948.


Step 3: Successor.

After Mountbatten, C. Rajagopalachari became the first and only Indian Governor General of India.


Step 4: Conclusion.

Thus, the first Governor General of independent India was Lord Mountbatten.

\[ \boxed{Correct Answer: Lord Mountbatten} \] Quick Tip: Remember: Last Viceroy of India = Lord Mountbatten.
First Governor General of independent India = Lord Mountbatten.
First Indian Governor General = C. Rajagopalachari.

Step 1: Context of the slogan.

The slogan “Jai Hind” (Victory to India) became one of the most powerful patriotic calls during India’s freedom struggle. It symbolized unity and national pride.


Step 2: Origin.

Although “Jai Hind” was first coined by Abid Hasan Safrani, a close associate of Subhash Chandra Bose in the Indian National Army (INA), it was Bose who popularized it as a national slogan.


Step 3: Role of Bose.

Subhash Chandra Bose, as the leader of the INA, used “Jai Hind” as the official greeting of the army. From there, it spread widely and became a rallying cry for Indian independence.


Step 4: Conclusion.

Thus, the slogan “Jai Hind” is attributed to Subhash Chandra Bose.

\[ \boxed{Correct Answer: Subhash Chandra Bose} \] Quick Tip: “Jai Hind” became India’s national slogan through Subhash Chandra Bose and the INA. Today, it is still used as a patriotic greeting in India.

Agriculture was the backbone of the Indus Valley Civilization and provided the economic foundation of their society. The fertile alluvial soil of the Indus River and its tributaries made the land highly suitable for cultivation. The people of this civilization used wooden ploughs, irrigation channels, and even stored water in reservoirs to support farming in both summer and winter seasons. Their surplus production helped sustain large urban populations like Harappa and Mohenjo-Daro.


The four major agricultural products of the Indus Valley Civilization were:


1. Wheat:

Wheat was one of the staple food grains produced by the people. Archaeological findings of wheat grains from Harappa confirm its widespread use. It served as the primary diet of the people and was stored in granaries for year-round consumption.


2. Barley:

Barley was another important crop cultivated in large quantities. Barley was used as food and possibly for brewing purposes. The presence of barley grains has been unearthed in many Indus sites, proving its significance in the agricultural system.


3. Rice:

Rice cultivation was also practiced in certain regions of the Indus Valley, especially in the eastern areas such as Lothal and Rangpur (in present-day Gujarat). Though less common than wheat and barley, rice marked agricultural diversity and adaptation to different geographical conditions.


4. Cotton:

Cotton was the most remarkable crop of the Indus Valley Civilization. In fact, this civilization is considered one of the earliest in the world to grow cotton and weave it into cloth. Archaeological discoveries of cotton threads and textile fragments highlight their advanced textile industry, which became an important part of their economy and trade.


Apart from these, peas, sesame, and mustard were also grown. Livestock farming was often combined with agriculture to support their food and economic system.
Quick Tip: Key crops of the Indus Valley Civilization: Wheat, Barley, Rice, and Cotton. Cotton is especially important as it highlights their pioneering role in textile production. Always mention that agriculture was supported by fertile alluvial soil, irrigation, and surplus storage in granaries.

One of the most striking achievements of the Indus Valley Civilization was its advanced urban planning and scientific drainage system. Archaeologists consider this system to be far ahead of its time, showing the people’s deep concern for cleanliness, hygiene, and civic life. The drainage system was uniform across major cities like Harappa, Mohenjo-Daro, Lothal, and Kalibangan, which shows that there was a central authority maintaining planning and engineering standards.


Two important features of the drainage system are:


1. Covered and Well-Planned Drains:

The main drains were made of baked bricks and were often covered with stone slabs or bricks, making them durable and hygienic. These drains ran parallel to the streets and had inspection holes at regular intervals, which allowed for easy cleaning and maintenance. Such a planned structure ensured that wastewater did not remain stagnant, thereby preventing foul smells and diseases. This shows their scientific understanding of sanitation.


2. Connection of Household Drains to Main Drains:

Every house, even the smaller ones, had its own private bathroom and a small drain. These drains from individual houses were connected to larger street drains. The slope of the drains was carefully maintained so that wastewater could easily flow into the main drains and then out of the city. This demonstrates both individual comfort and collective civic responsibility.


Other significant aspects include soak pits, separate drains for bathing areas, and the use of corbelled structures to strengthen them. Altogether, the drainage system reflects the engineering genius and urban management skills of the Indus Valley people.
Quick Tip: Always remember: The Indus Valley drainage system was unique because it was \textbf{covered}, \textbf{systematic}, and \textbf{connected to every household}. This proves that urban planning and public hygiene were major priorities in their civilization.

During the 6th century BCE, the Indian subcontinent witnessed the rise of powerful territorial units known as the Mahajanapadas. These were large kingdoms or republics that grew after the decline of the Vedic tribal system. Altogether, there were 16 Mahajanapadas mentioned in Buddhist and Jain texts like the \textit{Anguttara Nikaya. They played a very important role in shaping the political, social, and economic history of ancient India.


Some of the most prominent Mahajanapadas were:

1. Magadha:
Located in present-day Bihar, Magadha became the most powerful Mahajanapada, giving rise later to great dynasties like the Mauryas and the Nandas. Its fertile land and iron resources contributed to its rise.

2. Kosala:
Situated in the region of present-day Uttar Pradesh with Ayodhya as its capital. It was culturally and politically significant and had frequent conflicts with Magadha.

3. Vatsa:
Located near present-day Allahabad (Prayagraj), it was an important center of trade and politics. Its capital was Kausambi.

4. Avanti:
Situated in modern-day Madhya Pradesh with its capital at Ujjain. It was a prominent center of trade, culture, and politics.


Other Mahajanapadas included Kuru, Panchala, Malla, Vajji, Gandhara, and Kamboja, but the above four are among the most significant.
Quick Tip: Always remember: There were 16 Mahajanapadas in total. For exams, you can easily write any four, such as Magadha, Kosala, Vatsa, and Avanti. Magadha was the most powerful and important among them.

Punchmarked coins were the earliest form of metallic currency used in ancient India. They date back to around the 6th century BCE during the period of Mahajanapadas and continued into the Mauryan era. These coins were typically made of silver and sometimes copper, and their weight was carefully standardized.


The name "punchmarked" comes from the method of their manufacture: instead of being inscribed or cast, the coins were stamped with one or more symbols using small punches. Each symbol represented an authority, a ruler, a guild, or an official mark. Because of this, most punchmarked coins carry multiple symbols, such as animals (bulls, elephants), geometric patterns, trees, wheels, or solar signs.


Punchmarked coins were significant because:

1. They reflect the rise of trade and commerce in ancient India, as barter systems gave way to metallic currency.

2. They reveal the political and economic control exercised by different kingdoms and merchant guilds.

3. They are an important source for historians to study the economy, symbols, and art of that period.


Thus, punchmarked coins represent the beginning of India’s monetary system and highlight the economic progress achieved during the Mahajanapada and Mauryan times.
Quick Tip: Punchmarked coins = India’s earliest coins (6th century BCE), made of silver, stamped with multiple symbols. Remember: they marked the transition from barter to monetary economy.

The Varna system was the social classification that emerged in ancient India during the Vedic period. It was a way of organizing society into different groups based on duties (\textit{dharma), professions, and responsibilities. The system was originally not rigid and was based more on qualities and work rather than birth, but later it became hereditary and gave rise to the caste system.


According to the Varna system, society was divided into four broad groups:


1. Brahmins:
They were priests, teachers, and scholars responsible for performing religious rituals, preserving sacred knowledge, and guiding society in spiritual and moral matters. They held the highest status in society.


2. Kshatriyas:
They were warriors and rulers who protected the land and governed the people. Their duty was to defend the country and uphold justice.


3. Vaishyas:
They were traders, farmers, and artisans engaged in economic activities. Their contribution was vital for agriculture, trade, and commerce.


4. Shudras:
They were laborers and service providers. Their main role was to assist the other three varnas by performing various tasks and services.


In its ideal form, the Varna system was meant to maintain social harmony and division of labor. However, over time, it became rigid and hierarchical, which led to social discrimination and inequality.
Quick Tip: Varna system = Fourfold division of society (Brahmins, Kshatriyas, Vaishyas, Shudras). Initially based on duties and qualities, but later became birth-based, leading to caste divisions.

Streedhan literally means "woman’s wealth." It referred to the property, gifts, and wealth that a woman received during her lifetime, especially at the time of her marriage. According to ancient texts like the \textit{Manusmriti, Streedhan was the woman’s personal property, which she had full rights over and which could not be taken away even by her husband or in-laws.


Streedhan typically included:

- Gifts of jewelry, gold, silver, and clothes given to the bride by her parents, relatives, and husband’s family.

- Land, money, cattle, or movable property received as presents at the time of marriage or other ceremonies.

- Gifts received by a woman at the time of birth of her children, festivals, or family rituals.


The importance of Streedhan lies in the fact that it provided women with financial independence and security in a patriarchal society. Unlike dowry (which was often controlled by the husband’s family), Streedhan legally remained the woman’s own property. It ensured her dignity and acted as a safeguard during times of widowhood or financial crisis.
Quick Tip: Streedhan = Property and gifts exclusively owned by a woman (jewelry, money, land, etc.). It was her personal wealth, independent of her husband, ensuring financial security.

The Therigatha is one of the earliest collections of Buddhist literature and is considered highly significant in the \textit{Pali Canon. It is a compilation of verses composed by the earliest Buddhist nuns (Theris), hence the name “Therigatha” which literally means “verses of the elder nuns.” These verses were written around the 6th to 5th century BCE.


The Therigatha includes:

- Spiritual experiences and struggles of the first Buddhist nuns.

- Personal stories of renunciation, suffering, enlightenment, and liberation.

- Teachings that highlight women’s capability to attain Nirvana, showing that spiritual progress was not limited to men alone.


It is an extraordinary text because it provides one of the earliest records of women’s voices in world literature. The verses express a wide range of emotions—from the hardships of worldly life to the ultimate joy of spiritual freedom.


Thus, the Therigatha is not just a religious text but also an important historical and literary document, giving us a glimpse into the lives of women in ancient India and their role in the Buddhist Sangha.
Quick Tip: Therigatha = “Verses of Elder Nuns” in Buddhism. It is the earliest collection of writings by Buddhist women, highlighting their spiritual journey and liberation.

The Lingayat sect, also known as Veerashaiva movement, emerged in the 12th century CE in Karnataka under the leadership of Basavanna, a great reformer, poet, and social thinker. The followers of this sect are called Lingayats because they wear a small Shiva Linga around their neck as a mark of devotion.


Main features of the Lingayat sect:

1. Devotion to Lord Shiva:
Lingayats are staunch devotees of Lord Shiva in the form of a personal linga, which they always carry with them.


2. Rejection of Caste System:
Basavanna strongly opposed caste discrimination and untouchability. The Lingayat movement promoted equality of all human beings.


3. Status of Women:
The sect encouraged women’s participation in religious and social life. It opposed child marriage and supported widow remarriage.


4. Opposition to Rituals:
Lingayats rejected the dominance of Brahmins and ritualistic worship. They emphasized simple devotion (\textit{bhakti), personal purity, and moral conduct over ritual sacrifices.


5. Social Reform:
They established the “Anubhava Mantapa,” a spiritual assembly where men and women, irrespective of caste, discussed religion, philosophy, and social reforms.


The Lingayat sect thus represented a powerful socio-religious reform movement in South India, which challenged social inequalities and promoted devotion, equality, and justice. It continues to be a significant religious community in Karnataka and parts of South India.
Quick Tip: Lingayat sect = Founded by Basavanna in the 12th century. Based on devotion to Shiva, equality, social reform, and rejection of caste discrimination and rituals.

Lord Mahavir Swami, the 24th Tirthankara of Jainism, emphasized the path of non-violence, self-control, and renunciation as the means to attain liberation (moksha). For this purpose, he prescribed the Panch Mahavratas or Five Great Vows. These vows were to be strictly followed by Jain monks and nuns, while lay followers observed them in a limited form.


The Panch Mahavratas are:


1. Ahimsa (Non-violence):

To abstain completely from causing harm to any living being in thought, word, or action. It was considered the supreme vow and formed the foundation of Jain ethics. Even the smallest life forms were to be respected and protected.


2. Satya (Truthfulness):

To always speak the truth and avoid falsehood. This vow taught that lies cause harm and disturbance in society, and hence truth should always be practiced with compassion.


3. Asteya (Non-stealing):

To refrain from taking anything that does not belong to oneself. It included not only stealing but also avoiding dishonesty, cheating, or exploitation of others.


4. Brahmacharya (Celibacy/Chastity):

For monks, it meant complete celibacy and renunciation of sexual pleasures. For householders, it meant loyalty, control, and moderation in desires. It was considered essential for spiritual discipline.


5. Aparigraha (Non-possession/Non-attachment):

To give up attachment to material possessions, wealth, and desires. The vow promoted simplicity and detachment, encouraging focus on spiritual development rather than worldly accumulation.


Together, these five vows formed the moral and spiritual code of conduct in Jainism. They were not only rules of personal discipline but also contributed to peace, harmony, and compassion in society. By practicing these, one could purify the soul and progress towards liberation.
Quick Tip: Remember: The Five Great Vows of Mahavir Swami are \textbf{Ahimsa, Satya, Asteya, Brahmacharya, and Aparigraha. They form the ethical foundation of Jainism.