Bihar Board Class 12 English Set B Question Paper 2024 with Solutions PDF

Step 1: Understanding the Concept:

This question requires choosing the correct conjunction or adverb to connect two clauses. The first clause is a command, and the second is the consequence of not following it.


Step 2: Detailed Explanation:

The structure of the sentence implies a condition and a result: "If you don't give me something to eat, I will die." We need a word that conveys this meaning of 'otherwise' or 'if not'.

- (A) else: Used in the phrase "or else", it means 'otherwise'. For example, "Hurry up, or else you'll be late." In this sentence, the 'or' is implied. "Give me something to eat; else, I shall die of hunger" is a grammatically valid, though slightly formal, construction. It correctly shows the consequence.

- (B) can: This is a modal verb and does not fit grammatically.

- (C) for: As a conjunction, 'for' means 'because' and introduces a reason. This doesn't fit the logic. I am not dying *because* you should give me food.

- (D) but: This is a conjunction used for contrast, which is not the relationship between the clauses here.


Step 3: Final Answer:

The word 'else' is the best fit to indicate the consequence, meaning 'otherwise'. Therefore, option (A) is the correct answer.
Quick Tip: The phrase 'or else' is very common for showing a negative consequence. Sometimes, as in this formal or literary example, the 'or' can be omitted, and 'else' alone carries the meaning of 'otherwise'.

Step 1: Understanding the Concept:

This question tests knowledge of countable and uncountable nouns. Some nouns in English are uncountable (or mass nouns) and do not have a plural form.


Step 2: Detailed Explanation:

Let's analyze the options:

- (A) luggages: Incorrect. 'Luggage' is an uncountable noun. It refers to suitcases or other bags in general and does not have a plural form.

- (B) beds: This is a plural countable noun. The verb 'is' is singular, so it doesn't agree with 'beds'. It should be "All his beds are stolen."

- (C) luggage: Correct. 'Luggage' is an uncountable noun and is treated as singular, so it correctly pairs with the singular verb 'is'.

- (D) furnitures: Incorrect. 'Furniture' is another common uncountable noun. It does not have a plural form.


Step 3: Final Answer:

'Luggage' is the correct uncountable noun that agrees with the singular verb 'is'. Therefore, option (C) is the correct answer.
Quick Tip: Memorize common uncountable nouns that are often misused, such as: luggage, baggage, furniture, information, advice, news, equipment, and scenery. They are always singular and never take an '-s'.

Step 1: Understanding the Concept:

This question tests the correct use of reflexive pronouns. A reflexive pronoun is used as an object when the object is the same as the subject. The sentence can be understood as "I bought a shirt for myself."


Step 2: Detailed Explanation:

The subject of the sentence is "I". The reflexive pronoun must agree with the subject.

- The reflexive pronoun for 'I' is myself.

- The reflexive pronoun for 'he' is himself.

- The reflexive pronoun for 'she' is herself.

- The reflexive pronoun for 'it' is itself.


Since the subject is "I", the correct reflexive pronoun is "myself". The sentence "I bought myself a shirt" is grammatically correct.


Step 3: Final Answer:

The reflexive pronoun that corresponds to the subject 'I' is 'myself'. Therefore, option (D) is the correct answer.
Quick Tip: Match the reflexive pronoun to the subject of the verb: I \(\rightarrow\) myself, you \(\rightarrow\) yourself/yourselves, he \(\rightarrow\) himself, she \(\rightarrow\) herself, it \(\rightarrow\) itself, we \(\rightarrow\) ourselves, they \(\rightarrow\) themselves.

Step 1: Understanding the Concept:

This question involves combining two sentences into one using the adverb 'too' and an infinitive 'to'. This structure is used to show that a certain quality prevents a certain action.


Step 2: Key Formula or Approach:

The structure is: Subject + verb + too + adjective/adverb + to-infinitive.

This structure `too...to` has a negative meaning. "Too dull to pass" means "so dull that she cannot pass".


Step 3: Detailed Explanation:

Let's apply the structure to the given sentences: "She is very dull." and "She cannot pass."

- Subject: She

- Verb: is

- Adjective: dull

- To-infinitive: to pass


Combining them gives: "She is too dull to pass."

- Option (A) matches this structure perfectly.

- Options (B), (C), and (D) have incorrect word order and are grammatically wrong.


Step 4: Final Answer:

The correct and standard way to combine these two sentences using the `too...to` construction is "She is too dull to pass". Therefore, option (A) is correct.
Quick Tip: Remember that the `too...to` structure is used to express a negative result. For example, "The coffee is too hot to drink" means you cannot drink the coffee because it is so hot.

Step 1: Understanding the Concept:

This question tests the rule for verb forms following the auxiliary verb 'do' (in its forms 'do', 'does', 'did') in negative sentences.


Step 2: Key Formula or Approach:

The grammatical structure for negative sentences in the simple present and simple past is:

Subject + do/does/did + not + [base form of the verb].


Step 3: Detailed Explanation:

The sentence uses "does not". According to the rule, the verb that follows must be in its base form (the infinitive without 'to').

- (A) agreed: This is the past tense form. Incorrect.

- (B) agree: This is the base form of the verb. Correct.

- (C) to agree: This is the full infinitive form. Incorrect.

- (D) agreeing: This is the present participle/-ing form. Incorrect.


The correct sentence is: "Praveen does not agree with Mohan."


Step 4: Final Answer:

After the auxiliary construction "does not", the base form of the verb is required. Therefore, option (B) is the correct answer.
Quick Tip: A simple rule to remember: whenever you use 'do', 'does', or 'did' as a helping verb in a question or a negative statement, the main verb that follows is always in its simplest, base form.

Step 1: Understanding the Concept:

This question tests the use of prepositions of time. The correct preposition must indicate that an event happened within a specific period.


Step 2: Detailed Explanation:

The phrase "our holidays" refers to a period of time. We need a preposition that means 'throughout the whole of a period of time' or 'at some point in a period of time'.

- (A) on: Used for specific days and dates (e.g., on Monday, on July 4th). Incorrect.

- (B) at: Used for specific times of the day (e.g., at 5 PM) or for holiday periods when seen as a point in time (e.g., at Christmas), but 'during' is better for the whole duration.

- (C) by: Used to indicate a deadline (e.g., by Friday). Incorrect.

- (D) during: Used to specify that something happens within a particular period of time. "During our holidays" means at some point within that time. This fits perfectly.


Step 3: Final Answer:

The preposition 'during' is correctly used to refer to events happening within a span of time like a holiday. Therefore, option (D) is correct.
Quick Tip: Use 'during' to answer the question "When?". Use 'for' to answer the question "How long?". For example: "I slept \(\textbf{during}\) the movie" (When did you sleep?). "I slept \(\textbf{for}\) two hours" (How long did you sleep?).

Step 1: Understanding the Concept:

This question tests the use of articles with superlative adjectives. The general rule is to use the definite article 'the' before a superlative adjective (like 'best', 'tallest', 'noblest').


Step 2: Detailed Explanation:

The standard grammatical rule states that superlative adjectives are preceded by "the". For example, "Mount Everest is the highest peak." Following this rule, the sentence should be "Akbar was the noblest king." This would mean he was the most noble of all kings.



Step 3: Final Answer:

The correct option is (C).
Quick Tip: For competitive exams, remember the primary rule: use 'the' with superlative adjectives (e.g., the best, the smallest). Be aware that very rare exceptions exist in literature, where 'a' might be used to mean 'a very' or 'a most', but 'the' is correct in over 99% of cases.

Step 1: Understanding the Concept:

This question tests subject-verb agreement in the simple present tense. The verb must agree with the subject in number.


Step 2: Detailed Explanation:

The sentence describes a habitual action, indicated by the adverb "always". For habitual actions, we use the simple present tense.

The subject of the sentence is "Moti", which is a third-person singular noun.

In the simple present tense, for third-person singular subjects (he, she, it, Moti), we add '-s' or '-es' to the base form of the verb.

- Base verb: eat

- Third-person singular form: eats

The complete sentence is: "Moti always eats chappatis in his dinner."


Step 3: Final Answer:

The correct option is (B) because the singular subject "Moti" requires the singular verb form "eats" in the simple present tense.
Quick Tip: In the simple present tense, remember the 's' rule: for He, She, It, or any singular noun, the verb gets an 's'. For I, You, We, They, or any plural noun, the verb does not get an 's'.

Step 1: Understanding the Concept:

This question tests the correct verb pattern or 'verb + preposition' combination. The verb 'prevent' follows a specific structure.


Step 2: Detailed Explanation:

The correct grammatical structure for the verb 'prevent' is:

prevent + someone/something + from + verb-ing (gerund)

Let's analyze the options based on this rule:

- (A) He prevented me from going there: This sentence perfectly follows the structure. (prevent + me + from + going). It is grammatically correct.

- (B) He prevented me to go there: Incorrect. 'Prevent' is not followed by an infinitive ('to go'). This structure is used with verbs like 'allow', 'ask', 'tell' etc.

- (C) He prevents me at going there: Incorrect. The preposition 'at' is wrong. The correct preposition is 'from'.

- (D) He preventing me through going there: Incorrect. The verb form 'preventing' needs an auxiliary verb (e.g., is/was), and the preposition 'through' is incorrect.


Step 3: Final Answer:

Option (A) is the only sentence that uses the correct grammatical structure associated with the verb 'prevent'.
Quick Tip: Learn the patterns for common verbs. Verbs like `prevent`, `stop`, `prohibit` often follow the `[verb] + [object] + from + [gerund]` pattern.

Step 1: Understanding the Concept:

This question tests the use of modal and semi-modal verbs. The structure of the sentence is "Subject + ________ + not + base verb".


Step 2: Detailed Explanation:

Let's examine the options:

- (A) is: "He is not be there" is grammatically incorrect. It should be "He is not there."

- (B) shall: "He shall not be there" is grammatically correct and expresses a strong intention or command.

- (C) need: "He need not be there". Here, 'need' acts as a modal verb (a semi-modal), meaning 'it is not necessary for him to be there'. This structure is grammatically incorrect. The modal form is `need not`, not `needs not`.

- (D) must: "He must not be there". This is grammatically correct and expresses a prohibition (he is forbidden to be there).



Step 3: Final Answer:

The correct option is (D). "He must be there" means it is not necessary for him to be there.
Quick Tip: 'Need' can be a regular verb ("He needs to go") or a modal verb ("He need not go"). As a modal verb, it is used in negative sentences (`need not` or `needn't`) and questions (`Need I go?`) and does not take an '-s' for the third person singular.

Step 1: Understanding the Concept:

This question tests knowledge of phrasal verbs with 'Keep'. The sentence is an imperative (a command), often seen on signs.


Step 2: Detailed Explanation:

Let's look at the meanings of the phrasal verbs:

- Keep off: To stay away from something; to not touch or walk on something. This is commonly used in signs like "Keep off the grass."

- Keep on: To continue doing something. (e.g., "Keep on trying.")

- Keep up: To maintain a certain pace or level. (e.g., "Keep up the good work.")

- Keep away: To maintain a distance from something, often for safety. (e.g., "Keep away from the fire.")


The context of "the grass" strongly suggests a command not to walk on it. The most appropriate phrasal verb for this is "Keep off".


Step 3: Final Answer:

The correct option is (A) because the phrasal verb "Keep off" means to avoid walking on a particular area.
Quick Tip: Phrasal verbs are very context-dependent. Think about where you might see or hear the phrase. A sign on a lawn would say "Keep off the grass," making it the most logical choice.

Step 1: Understanding the Concept:

This question tests the correct use of determiners and quantifiers with a singular countable noun ('chair').


Step 2: Detailed Explanation:

- (A) More: "More chair is required" is incorrect. 'More' is typically used with plural nouns ("more chairs") or uncountable nouns ("more furniture"). To use it with a singular noun, you would need another determiner, e.g., "One more chair is required."

- (B) Much: Incorrect. 'Much' is used with uncountable nouns (e.g., much water, much time). 'Chair' is a countable noun.

- (C) Many: Incorrect. 'Many' is used with plural countable nouns (e.g., many chairs).

- (D) An extra: "An extra chair is required." This is grammatically correct. 'An extra' means 'one more' or 'an additional' chair. It functions as a determiner for the singular noun 'chair'.


Step 3: Final Answer:

The correct option is (D) because "An extra" is the only option that correctly modifies the singular countable noun "chair".
Quick Tip: Always check if the noun is countable or uncountable, and singular or plural. This will help you choose the correct quantifier: - \(\textbf{Many}\) for plural countable nouns.
- \(\textbf{Much}\) for uncountable nouns.
- \(\textbf{More}\) for comparisons (plural/uncountable).
- \(\textbf{An extra}\) for one additional item.

Step 1: Understanding the Concept:

This question asks for the correct coordinating conjunction to connect two independent clauses. The choice of conjunction depends on the logical relationship between the two clauses.


Step 2: Detailed Explanation:

1. Analyze the Clauses:

- Clause 1: "Do what you want to do" (giving permission or freedom).

- Clause 2: "don't disturb me" (stating a condition or a contrast).

2. Determine the Relationship: The relationship between the two clauses is one of contrast or limitation. The speaker is granting freedom with one hand but imposing a restriction with the other.

3. Evaluate the Conjunctions:

- (A) though: A subordinating conjunction used for concession, it doesn't fit well between two commands. (e.g., "Though he was tired, he kept working.")

- (B) that: Used to introduce noun clauses, not to connect two independent clauses in this manner.

- (C) but: A coordinating conjunction used to show contrast, opposition, or a limitation. This fits the meaning perfectly: You have freedom, with the contrasting condition that you should not disturb me.

- (D) so: A coordinating conjunction used to show a result or consequence. It implies that "not disturbing me" is a result of "doing what you want," which is not the intended meaning.


Step 3: Final Answer:

The conjunction "but" correctly expresses the contrast between the two parts of the sentence. The correct option is (C).
Quick Tip: Remember the acronym \(\textbf{FANBOYS}\) for the seven coordinating conjunctions: \(\textbf{F}\)or, \(\textbf{A}\)nd, \(\textbf{N}\)or, \(\textbf{B}\)ut, \(\textbf{O}\)r, \(\textbf{Y}\)et, \(\textbf{S}\)o. Each shows a different relationship (Cause, Addition, Negation, Contrast, Alternative, Contrast, Result).

Step 1: Understanding the Concept:

This question tests knowledge of different forms of a word (parts of speech) and which form fits grammatically into the sentence. The blank needs a word to describe the noun "act."


Step 2: Detailed Explanation:

1. Analyze the Sentence Structure: The structure is "a [adjective] act". The article "a" and the noun "act" require an adjective to modify or describe the noun.

2. Examine the Word Forms:

- (A) pardon: This is a noun (an act of forgiveness) or a verb (to forgive). It cannot be used as an adjective here. ("a pardon act" is incorrect).

- (B) pardoning: This is a present participle. While participles can be used as adjectives (e.g., "a charming person"), "a pardoning act" would mean an act that pardons someone, which doesn't fit the context.

- (C) pardoned: This is a past participle. "A pardoned act" would mean an act that has been forgiven, which is semantically awkward.

- (D) pardonable: This is an adjective ending in "-able," which means "capable of being pardoned" or "excusable." This fits perfectly to describe the nature of the "act." "It was not a pardonable act" means the act was not excusable.


Step 3: Final Answer:

The correct adjective to modify "act" is (D) "pardonable".
Quick Tip: Suffixes can help you identify the part of speech. Suffixes like \(\textbf{-able}\), \(\textbf{-ible}\), \(\textbf{-al}\), \(\textbf{-ous}\), \(\textbf{-ful}\), and \(\textbf{-less}\) often indicate that a word is an adjective.

Step 1: Understanding the Concept:

This is a word classification or "odd one out" question. The goal is to identify the common category for three of the options and find the one option that does not belong to that category.


Step 2: Detailed Explanation:

1. Analyze the Items: The list consists of "Pen," "Marker," "Paper," and "Pencil."

2. Find the Common Category:

- A Pen is a tool used for writing or drawing.

- A Marker is a tool used for writing or drawing.

- A Pencil is a tool used for writing or drawing.

- Paper is the surface or medium on which one writes or draws.

3. Identify the Odd One: Three of the items (Pen, Marker, Pencil) are writing instruments. The fourth item (Paper) is the material written upon. Therefore, "Paper" is the odd one out.


Step 3: Final Answer:

The correct option is (C) Paper because it is a writing surface, while the others are writing tools.
Quick Tip: In "odd one out" questions, look for the relationship or category that links the majority of the items. The one that doesn't fit this relationship is the answer. Consider function, type, material, etc.

Step 1: Understanding the Concept:

This question is about forming a correct question tag. A question tag is a short question at the end of a statement. The rules for forming them depend on the polarity (positive/negative) of the statement and the verb used.


Step 2: Key Formula or Approach:

1. Polarity: A positive statement is followed by a negative tag, and a negative statement is followed by a positive tag.

2. Verb: The tag uses the same auxiliary verb (or 'do'/'does'/'did' if there is no auxiliary) as the main statement.

3. Pronoun: The tag uses a pronoun that matches the subject of the statement.


Step 3: Detailed Explanation:

1. Analyze the Statement's Polarity: The statement "You never have bread and butter for breakfast" is negative because of the word "never". Therefore, the question tag must be positive.

2. Identify the Verb: The verb is "have". In this sentence, "have" is used as a main verb (meaning 'to eat'), not an auxiliary verb. The sentence is in the simple present tense. For main verbs in the simple present, we use "do" or "does" to form the tag.

3. Determine the Subject and Verb for the Tag: The subject is "You". The auxiliary verb for "You" in the simple present tense is "do". Since the tag must be positive, we use "do".

4. Construct the Tag: The subject pronoun is "you". Combining the positive auxiliary "do" with the pronoun "you", we get the tag "do you?".


Step 4: Final Answer:

The correct question tag is (B) "do you?".
Quick Tip: Be aware of words that make a statement negative, such as \(\textbf{never, no, none, nobody, hardly, scarcely, seldom, rarely}\). These words require a positive question tag.

Step 1: Understanding the Concept:

This question tests the meaning of an English idiom. An idiom is a phrase whose meaning cannot be deduced from the literal definitions of its individual words.


Step 2: Detailed Explanation:

1. Define the Idiom: The idiom "out of the question" means that something is not possible, not allowed, or not to be considered under any circumstances. It signifies an absolute refusal or impossibility.

2. Analyze the Options:

- (A) Undesirable: Means something is not wanted, but it might still be possible. This is not the primary meaning of the idiom.

- (B) Impossible: Means something cannot happen or be done. This is the exact meaning of "out of the question." For example, "Lending you my car is out of the question" means it is impossible.

- (C) Unpleasant: Means not enjoyable. This is different from being impossible.

- (D) Irresistible: Means too attractive to be resisted, which is the opposite of the idiom's meaning.


Step 3: Final Answer:

The correct meaning of "out of the question" is (B) Impossible.
Quick Tip: Do not confuse "out of the question" with "out of question". While related, "out of question" (less common) can sometimes mean "beyond doubt". However, the phrase in the question, with "the", almost always means "impossible". Another similar-sounding but different phrase is "open to question," which means "debatable or uncertain."

Step 1: Understanding the Concept:

This question tests the use of infinitives and gerunds as predicate nominatives (a noun or pronoun that renames the subject). The sentence structure is "Subject + Verb 'to be' + Complement".


Step 2: Detailed Explanation:

1. Analyze the Sentence Structure: The subject is "Their idea of a holiday". The verb is "is". The sentence needs a complement to explain what the idea is. Both an infinitive ("to" + base verb) and a gerund (verb + "-ing") can function as a noun here.

2. Evaluate the Options:

- (A) is relaxed: "Relaxed" is a past participle acting as an adjective. It would mean the idea itself is in a state of relaxation, which is illogical.

- (B) is to relaxing: This is a grammatically incorrect structure. The preposition "to" cannot be followed by a gerund ("relaxing") in this context.

- (C) is to relax: This uses the infinitive form "to relax". This structure is commonly used to state a purpose, goal, or idea. "Their idea is to relax" correctly and clearly states the content of their idea.

- (D) is relaxing: This uses the gerund "relaxing". While "Their idea is relaxing" is grammatically possible, it could be ambiguous. It might mean that the idea itself is relaxing (adjective), or it could mean the idea consists of the act of relaxing (gerund). Option (C) is more precise and common for expressing a plan or idea.


Step 3: Final Answer:

The clearest and most standard grammatical choice to express the content of an "idea" is the infinitive form. Therefore, (C) "is to relax" is the best answer.
Quick Tip: When a sentence describes a goal, purpose, plan, or idea, using the infinitive form (to + verb) after the verb 'to be' is a very common and clear structure. For example: "My goal is to succeed." "The plan is to leave early."

Step 1: Understanding the Concept:

The question requires converting an active voice sentence into a passive voice sentence. In the active voice, the subject performs the action. In the passive voice, the subject receives the action.


Step 2: Key Formula or Approach:

The formula for converting a simple past tense sentence from active to passive voice is:

Active: Subject + V2 (second form of verb) + Object.

Passive: Object (of active voice) + was/were + V3 (third form of verb) + by/with + Subject (of active voice).


Step 3: Detailed Explanation:

1. Identify Subject, Verb, and Object:

- Subject: His progress

- Verb: satisfied (V2, simple past)

- Object: me

2. Apply the Passive Voice Rule:

- The object "me" becomes the subject "I".

- The helping verb for "I" in the simple past passive is "was".

- The third form (V3) of "satisfy" is "satisfied".

- The verb "satisfied" is typically followed by the preposition "with" when referring to a state or feeling, rather than "by".

- The subject "His progress" becomes the object of the preposition.

3. Construct the Passive Sentence:

Combining these parts, we get: "I was satisfied with his progress."

4. Analyze the Options:

- (A) "I was satisfying..." - Incorrect, "satisfying" is a present participle.

- (B) "I am satisfy..." - Incorrect tense ("am") and verb form ("satisfy" instead of "satisfied").

- (C) "I was satisfied with his progress." - Correctly follows the passive voice structure for the simple past tense.

- (D) "I have to be satisfy..." - Incorrect modal verb and verb form.


Step 4: Final Answer:

The correct passive voice form is (C) "I was satisfied with his progress.".
Quick Tip: When changing from active to passive voice, always identify the tense of the active sentence first. This will determine the correct form of the 'to be' verb (is, am, are, was, were, been) in the passive sentence. Also, note that some verbs take specific prepositions other than 'by' in the passive voice (e.g., known to, surprised at, satisfied with).

Step 1: Understanding the Concept:

This question tests the use of determiners (quantifiers) like 'some', 'little', and 'few'. The choice depends on whether the noun is countable or uncountable and the specific meaning intended in the context.


Step 2: Detailed Explanation:

1. Analyze the Noun: The noun is "people," which is a countable noun. This immediately eliminates "little," which is used for uncountable nouns (e.g., little water, little time).

2. Analyze the Context: The sentence implies that the opposition of a specific group of people was the reason for the cancellation. The cancellation suggests that their number, though small, was significant.

3. Evaluate the Options:

- (A) some: "some people" is general and indefinite.

- (B) the some: This is grammatically incorrect. "The" is not used with "some" in this way.

- (C) little: Incorrect, as "people" is a countable noun.

- (D) the few: This refers to a small number of people, but implies that this specific small group.


Step 3: Final Answer:

The most appropriate option is (A) "some," as it points to a specific, small group of people whose opinion was decisive.
Quick Tip: Remember the difference: \(\textbf{A few}\) (positive): A small number exists. ("I have a few friends.")
\(\textbf{Few}\) (negative): Not many, almost none. ("Few people attended.")
\(\textbf{The few}\) (specific): The small number that exists is being specifically referred to. ("The few friends I have are very loyal.")
Similarly for \(\textbf{a little}\), \(\textbf{little}\), and \(\textbf{the little}\) with uncountable nouns.

Step 1: Understanding the Concept:

This question tests the correct usage of prepositions of time, specifically with the present perfect tense ("has been"). The choice between "for" and "since" is a common point of confusion.


Step 2: Key Formula or Approach:

- Use for with a period or duration of time (e.g., for two hours, for five days, for a long time).

- Use since with a specific point in time in the past (e.g., since 9 AM, since Monday, since 2020).


Step 3: Detailed Explanation:

1. Identify the Tense: The sentence "Ramesh has been absent" is in the present perfect tense. This tense is often used to describe an action that started in the past and continues to the present.

2. Identify the Time Reference: The time reference given is "Friday." "Friday" is a specific point in time, marking the beginning of Ramesh's absence.

3. Apply the Rule: Because "Friday" is a point in time, the correct preposition to use is "since." The sentence means that the absence started on Friday and has continued up to now.

4. Analyze the Options:

- (A) since: Correct, used for a point in time.

- (B) from: "From" is usually used with "to" or "until" to mark a start and end point (e.g., "from Friday to Monday"). It doesn't fit here.

- (C) for: Incorrect, used for a duration of time (e.g., "for three days").

- (D) by: Incorrect, "by" means "not later than" (e.g., "be back by Friday").


Step 4: Final Answer:

The correct preposition is (A) "since".
Quick Tip: A simple way to remember is to ask a question. If the answer is a duration ("How long?"), use \(\textbf{for}\). If the answer is a starting point ("Since when?"), use \(\textbf{since}\).

Step 1: Understanding the Concept:

This question deals with subject-verb agreement. The rule is that a singular subject takes a singular verb, and a plural subject takes a plural verb. However, there are exceptions, such as when two nouns joined by 'and' refer to a single idea or unit.


Step 2: Detailed Explanation:

1. Identify the Subject: The subject is "Chicken and rice."

2. Analyze the Subject: Although "chicken" and "rice" are two separate items, in this context, they are being referred to as a single, combined meal or dish. The clue is the complement "my favourite dish" (singular).

3. Apply the Rule of Single Unit: When two or more nouns are joined by 'and' but represent a single idea, entity, or unit, a singular verb is used. Other examples include "bread and butter," "fish and chips," and "the long and short of it."

4. Choose the Correct Verb: Since "Chicken and rice" is treated as a singular subject in this sentence, it requires a singular verb.

- (A) are: Plural verb. Incorrect.

- (B) had: Past tense verb, doesn't fit the context of a general statement of preference.

- (C) is: Singular present tense verb. Correct.

- (D) have: Plural verb. Incorrect.


Step 3: Final Answer:

The correct verb is (C) "is".
Quick Tip: Look for clues in the rest of the sentence. Here, the word "dish" (singular) strongly indicates that "Chicken and rice" should be treated as a single unit, thus requiring a singular verb.

Step 1: Understanding the Concept:

The task is to transform a positive (affirmative) sentence into its logical negative counterpart. The original sentence makes a statement in the simple past tense. The negation should ideally preserve the tense while contradicting the original statement.


Step 2: Detailed Explanation:

1. Analyze the Original Sentence: "Nadal won all the matches..." The verb "won" is in the simple past tense. The key quantifier is "all."

2. Logical Negation: The logical opposite of "winning all" is "not winning all," which means he lost or drew at least one match. A direct negation in the simple past would be: "Nadal did not win all the matches played in Paris."

3. Evaluate the Options:

- (A) Nadal does not win all the matches played in Paris.: This sentence correctly negates the idea of winning "all" matches. However, it changes the tense from simple past ("won") to simple present ("does not win"). In many exams, if a perfectly tense-matched option is not available, the one with the correct logical negation is chosen. This option is the best logical negation provided.

- (B) Nadal did not lose a single match played in Paris.: This means he won all the matches. This is a positive statement phrased with a negative verb; it is a synonym of the original sentence, not its negation.

- (C) Nadal was not able to lose any match played in Paris.: This also means he won all the matches. It is not a negation.

- (D) Nadal had lost any match not played in Paris.: This sentence is irrelevant as it talks about matches played outside of Paris.


Step 3: Final Answer:

Among the given choices, option (B) is the only one that expresses a logical negation of the original statement, despite the change in tense. It is the most plausible intended answer.
Quick Tip: When negating sentences with quantifiers like "all," "every," or "always," the negation often becomes "not all," "not every," or "not always." Be careful to distinguish between a logical negation and a statement with a negative verb that has a positive meaning (like option B).

Step 1: Understanding the Concept:

This question tests the conversion of a sentence from Direct Speech to Indirect (or Reported) Speech. This involves changing the reporting verb, pronouns, and tense of the reported speech according to rules.


Step 2: Key Formula or Approach:

1. Reporting Verb: If the reporting verb (e.g., 'say', 'tell') is in the present or future tense, the tense of the reported speech does not change.
2. Conjunction: The inverted commas are removed, and the conjunction 'that' is usually added.
3. Pronoun Change: Pronouns inside the inverted commas change according to the subject and object of the reporting verb. (SON rule: S=Subject->1st person, O=Object->2nd person, N=No change->3rd person).


Step 3: Detailed Explanation:

1. Analyze the Reporting Verb: The reporting verb is "says," which is in the simple present tense. Therefore, the tense of the reported speech ("are") will not change.

2. Change the Reporting Verb: "says to" changes to "tells". So, "He says to me" becomes "He tells me".

3. Change the Pronouns:

- "You" is a second-person pronoun. It will change according to the object of the reporting verb, which is "me". So, "You" becomes "I".

- "my" is a first-person possessive pronoun. It will change according to the subject of the reporting verb, which is "He". So, "my" becomes "his".

4. Change the Verb Tense: Since the reporting verb is in the present tense, the verb "are" changes to match the new subject "I". The correct form is "am".

5. Construct the Indirect Sentence: Combining these changes, we get: "He tells me that I am his friend."


Step 4: Final Answer:

The correct indirect narration is (A) "He tells me that I am his friend.".
Quick Tip: The tense of the reporting verb is the most crucial factor. If it's in the present tense (e.g., he says) or future tense (e.g., he will say), do not change the tense of the reported speech. Tense backshifting only occurs when the reporting verb is in the past tense (e.g., he said).

Step 1: Understanding the Concept:

This question tests knowledge of prepositions and phrasal verbs. The verb "decide" can be followed by different prepositions, but the meaning changes.


Step 2: Detailed Explanation:

- decide on/upon something: This means to choose something from a number of possibilities.

- decide about something: This means to think about something in order to make a decision.

- decide in and decide of are not standard phrasal verbs with "decide".

In the given sentence, the context implies that they made a choice to select the white car among other potential cars. Therefore, "decided on" is the correct phrasal verb.

The complete sentence is: "They decided on the white car."


Step 3: Final Answer:

The correct option is (B) because "decide on" means to choose or select.
Quick Tip: Memorizing common phrasal verbs is crucial for preposition questions. For "decide," remember that "decide on" is used for making a choice.

Step 1: Understanding the Concept:

This question tests the rules of verb forms after auxiliary verbs (helping verbs) like 'do', 'does', or 'did' in negative sentences and questions.


Step 2: Detailed Explanation:

When forming a negative sentence in the simple past tense, we use the structure: did not + [base form of the verb].

The base form of the verb 'to have' is 'have'.

- 'has' is the third-person singular present form.

- 'had' is the past tense form.

- 'did has' is grammatically incorrect.

The auxiliary verb 'did' already indicates the past tense, so the main verb must be in its base form.

The correct sentence is: "My cycle did not have brakes."


Step 3: Final Answer:

The correct option is (B) because after "did not", the base form of the verb ("have") must be used.
Quick Tip: Remember the rule: After `do`, `does`, or `did` in questions or negative statements, always use the base form of the main verb. For example: "He \(\textbf{does not have}\) a car," not "He does not has a car."

Step 1: Understanding the Concept:

This question asks to convert a sentence from passive voice to active voice. The passive voice emphasizes the action's recipient, while the active voice emphasizes the doer.

The structure for this specific type of sentence is:

- Passive: It is time + for + object + to be + past participle.

- Active: It is time + to + verb (base form) + object.


Step 2: Detailed Explanation:

The given sentence is: "It is time for the bell to be rung."

- Object: the bell

- Verb (past participle): rung

Following the active voice structure:

- Start with "It is time".

- Add the infinitive "to" + base form of the verb ("ring").

- Add the object ("the bell").

This combines to form: "It is time to ring the bell."


Step 3: Final Answer:

Option (C) correctly converts the passive sentence to its active form, following the standard grammatical rule.
Quick Tip: For sentences starting with "It is time...", the conversion from passive to active follows a fixed pattern. Remove "for + object" and change "to be + past participle" to "to + base verb + object".

Step 1: Understanding the Concept:

This question tests the correct use of reflexive pronouns. A reflexive pronoun is used when the subject and the object of a verb are the same person or thing.


Step 2: Detailed Explanation:

The subject of the sentence is "He". The action of blaming is directed back to the subject.

The reflexive pronouns are:

- myself (for I)

- yourself (for you)

- himself (for he)

- herself (for she)

- itself (for it)

- ourselves (for we)

- yourselves (for you - plural)

- themselves (for they)

Since the subject is "He", the corresponding reflexive pronoun is "himself".

The complete sentence is: "He blamed himself for the ugly situation."


Step 3: Final Answer:

The correct option is (A) because "himself" is the reflexive pronoun that corresponds to the subject "He".
Quick Tip: To choose the correct reflexive pronoun, always identify the subject of the sentence first. The pronoun must agree with the subject in number and gender.

Step 1: Understanding the Concept:

This question tests the use of modal verbs to express obligation or necessity.


Step 2: Detailed Explanation:

The sentence expresses a rule or a strong obligation to be quiet in a library.

- mustn't: expresses a prohibition (it is forbidden).

- doesn't have to: expresses a lack of obligation. Also, "doesn't" does not agree with the subject "We".

- doesn't: is not a modal verb and does not fit grammatically.

- must: expresses a strong obligation or necessity.

Given the context of a library, there is a strong rule to be quiet. Therefore, "must" is the most appropriate modal verb.

The complete sentence is: "We must be quiet in the library."


Step 3: Final Answer:

The correct option is (D) because "must" correctly conveys the sense of strong obligation required by the context.
Quick Tip: Differentiate between 'must' and 'have to' (for obligation) and 'mustn't' (prohibition) and 'don't have to' (lack of obligation). In formal rules and regulations, 'must' is very common.

Step 1: Understanding the Concept:

This question tests the difference between commonly confused words, specifically 'than' and 'then'.


Step 2: Detailed Explanation:

The sentence is making a comparison between "my job" and "his job".

- than: is a conjunction used for making comparisons. (e.g., "She is taller than her brother.")

- then: is an adverb used to indicate time or sequence. (e.g., "First I will eat, then I will sleep.")

- that: is a conjunction or pronoun used for various purposes, but not for comparison in this context.

- there: is an adverb indicating place.

Since the sentence compares the quality of the job done by "I" and "he", the correct word is "than".

The complete sentence is: "I would have done a better job than he did."


Step 3: Final Answer:

The correct option is (A) because "than" is used to introduce the second element in a comparison.
Quick Tip: A simple way to remember the difference: 'than' is for comp\(\textbf{a}\)rison (both have 'a'), while 'then' is related to tim\(\textbf{e}\) (both have 'e').

Step 1: Understanding the Concept:

This question tests knowledge of a common English idiom and the spelling of homophones.


Step 2: Detailed Explanation:

The phrase "_________ and hearty" is a well-known idiom.

- The correct idiom is "hale and hearty", which means strong and healthy.

- hail: refers to frozen rain or a greeting.

- heal: means to become sound or healthy again.

- head: refers to the top part of the body.

The only word that fits the idiom is "hale".

The complete sentence is: "Ramesh is hale and hearty."


Step 3: Final Answer:

The correct option is (A) because "hale and hearty" is the correct idiom for being in good health.
Quick Tip: Learning common idioms and fixed expressions is essential for vocabulary-based questions. "Hale and hearty" is a frequently used phrase to describe a healthy person, especially an elderly one.

Step 1: Understanding the Concept:

This question tests the correct grammatical structure of sentences, focusing on inversion with adverbs like 'hardly' and 'seldom', verb forms, and double negatives.


Step 2: Detailed Explanation:

Let's analyze each option:

- (A) Women were very seldom convict.: Incorrect. "Convict" is a verb or a noun. The correct form would be the past participle "convicted". The sentence should be "Women were very seldom convicted."

- (B) His eyes had hardly close.: Incorrect. After the auxiliary verb 'had', the past participle form of the main verb ('closed') is required. It should be "His eyes had hardly closed."

- (C) Hardly had he settled into his seat when Radha charged in.: Correct. When a sentence begins with a negative or restrictive adverb like 'Hardly', 'Scarcely', 'No sooner', or 'Seldom', we use inversion (auxiliary verb before the subject). The structure is Hardly + had + subject + past participle ... when + past simple. This sentence follows the rule perfectly.

- (D) Hardly nobody came.: Incorrect. This is a double negative. 'Hardly' is already a negative adverb, so using 'nobody' with it is incorrect. It should be "Hardly anybody came" or "Almost nobody came."


Step 3: Final Answer:
Option (C) is the only grammatically correct sentence, demonstrating the correct use of inversion after "Hardly".
Quick Tip: Remember the key structures for inversion: - \(\textbf{Hardly/Scarcely... when...}\) (e.g., Hardly had I left when it started to rain.)
- \(\textbf{No sooner... than...}\) (e.g., No sooner had I left than it started to rain.)

Step 1: Understanding the Concept:

This question tests the rules of reported speech (or indirect speech). When the reporting verb ('said') is in the past tense, the verbs in the reported clause usually shift back in tense.


Step 2: Detailed Explanation:

The sentence is in reported speech, indicated by "He said that...". The original, direct speech sentence would have likely been: "I will be there."

According to the rules of reported speech, when the reporting verb is in the past (like 'said'), 'will' changes to 'would'.

- 'need', 'can', and 'want' do not fit the grammatical structure or the logical meaning implied by the direct speech. 'can' would become 'could', for instance.

The correct transformation is:

Direct: He said, "I will be there."

Indirect: He said that he would be there.


Step 3: Final Answer:

The correct option is (A) because 'would' is the correct past tense form of 'will' in reported speech.
Quick Tip: In reported speech, if the reporting verb is in the past (e.g., said, told, asked), remember these common tense shifts: - Present Simple \(\rightarrow\) Past Simple - Present Continuous \(\rightarrow\) Past Continuous - Present Perfect \(\rightarrow\) Past Perfect - will \(\rightarrow\) would - can \(\rightarrow\) could - may \(\rightarrow\) might

Step 1: Understanding the Concept:

This question tests the correct use of prepositions of time, specifically the difference between 'since' and 'for'.


Step 2: Detailed Explanation:

The sentence uses the present perfect tense ("have not heard"), which is often used with 'for' and 'since' to talk about a period of time up to the present.

- for: is used to specify a duration or a period of time (e.g., for two hours, for three days).

- since: is used to specify a starting point in the past (e.g., since 1990, since Monday, since last week).

"Last week" refers to a specific point in time when the period of not hearing from the person began. Therefore, 'since' is the correct preposition.

The complete sentence is: "I have not heard of you since last week."


Step 3: Final Answer:

The correct option is (A) because "since" is used with a point in time in the past to indicate the start of a period.
Quick Tip: A simple way to choose between 'for' and 'since': if you can ask "How long?", the answer uses 'for' (e.g., for three years). If you can ask "Since when?", the answer uses 'since' (e.g., since yesterday).

Step 1: Understanding the Concept:

This question tests vocabulary and the ability to distinguish between homophones (words that sound the same but have different meanings and spellings).


Step 2: Detailed Explanation:

The sentence refers to the period of seven days.

- weak: is an adjective meaning not strong.

- weaker: is the comparative form of 'weak'.

- week: is a noun meaning a period of seven days.

- seek: is a verb meaning to look for something.

The context clearly requires the noun that represents a seven-day period.

The correct sentence is: "There are seven days in a week."


Step 3: Final Answer:

The correct option is (C) as "week" is the correct term for a seven-day period.
Quick Tip: Pay close attention to spelling in vocabulary questions. Homophones like week/weak, their/there/they're, and to/too/two are common traps in English exams.

Step 1: Understanding the Concept:

This question requires choosing the correct verb form. The options represent different tenses and forms. A standalone sentence requires a finite verb.


Step 2: Detailed Explanation:

Let's analyze the options for a complete sentence:

- (A) arrest: "The police arrest the thief." This is simple present. Grammatically correct, as 'police' is often treated as a plural noun.

- (B) arrested: "The police arrested the thief." This is simple past. Grammatically correct.

- (C) arresting: This is the present participle. By itself, it cannot form a complete sentence. It requires an auxiliary verb (e.g., "The police are arresting the thief.").

- (D) has arrest: Grammatically incorrect. It should be "has arrested", and 'police' usually takes a plural verb ('have').




Step 3: Final Answer:

The correct option, is (B).
Quick Tip: The noun "police" is a collective noun that is almost always treated as plural. It takes a plural verb (e.g., "The police \(\textbf{are}\) coming," not "The police is coming.").

Step 1: Understanding the Concept:

This question tests spelling. You need to identify which of the given options is spelled correctly.


Step 2: Detailed Explanation:

The word, which means 'permission for something to happen or agreement to do something', is spelled 'Consent'.

- (A) Concent: Incorrect spelling.

- (B) Cunsent: Incorrect spelling.

- (C) Consent: This is the correct spelling.

- (D) Counsent: Incorrect spelling.


Step 3: Final Answer:

The only correctly spelled word among the options is 'Consent'. Therefore, option (C) is correct.
Quick Tip: Spelling questions often use common phonetic mistakes. Practice spelling words with tricky letter combinations like 'sc', 'sce', 'ce', 'se', and double consonants. Reading regularly helps improve spelling recognition.

Step 1: Understanding the Concept:

This question tests the knowledge of phrasal verbs. The correct phrasal verb must fit grammatically and contextually with the preposition "upon".


Step 2: Detailed Explanation:

The sentence expresses advice about how one should treat the poor. The structure is `look ... upon`.

- (A) look up: This phrasal verb means to search for information or to admire someone. It is not used with 'upon' in this context.

- (B) look down upon: This is a three-word phrasal verb meaning to regard someone with a feeling of superiority or contempt. The sentence "They should not look down upon the poor" makes perfect sense.

- (C) look after: This means to take care of someone. It is not used with 'upon'.

- (D) look on: This means to watch something without getting involved. It is not typically followed by 'upon' in this sense.


Step 3: Final Answer:

The correct phrasal verb that fits the sentence is 'look down upon'. Thus, 'look down' is the correct phrase to complete the expression. Therefore, option (B) is correct.
Quick Tip: Many phrasal verbs have specific prepositions they are used with. 'Look down upon' is a fixed expression. Memorizing common phrasal verbs and their meanings is key to solving such questions.

Step 1: Understanding the Concept:

This question tests the use of indefinite articles ('a' and 'an'). The choice between them depends on the initial sound of the following word, not the letter itself.


Step 2: Detailed Explanation:

- The article 'a' is used before words that begin with a consonant sound.

- The article 'an' is used before words that begin with a vowel sound.


The word in question is 'university'. Although it starts with the vowel 'u', the pronunciation is /ˈjuːnɪvɜːrsəti/. The initial sound is /j/ (like the 'y' in 'yes'), which is a consonant sound.

Therefore, the correct article is 'a'.

The complete sentence is: "There is a university here."


Step 3: Final Answer:

Because 'university' begins with a consonant sound (/j/), the correct article is 'a'. Therefore, option (A) is correct.
Quick Tip: Always say the word aloud (or in your head) to check its initial sound. Other tricky words include 'hour' (starts with a vowel sound, takes 'an') and 'European' (starts with a consonant sound, takes 'a').

Step 1: Understanding the Concept:

This question tests the formation of question tags. A question tag is a short question at the end of a statement.


Step 2: Key Formula or Approach:

The rules for forming a question tag are:

1. If the main statement is positive, the question tag is negative, and vice versa.

2. Use the same auxiliary verb as in the statement. If there is no auxiliary, use 'do', 'does', or 'did'.

3. Use the same subject pronoun as in the statement.


Step 3: Detailed Explanation:

The statement is "Rajesh is still shouting".

1. Positive/Negative: The statement is positive. So, the tag must be negative.

2. Auxiliary Verb: The auxiliary verb is 'is'. The negative form is 'is not', contracted to 'isn't'.

3. Subject Pronoun: The subject is 'Rajesh', which is a male name, so the pronoun is 'he'.


Combining these parts, the correct question tag is "isn't he?".

The full sentence is: "Rajesh is still shouting, isn't he?"


Step 4: Final Answer:

Following the rules for question tags, the correct option is (D) isn't he.
Quick Tip: Remember the "positive-negative" and "negative-positive" balance for question tags. Also, be careful with the subject pronoun and the auxiliary verb. For example, "I am late" has the tag "aren't I?".

Step 1: Understanding the Concept:

An antonym is a word with the opposite meaning. The question asks for the antonym of 'Trivial'.


Step 2: Detailed Explanation:

The adjective 'Trivial' means of little value or importance; insignificant.

Let's analyze the options:

- (A) Rural: This means relating to the countryside. It is unrelated to 'Trivial'.

- (B) Important: This means of great significance or value. It is the direct opposite of 'Trivial'.

- (C) Loss: This means the fact or process of losing something or someone. It is unrelated.

- (D) Artificial: This means made by human beings rather than occurring naturally. It is unrelated.


Step 3: Final Answer:

The word that means the opposite of 'Trivial' is 'Important'. Therefore, option (B) is the correct answer.
Quick Tip: Building vocabulary is crucial. When you learn a new word like 'trivial', also learn its synonym (e.g., insignificant, minor) and antonym (e.g., important, significant, crucial).

Step 1: Understanding the Concept:

This question tests vocabulary and the ability to distinguish between homophones (words that sound alike but have different meanings and spellings).


Step 2: Detailed Explanation:

The sentence expresses affection or value for a child.

- (A) deer: This is a noun referring to a hoofed grazing animal. It does not fit the context.

- (B) dear: This is an adjective meaning regarded with deep affection; beloved. The sentence "This child is very dear to me" means the child is very precious to me. This fits perfectly.

- (C) dare: This is a verb meaning to have the courage to do something. It does not fit.

- (D) dearer: This is the comparative form of 'dear' (e.g., "This child is dearer to me than that one"). The adverb 'very' requires the base adjective 'dear', not the comparative form.


Step 3: Final Answer:

The word 'dear' correctly conveys the meaning of affection and fits grammatically in the sentence. Therefore, option (B) is correct.
Quick Tip: Homophones are a common source of confusion. Always consider the context of the sentence to choose the correct word. Here, the context is affection, which points directly to 'dear'.

Step 1: Understanding the Concept:

This question tests knowledge of phrasal verbs. A phrasal verb is a combination of a verb and a preposition or adverb, which together have a specific meaning that is often different from the individual words.


Step 2: Detailed Explanation:

1. Analyze the Context: The sentence expresses an inability to tolerate an insult. We need to find the preposition that combines with the verb "put" to mean "tolerate" or "endure."

2. Define the Phrasal Verb: The phrasal verb put up with means to tolerate or endure something or someone unpleasant without complaining.

3. Evaluate the Options:

- (A) put of: Not a standard phrasal verb.

- (B) put up: This completes the phrasal verb "put up with". The full sentence would be "He cannot put up with such insult." This perfectly fits the meaning.

- (C) put down: This phrasal verb can mean to criticize, to suppress, or to write something down. None of these meanings fit the context.

- (D) put from: Not a standard phrasal verb.


Step 3: Final Answer:

The correct word to complete the phrasal verb is (B) "up".
Quick Tip: Phrasal verbs are very common in English and must be memorized. Create flashcards or lists of common phrasal verbs and their meanings (e.g., look after, give up, take off, break down, put up with).

Step 1: Understanding the Concept:

This question tests subject-verb agreement with indefinite pronouns like "neither," "either," "each," and "one."


Step 2: Key Formula or Approach:

The pronoun "neither" is grammatically singular and requires a singular verb. Even when followed by a prepositional phrase with a plural object (like "of the two men"), the subject itself ("Neither") remains singular.


Step 3: Detailed Explanation:

1. Identify the Subject: The subject of the sentence is "Neither." The phrase "of the two men" is a prepositional phrase that modifies the subject but does not change its number.

2. Apply the Agreement Rule: Since "Neither" is singular, it must be paired with a singular verb.

3. Analyze the Verb Options:

- (A) have: This is a plural verb. Incorrect.

- (B) has: This is a singular verb. Correct. The full verb phrase is "has done" (present perfect tense).

- (C) may: This is a modal verb. While grammatically possible ("may have done"), "has" is the direct verb required by the present perfect structure suggested by "done".

- (D) should: This is a modal verb. Same as above, it would require "have" ("should have done").

The choice between "has" and "have" is a direct test of singular/plural agreement.


Step 4: Final Answer:

The singular subject "Neither" requires the singular verb "has". The correct option is (B).
Quick Tip: Remember that the following indefinite pronouns are always singular: \(\textbf{each, either, neither, one, everyone, everybody, everything, anyone, anybody, anything, no one, nobody, nothing, someone, somebody, something}\).

Step 1: Understanding the Concept:

This question directly tests English spelling. The word in question means the state of being alike or similarity.


Step 2: Detailed Explanation:

1. Break Down the Word: The word is derived from the verb "resemble." The suffix for forming a noun from this verb is "-ance."

2. Construct the Correct Spelling: Combining the root "resembl-" with the suffix "-ance" gives "resemblance."

3. Evaluate the Options:

- (A) Risemblence: Incorrect vowel ('i' instead of 'e').

- (B) Resiemblience: Incorrect vowel order ('ie' instead of 'e').

- (C) Resemblance: Correct spelling.

- (D) Risimblence: Incorrect vowels ('i' instead of 'e').


Step 3: Final Answer:

The correct spelling is (C) Resemblance.
Quick Tip: For words ending in \(\textbf{-ance}\) or \(\textbf{-ence}\), there is no simple rule. It often depends on the root word. A good strategy is to memorize common words with these endings. If you know the verb "resemble," it's easier to remember the noun "resemblance."

Step 1: Understanding the Concept:

This question involves converting a direct interrogative (question) sentence into indirect (reported) speech. Specific rules apply to reporting questions.


Step 2: Key Formula or Approach:

1. Reporting Verb: Change "said to" to "asked" or "enquired of".

2. Conjunction: For yes/no questions (questions starting with a helping verb), use "if" or "whether" to connect the reporting clause and the reported clause. Do not use "that".

3. Sentence Structure: The question form in direct speech ("Am I...") is changed to a statement form in indirect speech ("...he was..."). The subject comes before the verb.

4. Tense and Pronoun Change: Backshift the tense (present -> past) and change pronouns appropriately.


Step 3: Detailed Explanation:

1. Change Reporting Verb: "said to" becomes "asked". So, "He asked Rita...".

2. Add Conjunction: The question "Am I ill?" is a yes/no question. So, we use "if" or "whether".

3. Change Pronouns: The first-person pronoun "I" changes according to the subject of the reporting verb, "He". So, "I" becomes "he".

4. Change Tense and Structure: The verb "Am" (simple present) is backshifted to the simple past, which is "was" for the subject "he". The question structure "Am I...?" is changed to the statement structure "...he was...".

5. Construct the Indirect Sentence: Combining these changes, we get: "He asked Rita if he was ill."

6. Analyze the Options:

- (A) "He says..." - Incorrect reporting verb tense.

- (B) "He will say..." - Incorrect reporting verb tense.

- (C) "He asked Rita if he was ill." - Correctly follows all the rules for reporting a question.

- (D) "He said to Rita if he is ill." - Incorrect reporting verb ("said to" instead of "asked") and incorrect tense ("is" instead of "was").


Step 4: Final Answer:

The correct indirect speech is (C) "He asked Rita if he was ill.".
Quick Tip: When converting questions to indirect speech, a common mistake is keeping the question format (e.g., "...if was he ill"). Always change the reported question back into a statement format (Subject + Verb), for example, "...if he was ill."

Step 1: Understanding the Concept:

The question requires selecting the correct form of the verb "discard" to function as an adjective describing the noun "things".


Step 2: Detailed Explanation:

The sentence structure is "Find out the _________ things." Here, the blank needs a word that modifies "things".

The past participle form of a verb can often be used as an adjective.

- "discard" is the base form (verb).

- "discarding" is the present participle, used for ongoing actions or as a gerund.

- "will discard" is a future tense verb phrase.

- "discarded" is the past participle, meaning "things that have been thrown away". This fits perfectly as an adjective describing the things.

The complete sentence is: "Find out the discarded things."


Step 3: Final Answer:

The correct option is (D) because "discarded" acts as an adjective modifying "things", indicating the state of the things.
Quick Tip: In sentences like this, look for a word that describes the noun. Often, the past participle (ending in -ed, -en, etc.) or present participle (ending in -ing) can act as an adjective. "Discarded things" are things that have been discarded.

Step 1: Understanding the Concept:

This question tests the use of indefinite articles ('a' and 'an'). The choice between 'a' and 'an' depends on the sound of the first letter of the word that follows.


Step 2: Detailed Explanation:

- We use the article 'a' before words that begin with a consonant sound (e.g., a boy, a car, a university).

- We use the article 'an' before words that begin with a vowel sound (a, e, i, o, u) (e.g., an apple, an hour, an honest man).

The word "island" starts with the letter 'i', which has a vowel sound. Therefore, the correct article to use is 'an'.

The complete sentence is: "Sri Lanka is an island."


Step 3: Final Answer:

The correct option is (B) because the word "island" begins with a vowel sound.
Quick Tip: Always focus on the sound, not the spelling. For example, it's "an hour" (because 'h' is silent) but "a horse" (because 'h' is pronounced). Similarly, it's "a university" (because 'u' sounds like 'yu') but "an umbrella".

Step 1: Understanding the Concept:

This question tests the difference between adjectives and adverbs. An adverb modifies a verb, while an adjective modifies a noun.


Step 2: Detailed Explanation:

In the sentence, we need a word to describe *how* the action ('did') was performed. Therefore, we need an adverb.

- The adjective is 'quick'.

- The corresponding adverb is 'quickly'.

Let's analyze the options:

- (A) I did my work quick.: Incorrect. 'quick' is an adjective, but an adverb is needed to modify the verb 'did'.

- (B) I did my work very quick.: Incorrect. 'very' modifies the following word, but that word still needs to be an adverb ('quickly').

- (C) I did my work quickly.: Correct. The adverb 'quickly' correctly modifies the verb 'did', explaining how the work was done.

- (D) I do my working quick.: Incorrect. The structure "do my working" is unnatural, and it still uses the adjective 'quick' instead of the adverb 'quickly'.


Step 3: Final Answer:

The sentence requires an adverb to modify the verb. 'Quickly' is the correct adverb. Therefore, option (C) is the correct sentence.
Quick Tip: To check if you need an adverb, ask "How was the action performed?". If the word answers that question, it should be an adverb. Most adverbs of manner are formed by adding '-ly' to an adjective.

Step 1: Understanding the Concept:

This question again tests the rule for verb forms following the auxiliary verb 'do' (in this case, 'did') in a negative statement.


Step 2: Key Formula or Approach:

The structure is: Subject + did + not + [base form of the verb].


Step 3: Detailed Explanation:

The sentence uses the contraction "didn't", which is "did not". The auxiliary 'did' already carries the past tense meaning. Therefore, the main verb that follows must be in its base form.

The base form of the verb is 'know'.

- (A) know: This is the base form. Correct.

- (B) knew: This is the simple past tense form. Incorrect.

- (C) knowing: This is the present participle. Incorrect.

- (D) will know: This is the future tense form. Incorrect.


The correct sentence is: "I didn't know where he was going."


Step 4: Final Answer:

After "didn't", the base form of the verb ('know') must be used. Therefore, option (A) is correct.
Quick Tip: This is a very common grammar rule and a frequent source of errors. Remember: Don't use two past tense forms together. `Did` + `know`, not `did` + `knew`.

Step 1: Understanding the Concept:

This question tests conditional sentences. The structure "If + present tense..." usually indicates a First Conditional sentence, which talks about a real possibility in the future.


Step 2: Detailed Explanation:

The standard structure for the First Conditional is: If + simple present, ... simple future (will + base verb).

Based on this rule, the sentence should be: "If you invite me, I will certainly come."


However, 'will' is not an option. We must choose the best alternative from the given options.

- (A) could: Expresses possibility. ("I could come" = It's possible for me to come).

- (B) would: While 'would' is typically used in the Second Conditional (unreal situations), it can also be used in the main clause of a First Conditional sentence to make the offer or statement more polite or less direct. "I would certainly come" sounds more polite than "I will certainly come". Given the options, this is the most likely intended answer.

- (C) might: Expresses a weaker possibility than 'could'. ("I might come" = Maybe I will come).

- (D) would have: Used in the Third Conditional for past unreal situations. Incorrect.


Since the provided answer key indicates (B) is correct, the question is likely testing the polite usage of 'would' in a conditional context.


Step 3: Final Answer:

The modal verb 'would' can be used instead of 'will' to express a future action in a more polite or tentative way. Therefore, option (B) is the best choice among the given options.
Quick Tip: While the textbook rule for First Conditionals is `If + present, ... will + verb`, be aware that other modal verbs like `can`, `may`, `might`, `should`, and even a polite `would` can be used in the main clause to add different shades of meaning (ability, permission, possibility, advice, politeness).

Step 1: Understanding the Concept:

The question asks to identify the word that is spelled incorrectly from the given list of options.


Step 2: Detailed Explanation:

Let's check the spelling of each word:

- (A) Campaign: This is spelled correctly. It refers to a series of planned activities to achieve a particular aim.

- (B) Controversy: This is spelled correctly. It means public disagreement or heated discussion.

- (C) Secretry: This is spelled incorrectly. The correct spelling is Secretary.

- (D) Decision: This is spelled correctly. It means a conclusion or resolution reached after consideration.


Step 3: Final Answer:

The word 'Secretry' is mis-spelt. The correct spelling is 'Secretary'. Therefore, option (C) is the answer.
Quick Tip: For spelling questions, read each word carefully, syllable by syllable. Common errors often involve vowels (like 'a' vs 'e' in secretary) or silent letters.

Step 1: Understanding the Concept:

The question asks to identify the word that is spelled incorrectly. In this particular question, there are multiple incorrectly spelled words.


Step 2: Detailed Explanation:

Let's analyze the spelling of the word which means 'a state of peaceful existence and agreement'. The correct spelling is Harmony.

- (A) Harmaeni: This is an incorrect spelling.

- (B) Harmony: This is the correct spelling.

- (C) Harmany: This is an incorrect spelling.

- (D) Harmeny: This is an incorrect spelling.


The question asks for the "mis-spelt word". Options (A), (C), and (D) are all mis-spelt. This indicates a potential flaw in the question's design, as there should typically be only one incorrect option. However, we must choose one of the mis-spelt words as the answer. All three are valid answers to the question as written.


Step 3: Final Answer:

Since options (A), (C), and (D) are all mis-spelt, any of them could be considered the correct answer. We select option (A) as one of the mis-spelt words.
Quick Tip: Occasionally, exam questions may have errors. If you find a question with multiple correct answers (or none), identify the most clearly correct or incorrect option. In this case, "Harmony" is clearly correct, making the other three clearly incorrect and thus valid answers for a "choose the mis-spelt word" question.

Step 1: Understanding the Concept:

One-word substitution requires finding a single word that accurately represents the meaning of a given phrase or sentence.


Step 2: Detailed Explanation:

The phrase is "Ceremony of crowning a king". We need to find the specific word for this event.

- (A) Coquette: A woman who flirts. Unrelated.

- (B) Demagogue: A political leader who seeks support by appealing to popular desires and prejudices rather than by using rational argument. Unrelated.

- (C) Coronation: This is the ceremony of crowning a sovereign or a sovereign's consort. This is the exact word for the given phrase.

- (D) Deprecate: To express disapproval of. Unrelated.


Step 3: Final Answer:

The correct one-word substitution for "Ceremony of crowning a king" is 'Coronation'. Therefore, option (C) is correct.
Quick Tip: Building a strong vocabulary is key for one-word substitution questions. Focus on words related to governance, ceremonies, professions, and types of people, as these are common topics.

Step 1: Understanding the Concept:

This question tests the correct preposition to form a phrasal verb with "think". The adverb "deeply" gives a clue about the meaning required.


Step 2: Detailed Explanation:

Let's analyze the phrasal verbs with "think":

- Think by/in: These are not standard phrasal verbs.

- Think over: This means to consider something carefully and thoroughly before making a decision. This meaning fits perfectly with the adverb "deeply".

- Think off: This is not a standard phrasal verb. The phrase is "think of" which means to have an idea or remember something.


The sentence "We should think over this matter deeply" means we should consider this matter carefully. This is a logical and grammatically correct sentence.


Step 3: Final Answer:

The correct option is (C) because the phrasal verb "think over" means to consider something deeply or carefully.
Quick Tip: Common phrasal verbs with 'think' include: - \(\textbf{think over}\): consider carefully.
- \(\textbf{think about}\): have something on your mind.
- \(\textbf{think of}\): have an idea, remember, or have an opinion.
- \(\textbf{think up}\): invent or create an idea.

Step 1: Understanding the Concept:

This question asks for the meaning of a common English idiom. An idiom is a phrase whose meaning is not predictable from the usual meanings of its constituent words.


Step 2: Detailed Explanation:

The idiom "to read between the lines" refers to the practice of looking for or discovering a meaning in something that is not openly or directly stated. It means to infer or understand the real, hidden, or implied message rather than just the literal one.

- Option (A) directly matches this definition.

- Options (B), (C), and (D) are incorrect interpretations of the idiom.


Step 3: Final Answer:

The correct option is (A) as it accurately defines the idiomatic expression "to read between the lines".
Quick Tip: Building a good vocabulary of idioms is essential for language proficiency exams. When you encounter a new idiom, try to understand its origin or the imagery it creates to help remember its meaning.

Step 1: Understanding the Concept:

This is a word classification question. The goal is to identify the word that does not belong to the group formed by the other words.


Step 2: Detailed Explanation:

Let's analyze the given words:

- School: An institution for educating children.

- University: An institution of higher education and research.

- College: An educational institution or a constituent part of one.

- Office: A place where professional or clerical work is done.


The common theme among School, University, and College is that they are all types of educational institutions. An Office, however, is a place of business or work, not primarily for education.


Step 3: Final Answer:

The correct option is (C) because 'Office' is a place of work, whereas the other three are places of education.
Quick Tip: For "odd one out" questions, first identify the category or relationship that connects the majority of the options. The one that doesn't fit this category is the answer.

Step 1: Understanding the Concept:

This question tests the correct use of interrogative pronouns, specifically the difference between 'Who' and 'Whom'. The pronoun here is the object of the verb 'fear'.


Step 2: Detailed Explanation:

- Who is a subjective pronoun, used when the pronoun is the subject of the verb. (e.g., Who is coming?)

- Whom is an objective pronoun, used when the pronoun is the object of the verb or a preposition. (e.g., To whom did you speak? You fear whom?).

- Whose is a possessive pronoun.

- Which is used for choices among a limited set of options.


In the sentence "_________ shall I fear?", the pronoun is the object of the verb 'fear' (I shall fear _____). According to formal grammar rules, the objective pronoun Whom (B) is the correct choice.

Sentence: "Whom shall I fear..."


However, in modern and informal English, Who (C) is very commonly used as the object, especially at the beginning of a question.

Sentence: "Who shall I fear..."




Step 3: Final Answer:

Both options (B) and (C) are considered correct. 'Whom' is the grammatically formal choice for the object of the verb 'fear', while 'Who' is widely accepted in contemporary English.
Quick Tip: A simple trick to decide between who/whom: Rephrase the question as a statement. If you can replace the word with 'he' or 'she', use 'who'. If you can replace it with 'him' or 'her', use 'whom'. For this question: "I shall fear him/her." Since 'him/her' fits, 'whom' is the formal answer.

Step 1: Understanding the Concept:

A synonym is a word that has the same or nearly the same meaning as another word. The question asks for the synonym of 'Forbid'.


Step 2: Detailed Explanation:

The verb 'Forbid' means to authoritatively order someone not to do something.

Let's analyze the options:

- (A) Allow: This means to permit something. It is an antonym (opposite) of 'Forbid'.

- (B) Prohibit: This means to formally forbid something by law, rule, or other authority. This is a direct synonym of 'Forbid'.

- (C) Accomplish: This means to achieve or complete successfully. It is unrelated in meaning.

- (D) Hold: This verb has many meanings (to grasp, to contain, to organize), none of which are synonymous with 'Forbid'.


Step 3: Final Answer:

The word that has the closest meaning to 'Forbid' is 'Prohibit'. Therefore, option (B) is the correct answer.
Quick Tip: When asked for a synonym, think of the definition of the given word first. Then, check each option to see which one best matches that definition. Eliminating antonyms and unrelated words is a good strategy.

Step 1: Understanding the Concept:

An antonym is a word that has the opposite meaning to another word. The question asks for the antonym of 'Duplicate'.


Step 2: Detailed Explanation:

A 'Duplicate' is an exact copy of something.

Let's analyze the options:

- (A) Copy: A copy is a thing made to be similar or identical to another. This is a synonym of 'Duplicate'.

- (B) Original: An original is the first and authentic version of something, from which a copy or translation is made. This is the direct opposite of a 'Duplicate'.

- (C) Clone: A clone is an exact copy, especially a biological one. This is a synonym of 'Duplicate'.

- (D) Photo: A short form of photograph, which is a picture made using a camera. While a photo can be a copy, the word itself is not a direct synonym or antonym.


Step 3: Final Answer:

The word that means the opposite of 'Duplicate' is 'Original'. Therefore, option (B) is the correct answer.
Quick Tip: To find an antonym, first identify the core meaning of the given word. A duplicate is not the first one; it's a copy. The opposite would be the very first one, which is the original.

Step 1: Understanding the Concept:

This question asks to complete a quote, likely from a prose piece in the prescribed syllabus. The task is to choose the word that best fits the meaning and contrasts with "dead and static".


Step 2: Detailed Explanation:

The quote is from Dr. Zakir Hussain's speech, "Bharat is My Home". He emphasizes that India's past culture is not something to be forgotten but is a living force that influences the present and future. The word "dynamic" means characterized by constant change, activity, or progress. It is the perfect antonym for "static" (lacking in movement, action, or change). The phrase "alive and dynamic" effectively conveys the idea of a living, evolving past. The other options do not fit the context.


Step 3: Final Answer:

The word that logically completes the contrast with "dead and static" is "dynamic". Therefore, option (C) is correct.
Quick Tip: In fill-in-the-blank questions based on quotes, look for contrasts and parallels. The phrase "dead and static" sets up a clear contrast, guiding you to the correct word, "dynamic", which is its opposite.

Step 1: Understanding the Concept:

This question tests comprehension of a specific detail from a short story, likely Manohar Malgonkar's "A Pinch of Snuff".


Step 2: Detailed Explanation:

The story's title itself, "A Pinch of Snuff," provides the answer. Snuff is finely ground tobacco that is inhaled through the nose. It is traditionally carried in a small box called a snuffbox. The customary way to take snuff is by taking a small amount between the thumb and forefinger, which is called a "pinch". The character Nanukaka is frequently described as doing this throughout the story.


Step 3: Final Answer:

The correct term for a small amount of snuff taken from a snuffbox is a "pinch". Therefore, option (C) is correct.
Quick Tip: Pay attention to the titles of stories and poems, as they often contain key themes, symbols, or actions that are central to the work and likely to appear in exam questions.

Step 1: Understanding the Concept:

This question pertains to the message of Martin Luther King, Jr.'s speech "I Have a Dream". It asks about the spirit in which he urged his followers to continue their struggle for civil rights.


Step 2: Detailed Explanation:

A cornerstone of Martin Luther King, Jr.'s philosophy was non-violence, love for enemies, and an unshakeable faith in the future. In his "I Have a Dream" speech, he explicitly rejects bitterness and hatred. He urges his audience to return to their homes in the South, "knowing that somehow this situation can and will be changed." He concludes his speech with a powerful expression of faith: "With this faith, we will be able to hew out of the mountain of despair a stone of hope." While 'love' is also central to his message, 'faith' specifically captures the hope and belief in a better future that he wanted his followers to maintain.


Step 3: Final Answer:

Martin Luther King, Jr. called on his followers to work with faith that justice would eventually prevail. Therefore, option (D) is the correct answer.
Quick Tip: Remember the core tenets of Martin Luther King, Jr.'s message: non-violence, love, hope, and faith. He consistently preached against hatred and despair. This will help you answer any thematic question about his work.

Step 1: Understanding the Concept:

This quote, likely from Bertrand Russell's essay "Ideas That Have Helped Mankind," reflects on the major milestones of early human development.


Step 2: Detailed Explanation:

The term "prehistoric" refers to the period before recorded history. The invention of writing is what marks the transition from prehistory to history. Before writing, knowledge could only be passed down orally. Writing allowed for the permanent recording and transmission of laws, history, literature, and scientific knowledge across time and space. While speech, fire (for cooking), tool-making (for hunting and fighting) were all crucial earlier inventions, writing was the last great invention that brought the prehistoric era to a close.


Step 3: Final Answer:

The art of writing is considered the invention that ended the prehistoric period, making it the last of the great prehistoric inventions. Therefore, option (C) is correct.
Quick Tip: Think about the timeline of human development. Basic survival skills like hunting and cooking came first. Complex symbolic systems like writing came much later and had a revolutionary impact on society.

Step 1: Understanding the Concept:

This quote is from Mahatma Gandhi's essay "Indian Civilization and Culture". The question asks to complete the sentence based on the essay's core argument.


Step 2: Detailed Explanation:

In his essay, Gandhi contrasts Indian civilization with Western civilization. He argues that the distinguishing characteristic of Indian civilization is its emphasis on morality, self-control, and the limitation of wants. He states, "Our ancestors, therefore, set a limit to our indulgences. They saw that happiness was largely a mental condition." This idea that true happiness comes from restricting desires, not from multiplying them, is central to his message. "Indulgences" refers to the gratification of desires and appetites.


Step 3: Final Answer:

Gandhi wrote that our ancestors set a limit to our "indulgences". Therefore, option (B) is the correct answer.
Quick Tip: Understand the core philosophy of each prose piece. For Gandhi's essay, the key idea is the superiority of a spiritual, self-restrained civilization over a materialistic one. This will help you identify the correct word choice in quotes.

Step 1: Understanding the Concept:

This question asks to identify the author of a given quote, which is from a significant speech.


Step 2: Detailed Explanation:

This quotation is a paraphrase of the pledge made by Dr. Zakir Hussain in his presidential acceptance speech, which is presented in the text "Bharat is My Home". Upon being elected as the President of India, he delivered a speech where he pledged his allegiance to the Constitution of India and his service to the nation's people, emphasizing the country's rich diversity and inclusive values. The sentiment of loyalty irrespective of religion or language is a key part of his address.


Step 3: Final Answer:

The quote is from the speech by Dr. Zakir Hussain. Therefore, option (A) is the correct answer.
Quick Tip: Associate key figures with their famous speeches or writings. Dr. Zakir Hussain's "Bharat is My Home" is a presidential address, so it naturally contains pledges of loyalty and service to the nation.

Step 1: Understanding the Concept:

This question asks for a specific plot detail from the short story "A Pinch of Snuff" by Manohar Malgonkar.


Step 2: Detailed Explanation:

In the story, the narrator's uncle, Nanukaka, arrives in Delhi unannounced. The reason he gives for his visit is that he wants to see a minister. When the narrator asks which one, Nanukaka specifies that he has come to see the Welfare Minister. This is the official purpose that sets the story's humorous and complicated plot in motion.


Step 3: Final Answer:

The story explicitly states that Nanukaka came to Delhi to visit the Welfare Minister. Therefore, option (B) is the correct answer.
Quick Tip: Remembering the initial setup and characters' motivations is key to answering plot-based questions. Nanukaka's goal (to see the Welfare Minister) is the driving force of the story.

Step 1: Understanding the Concept:

This question asks for a specific detail from Anton Chekhov's one-act play, "The Proposal". There appears to be a typographical error in the dog's name in the question.


Step 2: Detailed Explanation:

In "The Proposal," the characters Lomov and Natalya argue heatedly about whose dog is better. Lomov's dog is named Guess, and he bought him for 125 rubles. Natalya's dog, belonging to her father Chubukov, is named Squeezer. During their argument, Natalya states the price of her dog: "Papa gave eighty-five roubles for his Squeezer, and Squeezer is heaps better than your Guess!". The name "Leep" in the question is a typo for Squeezer. The price mentioned for Squeezer is 85 rubles.


Step 3: Final Answer:

Assuming "Leep" is a typo for Natalya's dog, Squeezer, the price was 85 rubles. Therefore, option (C) is the correct answer.
Quick Tip: Be prepared for minor typos in exam questions. Use the context and other details to figure out the intended meaning. The mention of "rubles" and a dog strongly points to Chekhov's "The Proposal".

Step 1: Understanding the Concept:

This question tests knowledge of the historical periods of the English language.


Step 2: Detailed Explanation:

The history of the English language is broadly divided into three main periods:

1. Old English (or Anglo-Saxon): from about 450 to 1150.

2. Middle English: from about 1150 to 1500. This period began after the Norman Conquest and saw significant changes in the language, including heavy influence from French.

3. Modern English: from about 1500 to the present. This period is further divided into Early Modern English (c. 1500-1800) and Late Modern English (c. 1800-present).


The timeframe given in the question, AD 1150 – 1500, corresponds directly to the Middle English period.


Step 3: Final Answer:

The period of English from 1150 to 1500 is known as Middle English. Therefore, option (B) is the correct answer.
Quick Tip: Remember the key dates and events for English language periods: The Anglo-Saxon invasion marks the start of Old English, the Norman Conquest of 1066 is the catalyst for Middle English, and the introduction of the printing press and the Great Vowel Shift around 1500 signal the beginning of Modern English.

Step 1: Understanding the Concept:

This question asks about the primary linguistic influences on the Old English language.


Step 2: Detailed Explanation:

Old English (Anglo-Saxon) was a Germanic language. Its development was influenced by several other languages:

1. Latin: Influence came from the Roman Empire's earlier presence in Britain and later through the Christianization of the Anglo-Saxons, which introduced many ecclesiastical terms.

2. Scandinavian (Old Norse): Viking raids and settlement in parts of England (the Danelaw) from the late 8th century onwards led to significant borrowing of words from Old Norse into Old English. Many core English words like 'sky', 'skin', 'they', and 'are' come from this influence.

3. French: The influence of French became dominant *after* the Norman Conquest in 1066, marking the transition from Old English to Middle English. It was not a major influence *on* Old English itself.


Therefore, the two major influences on Old English were Latin and Scandinavian.


Step 3: Final Answer:

Alongside Latin, the Scandinavian languages (Old Norse) had a major influence on the vocabulary and grammar of Old English. Therefore, option (C) is correct.
Quick Tip: Distinguish between influences on Old English and Middle English. Old English = Germanic base + Latin + Scandinavian. Middle English = Old English base + massive French and Latin influence.

Step 1: Understanding the Concept:

This question asks about the primary language spoken by the Anglo-Indian community.


Step 2: Detailed Explanation:

The term "Anglo-Indian" refers to people of mixed British and Indian ancestry. Due to their heritage, the English language has historically been and continues to be the primary language and mother tongue for the vast majority of the community. It is a defining characteristic of their cultural identity. The Constitution of India recognizes English as the language of the Anglo-Indian community.


Step 3: Final Answer:

The mother-tongue of the Anglo-Indian community in India is English. Therefore, option (C) is correct.
Quick Tip: Understanding the definitions of different cultural and ethnic groups can be important for general knowledge questions. The 'Anglo' part of Anglo-Indian points directly to their English linguistic and cultural heritage.

Step 1: Understanding the Concept:

This is a general knowledge question from English literature, asking for the author of a famous play.


Step 2: Detailed Explanation:

'She Stoops to Conquer' is a celebrated comedy play first performed in 1773. The author of this play is the Irish writer Oliver Goldsmith.

- G. B. Shaw wrote plays like 'Pygmalion' and 'Arms and the Man'.

- T. S. Eliot was a poet and playwright known for works like 'The Waste Land' and 'Murder in the Cathedral'.

- Salman Rushdie is a contemporary novelist, author of 'Midnight's Children'.


Step 3: Final Answer:

The play 'She Stoops to Conquer' was written by Oliver Goldsmith. Therefore, option (D) is correct.
Quick Tip: For literature questions, it's helpful to create lists of major authors and their most famous works from different literary periods. Knowing at least one or two key works for major writers like Shaw, Eliot, and Goldsmith is essential.

Step 1: Understanding the Concept:

This question asks about the group of people Pearl S. Buck was most interested in meeting during her travels in India, as described in her work "India Through a Traveller's Eyes".


Step 2: Detailed Explanation:

In her writings about India, Pearl S. Buck makes it clear that to understand the true spirit and reality of the country, one must look beyond the intellectuals and leaders in the cities. She believed the heart of India lay in its villages and with its common people. She expresses a deep desire to meet and understand the lives of the Indian peasants, seeing them as the foundation of the nation's culture and future.


Step 3: Final Answer:

Pearl S. Buck was most interested in meeting the peasants of India to understand the country. Therefore, option (C) is the correct answer.
Quick Tip: For travelogues or cultural essays, focus on the author's perspective and purpose. Pearl S. Buck's purpose was to find the "real" India, which she located in the villages, not the cities.

Step 1: Understanding the Concept:

This question asks for a specific detail from the beginning of H. E. Bates' short story, "The Earth".


Step 2: Detailed Explanation:

In "The Earth", the story of Benjy's rise as a poultry farmer begins very humbly. After a doctor suggests that keeping hens might help the simple-minded Benjy, his parents set him up with a small flock. The story mentions that he started with about ten or a dozen hens in a small coop his father built. This small beginning is significant as it contrasts with the large-scale enterprise he eventually builds.


Step 3: Final Answer:

Benjy started his hen-keeping with a small number, specifically ten or a dozen. Therefore, option (A) is the correct answer.
Quick Tip: In stories that show a character's development or the growth of an enterprise, pay attention to the starting point. The initial details are often important for understanding the overall trajectory of the plot.

Step 1: Understanding the Concept:

This question quotes a famous line from Martin Luther King, Jr.'s "I Have a Dream" speech and asks which group of people it refers to.


Step 2: Detailed Explanation:

The full quote, which itself is a reference to the Book of Amos in the Bible, is "No, no, we are not satisfied, and we will not be satisfied until 'justice rolls down like waters, and righteousness like a mighty stream.'" Martin Luther King, Jr. spoke these words in the context of the Civil Rights Movement, demanding an end to racial segregation and discrimination against African Americans. At the time, the term "Negroes" was commonly used to refer to Black people, and it is the term King himself uses throughout the speech to identify the group seeking justice.


Step 3: Final Answer:

The quote refers to the struggle of the Negroes (African Americans) for justice and equality. Therefore, option (B) is correct.
Quick Tip: Understanding the historical context of a speech or text is vital. The "I Have a Dream" speech was delivered during the March on Washington for Jobs and Freedom, and its central focus was on the civil rights of African Americans.

Step 1: Understanding the Concept:

This is a general knowledge question about the nationality of the famous philosopher and writer, Bertrand Russell.


Step 2: Detailed Explanation:

Bertrand Russell (1872–1970) was a prominent British intellectual. He was born in Trellech, Monmouthshire, Wales, into one of the most aristocratic families in the United Kingdom. He was a philosopher, mathematician, logician, historian, and social critic, and he is considered one of the founders of analytic philosophy. His nationality is British.


Step 3: Final Answer:

Bertrand Russell was a British citizen. Therefore, option (C) is the correct answer.
Quick Tip: It is useful to know the nationalities of the major authors in your syllabus. This kind of biographical detail is often asked in general knowledge or context-based questions.

Step 1: Understanding the Concept:

This question asks to identify the subject of praise in Rupert Brooke's poem "The Soldier".


Step 2: Detailed Explanation:

"The Soldier" is a deeply patriotic poem written during the early days of World War I. The speaker, a soldier, contemplates his own death. He finds comfort in the idea that if he dies on foreign soil, that piece of land will be forever enriched by his English body and spirit. He writes about a "dust whom England bore, shaped, made aware," and a heart that holds "an English heaven." The entire poem is an idealistic and romanticized tribute to England.


Step 3: Final Answer:

The poem is a continuous praise of England. Therefore, option (B) is the correct answer.
Quick Tip: Patriotism is the overwhelming theme of "The Soldier". Every line and image in the poem is connected to the soldier's love for his homeland, England.

Step 1: Understanding the Concept:

This question asks to identify the source poem of the given quote.


Step 2: Detailed Explanation:

This is a direct quote from Kamala Das's confessional poem, "My Grandmother's House". The speaker expresses a deep sense of nostalgia and loss for her grandmother's home, a place where she once "received love". Now, living far away, she thinks of returning to the abandoned house. The "blind eyes of windows" is a poignant metaphor for the empty, desolate state of the house, which can no longer "see" or hold life within it.


Step 3: Final Answer:

The quote is from "My Grandmother's House". Therefore, option (A) is the correct answer.
Quick Tip: Remember the key metaphors from the poems you study. "Blind eyes of windows" is a powerful and memorable metaphor for an empty, silent house, which is central to Kamala Das's poem.

Step 1: Understanding the Concept:

This question asks to identify the author of a famous line from American poetry.


Step 2: Detailed Explanation:

The line, "I celebrate myself, and sing myself, / And what I assume you shall assume, / For every atom belonging to me as good belongs to you," is from the opening section of Walt Whitman's epic poem, "Song of Myself". This line establishes the poem's central theme of democratic universalism: the idea that the self (the "I" of the poet) is fundamentally connected to all other selves (the "you" of the reader) and to all of nature at a basic, atomic level.


Step 3: Final Answer:

The author of this line is Walt Whitman. Therefore, option (B) is the correct answer.
Quick Tip: Walt Whitman's poetry is characterized by its expansive, democratic, and inclusive spirit. Phrases about connection, the body, the soul, and the unity of all people are hallmarks of his style, especially in "Song of Myself".

Step 1: Understanding the Concept:

This question asks to identify the source poem of the given phrase.


Step 2: Detailed Explanation:

This phrase is also from Walt Whitman's "Song of Myself". The full lines are: "Creeds and schools in abeyance, / Retiring back a while sufficed at what they are, but never forgotten, / I harbor for good or bad, I permit to speak at every hazard, / Nature without check with original energy. / I, now thirty-seven years old in perfect health begin, / Hoping to cease not till death." The speaker declares his intention to embark on his poetic project, speaking freely from his experience of nature, and to continue this work for his entire life.


Step 3: Final Answer:

The quote is from Walt Whitman's "Song of Myself". Therefore, option (C) is the correct answer.
Quick Tip: "Song of Myself" is a long poem that begins with a declaration of intent. Phrases about starting a lifelong journey or project are likely to come from this foundational American poem.

Step 1: Understanding the Concept:

This question asks about the central setting or subject of Keki N. Daruwalla's poem "Fire-Hymn".


Step 2: Detailed Explanation:

The poem is set at a "burning ghat," which is a series of steps leading down to a river, used for the cremation of bodies in Hindu culture. The speaker, who is a Zoroastrian (Parsi), describes the scene of cremation and reflects on the nature of fire and the rituals surrounding death. The poem's imagery and themes all revolve around the events witnessed at this specific location.


Step 3: Final Answer:

The poem "Fire-Hymn" is centered around the speaker's experience at a burning ghat. Therefore, option (D) is the correct answer.
Quick Tip: Understanding the cultural context of a poem is often essential. Knowing that a "ghat" is a place on a riverbank and that the poem deals with cremation rituals directly leads to the correct answer.

Step 1: Understanding the Concept:

This question asks to identify the source poem of the given quote.


Step 2: Detailed Explanation:

This line is from T.S. Eliot's poem, "Macavity: The Mystery Cat". It is part of a longer description of how Macavity, the master criminal, is able to commit crimes and vanish without a trace. The line "his footprints are not found in any file of Scotland Yard" emphasizes his cleverness and mysterious ability to evade capture and leave no evidence behind for the police to track.


Step 3: Final Answer:

The given quote is from "Macavity: The Mystery Cat". Therefore, option (D) is the correct answer.
Quick Tip: Associate key themes and characters. The mention of "Scotland Yard" immediately links the quote to a crime or mystery theme, pointing directly to the poem about the criminal cat, Macavity.

Step 1: Understanding the Concept:

This question refers to a detail in Kamala Das's poem, "My Grandmother's House".


Step 2: Detailed Explanation:

In the poem, the speaker reflects on her grandmother's house, which was once filled with love and life. After the grandmother died, the house changed completely. The poem says, "the House withdrew into silence". This silence represents the loss, emptiness, and absence of the love that once filled the home. It contrasts sharply with the speaker's memory of the house when her grandmother was alive.


Step 3: Final Answer:

The poem explicitly states that the house fell "silent" after the grandmother's death. Therefore, option (C) is the correct answer.
Quick Tip: In poetry, look for sensory details. The contrast between the past (love, life) and the present (silence, emptiness) is a key element of "My Grandmother's House". "Silence" is a powerful image of this loss.

Step 1: Understanding the Concept:

This question asks to identify the source poem of the given lines.


Step 2: Detailed Explanation:

These lines are from D. H. Lawrence's poem, "Snake". They describe the snake at the speaker's water-trough. After drinking its fill of water, the snake slowly lifts its head. The speaker observes this movement with fascination, describing it with the simile "as one who has drunken". This captures the slow, languid, and almost otherworldly quality of the snake's movement.


Step 3: Final Answer:

The quote describing the drinking animal is from the poem "Snake". Therefore, option (A) is the correct answer.
Quick Tip: Pay attention to unique imagery and similes in poems. The comparison of the snake's movement to a drunken person is a very specific and memorable image from D. H. Lawrence's "Snake".

Step 1: Understanding the Concept:

This question asks to identify the poem from which the given phrase is taken.


Step 2: Detailed Explanation:

The phrase "Travellers in their last distress" is a line from the poem "Now the Leaves are Falling Fast" by W. H. Auden. The poem uses the imagery of autumn and falling leaves to symbolize human mortality and the decay of life. The "travellers" represent human beings on their journey through life, approaching their "last distress," which is death. The poem explores themes of frustration, loneliness, and the end of life.


Step 3: Final Answer:

The line is a direct quote from W. H. Auden's "Now the Leaves are Falling Fast". Therefore, option (A) is correct.
Quick Tip: To prepare for quotation identification questions, create a list of key phrases or images from each poem in your syllabus. Associating "last distress" with Auden's themes of modern anxiety and mortality can help you remember the source.

Step 1: Understanding the Concept:

This question asks to identify the poetic form of Rupert Brooke's famous poem, "The Soldier".


Step 2: Detailed Explanation:

A sonnet is a poem of fourteen lines, typically written in iambic pentameter and following a specific rhyme scheme. Rupert Brooke's "The Soldier" is a classic example of a sonnet. It is structured into an octave (the first eight lines) and a sestet (the final six lines), which is characteristic of the Petrarchan or Italian sonnet form. While it is also a lyric poem, "sonnet" is a more specific and accurate classification of its form.


Step 3: Final Answer:

"The Soldier" is a fourteen-line poem, which defines it as a sonnet. Therefore, option (A) is the correct answer.
Quick Tip: Always count the lines of a poem if you are asked about its form. If it has 14 lines, it is almost certainly a sonnet. Knowing the basic definitions of poetic forms (sonnet, ballad, epic, lyric, ode) is crucial.

Step 1: Understanding the Concept:

This question refers to the characterization of autumn in John Keats' poem "Ode to Autumn".


Step 2: Detailed Explanation:

The very first line of Keats' "Ode to Autumn" is "Season of mists and mellow fruitfulness". The entire poem celebrates autumn as a time of harvest, abundance, and ripeness. It is filled with images of ripe apples, swelling gourds, and harvested grains. Therefore, "fruitfulness" is the key characteristic of autumn as presented in the poem. The other options are incorrect; while leaves do fall in autumn, the poem focuses on the abundance before the bareness of winter.


Step 3: Final Answer:

According to Keats' poem, autumn is a season of "mellow fruitfulness". Therefore, option (A) is correct.
Quick Tip: The opening lines of famous poems are often the most important and are frequently tested. Memorizing the first line of key poems like "Ode to Autumn" can help you answer many questions quickly and accurately.

Step 1: Understanding the Concept:

This question asks to identify the poem from which the given line is taken.


Step 2: Detailed Explanation:

The line "And when I crumble, who will remember / This lady of the West Country?" is from the poem "An Epitaph" by Walter de la Mare. The speaker is reflecting at the tomb of a beautiful woman. He acknowledges her beauty but also its fleeting nature. The line expresses his concern that once he dies ("when I crumble"), there will be no one left to remember her. This highlights the theme of mortality and the transient nature of beauty.


Step 3: Final Answer:

The quote is from Walter de la Mare's poem "An Epitaph". Therefore, option (B) is correct.
Quick Tip: An epitaph is an inscription on a tombstone. The poem's title, "An Epitaph," and its themes of death, beauty, and remembrance are all connected, making it easier to associate this melancholic line with the correct poem.

Step 1: Understanding the Concept:

This question is likely based on a prescribed text or a general theme from a text, asking to identify what is considered an obstacle to progress.


Step 2: Detailed Explanation:

The sentence states that something "stops and hinders our progress". We must evaluate the options based on common themes in literature and social studies.

- (A) Education: Education is universally seen as a means of *promoting* progress, not hindering it.

- (B) Poverty: Poverty is widely recognized as a major barrier to individual and societal progress, as it limits access to education, healthcare, and opportunities. This is a very plausible answer.

- (C) Class: Social class systems or class discrimination can certainly hinder progress.

- (D) Politics: While certain political situations can hinder progress, 'politics' itself is a broad term and not inherently a hindrance.


Based on common literary and social themes, poverty is one of the most direct and universally acknowledged hindrances to progress. Without the specific context of the prescribed text, this is the most logical choice.


Step 3: Final Answer:

'Poverty' is the most fitting word to complete the sentence about what stops and hinders progress. Therefore, option (B) is the correct answer.
Quick Tip: When answering questions based on prescribed texts that you may not recall perfectly, use logical reasoning. Eliminate options that are clearly contradictory (like Education hindering progress) and choose the option that makes the most logical and thematic sense.

Step 1: Understanding the Concept:

This question requires knowledge of the characters and plot from a specific story in the prescribed curriculum, likely "The Artist" by Shiga Naoya.


Step 2: Detailed Explanation:

In the short story "The Artist", the main character is a young boy named Seibei. The story opens by describing Seibei, a twelve-year-old boy who is still in primary school and has a passion for collecting and polishing gourds. This detail is central to establishing his character and the conflict of the story.


Step 3: Final Answer:

The character who was twelve years old and still at primary school in the story is Seibei himself. Therefore, option (A) is correct.
Quick Tip: For questions about specific texts, pay close attention to the opening descriptions of main characters. Details like age, school, and hobbies are often mentioned early on and can be the subject of exam questions.

Step 1: Understanding the Concept:

This question refers to a specific comparison or metaphor used by the metaphysical poet John Donne in one of his poems.


Step 2: Detailed Explanation:

In John Donne's poem "The Sun Rising," he famously addresses the sun, a powerful celestial body. While the question asks about the "journey of life," a key theme in Donne's work is the power of love to create its own universe, making the lovers' world more important than the cosmic journey of the sun. In another poem, "A Valediction: Forbidding Mourning," he uses the movement of celestial spheres. However, the most direct and famous poem where Donne engages with a celestial journey is "The Sun Rising". In "Sweetest Love, I Do Not Goe", he tells his lover not to fear his departure, saying "Yesternight the sun went hence, / And yet is here today". He argues that he will make a speedier journey than the sun. In this way, he compares his own journey to that of the sun.


Step 3: Final Answer:

In his poetry, John Donne compares his journey and return to that of the Sun. Therefore, option (B) is the correct answer.
Quick Tip: Remembering the central conceits (extended metaphors) is key to understanding metaphysical poets like John Donne. For Donne, common conceits involve celestial bodies (sun, stars), geography (maps), and scientific instruments (the compass).

Step 1: Understanding the Concept:

This question requires identifying the source poem of a given line of text.


Step 2: Detailed Explanation:

The line "Thou watchest the last oozings hours by hours" is from the third and final stanza of John Keats' famous poem, "Ode to Autumn". In this stanza, the poet is describing the final stages of autumn, and the line specifically refers to watching the slow process of a cider-press squeezing the last drops from apples.


Step 3: Final Answer:

The given line is a quote from "Ode to Autumn" by John Keats. Therefore, option (C) is the correct answer.
Quick Tip: Memorizing famous or distinctive lines from key poems in your syllabus is a very effective way to prepare for quotation identification questions. The imagery of "last oozings" is very characteristic of Keats' sensuous style.

Step 1: Understanding the Concept:

This question tests basic knowledge of English history, specifically the event that marks the beginning of the Anglo-Saxon period.


Step 2: Detailed Explanation:

Historical accounts, such as those by the 8th-century monk Bede, record that around the year AD 449, Germanic tribes—the Angles, Saxons, and Jutes—began migrating to and invading the island of Britain. This event occurred after the withdrawal of the Roman legions and marks the start of the Anglo-Saxon settlement of what would eventually become England.


Step 3: Final Answer:

The Anglo-Saxons invaded Britain in AD 449. Therefore, option (A) is the correct answer.
Quick Tip: Associate key events with places and dates. The Anglo-Saxon invasion of Britain around the mid-5th century is a foundational event in English history and the history of the English language.

Step 1: Understanding the Concept:

This question requires placing two major literary figures, John Wycliffe and William Langland, into their correct historical literary period.


Step 2: Detailed Explanation:

- William Langland (c. 1332 – c. 1386) is the presumed author of the allegorical narrative poem 'Piers Plowman', a seminal work of Middle English literature.

- John Wycliffe (c. 1320s – 1384) was a theologian and an early proponent of reform in the Roman Catholic Church. He directed the translation of the Bible into Middle English, now known as Wycliffe's Bible.

Both authors lived and wrote in the 14th century, which is firmly within the Middle English period (c. 1150-1500). They wrote in the vernacular Middle English of their time, making it more accessible to the common people.


Step 3: Final Answer:

John Wycliffe and William Langland were prominent writers during the Middle English period. Therefore, option (B) is the correct answer.
Quick Tip: The 14th century is a crucial time in English literature. Remember the three major poets of this era: Geoffrey Chaucer ('The Canterbury Tales'), William Langland ('Piers Plowman'), and the anonymous author of 'Sir Gawain and the Green Knight'. John Wycliffe is the key figure for prose and religious translation in the same period.

Step 1: Understanding the Concept:

This question is based on T.S. Eliot's poem "Macavity: The Mystery Cat". The poem describes a master criminal cat who is impossible to catch.


Step 2: Detailed Explanation:

The poem provides several reasons for Macavity's mysterious nature, but the primary evidence of his elusiveness is his ability to outsmart the law. The poem states: "He's the bafflement of Scotland Yard, the Flying Squad's despair". This line directly supports the idea that his mysterious quality is proven by the fact that even the premier police force, Scotland Yard, is completely confused and unable to catch him. While it's true no one understands his ways and he seems to have hidden powers, these are general statements. The specific, repeated point in the poem is his effect on law enforcement, which is the ultimate proof of his mystery.


Step 3: Final Answer:

The poem explicitly mentions that Macavity is the "bafflement of Scotland Yard," which is the strongest reason given for him being mysterious. Therefore, option (A) is the correct answer.
Quick Tip: When answering questions based on a specific literary text, always look for the option that is most directly stated or strongly implied in the text itself. Here, the phrase "bafflement of Scotland Yard" is a direct quote/paraphrase from the poem.

Step 1: Understanding the Concept:

This question requires knowledge of ancient history and geography. It asks to identify the location of "Attic civilization".


Step 2: Detailed Explanation:

The term "Attic" refers to Attica, a historical region of Greece that encompasses the city of Athens. The civilization that flourished in this region, especially during the 5th century BC, is known as Attic or Athenian civilization. This period, often called the Golden Age of Athens, was a high point of ancient Greek culture, producing great works of philosophy, drama, architecture, and democracy. Therefore, Attic civilization belongs to Greece.


Step 3: Final Answer:

"Attic" is an adjective referring to Attica, the region of ancient Greece containing Athens. Therefore, option (B) is the correct answer.
Quick Tip: Associate key terms with their regions. "Attic" is related to Athens/Greece, "Roman" or "Latin" is related to Rome, "Sino" is related to China, and "Indic" is related to India.

Step 1: Understanding the Concept:

This question is about a key point made in an essay discussing the freedom of the press, likely Dorothy L. Sayers' "How Free Is the Press?".


Step 2: Detailed Explanation:

In her essay, Sayers argues that the press is not as free as it seems. She contends that the editorial policy of a major newspaper is largely determined by two main factors. These are: 1) The proprietor of the paper (the wealthy individual or corporation that owns it) and their personal interests, and 2) The advertisers who provide the paper with a major source of revenue and whose products the paper cannot afford to offend. Thus, the policy is controlled by these two powerful influences.


Step 3: Final Answer:

The essay argues that there are two chief factors controlling a paper's editorial policy. Therefore, option (B) is the correct answer.
Quick Tip: When studying essays, identify the main thesis or argument and the key supporting points. For this essay, the main argument is about the limitations on press freedom, and the "two factors" are the main supporting points.

Step 1: Understanding the Concept:

This question asks about a specific experience described by Pearl S. Buck in her work "India Through a Traveller's Eyes".


Step 2: Detailed Explanation:

Pearl S. Buck recounts a meal she had in an Indian village home. To fully experience the culture, she partook in the meal in the traditional way. She describes being served food on a fresh banana leaf and eating it with her right hand, just as her hosts did. This experience was significant for her as it was a moment of cultural immersion and connection with the people.


Step 3: Final Answer:

Pearl S. Buck describes eating with her hands in the traditional Indian manner. Therefore, option (B) is correct.
Quick Tip: Personal anecdotes and experiences described by authors in essays or travelogues are often a source of exam questions. Pay attention to these narrative details as they reveal the author's engagement with the culture.

Step 1: Understanding the Concept:

This question asks to identify the source poem of the given quote.


Step 2: Detailed Explanation:

This line is from the poem "Sweetest Love, I Do Not Goe" by the metaphysical poet John Donne. The poem is a valediction, where the speaker is comforting his lover before a temporary departure. The full line is "O how feeble is man's power, / That if good fortune fall, / Cannot add another hour, / Nor a lost hour recall! / But come bad chance, / And we join to'it our strength, / And we teach it art and length, / Itself o'er us to'advance. / When thou sigh'st, thou sigh'st not wind, / But sigh'st my soul away, / When thou weep'st, unkindly kind, / My life's blood doth decay. / It cannot be / That thou lov'st me, as thou say'st, / If in thine my life thou waste, / That art the best of me." He argues that if she truly loves him, she should not waste his life (which is in her) by grieving.


Step 3: Final Answer:

The quote is from John Donne's "Sweetest Love, I Do Not Goe". Therefore, option (D) is correct.
Quick Tip: John Donne's poetry is often characterized by logical arguments ("metaphysical conceits") about love and relationships. This line is part of a complex argument the speaker makes to his beloved, which is typical of Donne's style.

Step 1: Understanding the Concept:

This question is a critical appreciation of the poet John Keats and asks to identify the central principle he explores in his nature poetry.


Step 2: Detailed Explanation:

John Keats is one of the foremost poets of the Romantic movement. A central theme and driving force in his work is the celebration and exploration of beauty in all its forms—in art, in nature, and in human experience. His poems are renowned for their rich sensory imagery ("memorable pictures") that capture the beauty of the natural world. His famous line from "Endymion", "A thing of beauty is a joy for ever," encapsulates his philosophy. Therefore, the principle he consistently exhibits in nature is beauty.


Step 3: Final Answer:

The core principle that John Keats exhibits in his depiction of nature is beauty. Therefore, option (B) is the correct answer.
Quick Tip: Associate major poets with their key themes. For Keats, the key theme is Beauty. For Wordsworth, it's the sublime power of Nature. For Shelley, it's rebellion and idealism.

Education is the cornerstone of personal and societal development, acting as a powerful catalyst for progress. It transcends the mere acquisition of knowledge from books; it is the process of fostering critical thinking, nurturing curiosity, and developing skills that empower individuals to navigate the complexities of life. An educated person can make informed decisions, distinguish between right and wrong, and contribute meaningfully to their community.


Furthermore, education is a fundamental tool for social and economic mobility. It opens doors to better employment opportunities, breaking the cycle of poverty and reducing inequality. On a broader scale, an educated populace is essential for a thriving democracy, as it promotes tolerance, understanding, and active participation in civic life. By illuminating minds and shaping character, education equips individuals with the ability to not only achieve their own potential but also to build a better, more enlightened society for future generations. It is an investment that yields lifelong returns, fostering a culture of continuous learning and growth.
Quick Tip: For an essay, structure your thoughts into three parts: an introduction to state the topic's importance, a body with 2-3 points to elaborate, and a conclusion to summarize. Use clear and concise language.

Chandrayaan-3 represents a monumental achievement for the Indian Space Research Organisation (ISRO) and a historic milestone in space exploration. Following the partial success of its predecessor, this mission was meticulously designed to demonstrate India's capability for a soft landing and roving on the lunar surface. On August 23, 2023, India etched its name in history by becoming the fourth country to successfully land on the Moon and the very first to reach the uncharted lunar south pole.


The mission comprised a lander named 'Vikram' and a rover named 'Pragyan'. This remarkable feat was achieved on a relatively modest budget, showcasing India's prowess in frugal engineering and space technology. The primary objectives included conducting in-situ scientific experiments to study the lunar surface's thermal, seismic, and elemental composition. The success of Chandrayaan-3 has not only boosted India's standing in the global space community but has also ignited the aspirations of millions, reinforcing the nation's commitment to scientific advancement and exploration. It stands as a powerful testament to perseverance, innovation, and the indomitable spirit of Indian science.
Quick Tip: When writing on a scientific topic, ensure you include key facts, dates, and objectives. Mentioning the names of the lander and rover adds specific detail that strengthens the essay.

Diwali, the festival of lights, is one of the most vibrant and significant festivals celebrated across India. Symbolizing the victory of light over darkness, good over evil, and knowledge over ignorance, it is a celebration that illuminates the entire country with joy and fervor. The festivities typically span five days, with families preparing by cleaning their homes, decorating them with oil lamps (diyas) and colourful rangoli designs, and exchanging sweets and gifts with loved ones.


The air is filled with the sounds of firecrackers and the warmth of family gatherings. Each region in India has its unique customs, but the spirit of unity and celebration is universal. Diwali is not just a religious event; it is a cultural phenomenon that brings people together, fostering a sense of community and shared happiness. It's a time for forgiveness, reflection, and new beginnings, as people pay off their debts and start afresh. The glowing diyas do more than just brighten the night; they represent hope, prosperity, and the enduring power of goodness in the world, making Diwali a truly magical and cherished festival.
Quick Tip: When writing about a festival, focus on its significance, the rituals involved, and the cultural and social impact. Use descriptive language to paint a vivid picture for the reader.

Science and technology have fundamentally transformed human existence, ushering in an era of unprecedented progress and convenience. From the simple light bulb that conquered darkness to the complex microprocessors that power our digital world, the wonders of science are woven into the fabric of our daily lives. In medicine, scientific breakthroughs have led to vaccines that eradicate deadly diseases, advanced surgical techniques, and treatments that extend human lifespan, turning former miracles into routine procedures.


Communication has been revolutionized, with the internet and smartphones connecting people across continents in an instant. Space exploration, once a distant dream, is now a reality, allowing us to unravel the mysteries of the universe. Moreover, advancements in agriculture have boosted food production, addressing global hunger. While science presents challenges, such as ethical dilemmas and environmental impact, its contribution to human well-being is undeniable. It remains our most powerful tool for solving problems, pushing the boundaries of knowledge, and creating a better future. The relentless pursuit of scientific inquiry continues to unveil new wonders, promising even more extraordinary advancements for generations to come.
Quick Tip: For a broad topic like "Wonders of Science," it's effective to categorize your points. Mention advancements in different fields like medicine, communication, and transportation to showcase the wide-ranging impact.

Noise pollution, an often-overlooked environmental threat, is the excessive and disturbing noise that harms the balance of human and animal life. In our increasingly urbanized world, the constant cacophony from traffic, industrial machinery, construction activities, and loudspeakers has become a pervasive issue. Unlike other pollutants, noise is invisible, but its effects are profound and far-reaching.


Prolonged exposure to high levels of noise can lead to serious health problems, including stress, sleep disturbances, hypertension, and hearing loss. It also adversely affects wildlife, disrupting their communication, breeding patterns, and migration routes. The psychological impact is equally significant, as constant noise can impair concentration, reduce productivity, and lead to increased irritability and anxiety.


Addressing noise pollution requires a concerted effort from individuals and authorities. Implementing stricter regulations on noise levels, promoting the use of sound-absorbing materials in construction, creating silent zones around schools and hospitals, and fostering public awareness are crucial steps. By turning down the volume of our modern world, we can create a more peaceful and healthier environment for all living beings.
Quick Tip: When writing about a problem like pollution, structure your essay to define the problem, explain its causes and effects, and suggest potential solutions. This provides a comprehensive and well-rounded argument.

This statement, articulated by Mahatma Gandhi, explores the complex relationship between material comfort and human well-being. It argues that while a basic level of physical comfort is essential for a healthy and functional life, an excess of it can be detrimental.


Step 1: Necessity of Basic Comfort:

The first part, "A certain degree of physical harmony and comfort is necessary," acknowledges that humans need fundamental amenities. Without adequate food, shelter, and security, one cannot focus on higher pursuits like intellectual, spiritual, or personal growth. Constant struggle for survival consumes all energy and attention, making basic comfort a prerequisite for a meaningful existence.


Step 2: The Hindrance of Excess Comfort:

The second part, "but above a certain level it becomes a hindrance instead of help," warns against the dangers of materialism and luxury. When one becomes preoccupied with accumulating wealth and comfort, it can lead to complacency, greed, and a loss of purpose. An excessive focus on physical pleasure can weaken one's character, stifle creativity, and create a dependency on material possessions. This attachment can become a "hindrance" by distracting individuals from their moral and spiritual responsibilities, ultimately preventing true self-realization and happiness. In essence, the quote advocates for a balanced life of simple, mindful living.
Quick Tip: When explaining a quote, break it down into its constituent parts. Analyze each part separately and then synthesize them to explain the overall meaning. Providing context or attributing the quote can add depth to your explanation.

This quote is from the story "The Artist" by Shiga Naoya. It is an expression of disapproval and bewilderment from the father and teachers of the protagonist, a talented young boy named Seibei.


Step 1: Understanding the Context:

Seibei is a twelve-year-old boy who has a deep and unconventional passion: collecting, polishing, and admiring gourds. He devotes his time and energy to this hobby, seeing beauty and potential in objects that others consider mundane. To him, the gourds are a form of art.


Step 2: Explaining the Quote's Meaning:

The quote, "Fancy a lad spending his time playing around like that with gourds!", reflects the adult world's complete failure to understand or appreciate Seibei's passion. The word "Fancy" is used sarcastically to express incredulity and disdain. From the perspective of his father and his ethics teacher, Seibei's hobby is a frivolous and unproductive waste of time. They believe a boy his age should be focused on his formal education and preparing for a conventional, respectable future. The term "playing around" diminishes his serious artistic pursuit into childish idling.


In essence, the statement highlights the conflict between individual artistic talent and a rigid, conformist society that values utility and convention over creativity. It represents the dismissal of a unique passion by an authority figure who cannot see its value, ultimately leading to the suppression of Seibei's talent.
Quick Tip: For quotes from literary texts, identifying the source and context is crucial. Explain who is speaking, to whom, and under what circumstances. This will help clarify the quote's deeper meaning and significance within the story.

This statement, likely from a sociological or anthropological context, contrasts traditional, community-oriented societies with modern, technology-driven ones, specifically regarding the event of childbirth.


Step 1: Defining "Non-technocratic Societies":

"Non-technocratic societies" refer to communities where technology, bureaucracy, and specialized professions do not dominate social structures. These are typically traditional, rural, or indigenous societies where life is governed by customs, kinship, and close communal bonds.


Step 2: Explaining "Birth is always attended":

In such societies, childbirth is not a private, medicalized event as it often is in modern cultures. Instead, it is a significant communal affair. The phrase "birth is always attended" means that the mother is not left alone. She is surrounded and supported by a network of female relatives, experienced midwives, and neighbours. This attendance is not merely physical presence; it involves providing emotional support, practical help, and passing down traditional knowledge and rituals associated with childbirth. The birth of a child is an event that concerns the entire community, reinforcing social ties and ensuring the continuity of the group. The exception for "remarkable accidents" acknowledges that unforeseen circumstances might occasionally prevent this, but the norm is communal support.


In essence, the quote highlights how fundamental life events like birth are deeply embedded in the social fabric of traditional societies, contrasting with the more isolated and clinical approach often found in modern, "technocratic" ones.
Quick Tip: To explain a sociological or anthropological statement, first define the key terms (e.g., "non-technocratic"). Then, contrast the concept with its modern equivalent to highlight the intended meaning and create a clear comparison.

This quote expresses the sentiment of a person who has lived such a rich, varied, and eventful life that they feel it is impossible to capture its entirety within the limited confines of a single autobiography or book.


Step 1: Analyzing the Core Elements:

The key phrases are "too crowded," "travels," and "many people." These elements suggest a life filled with extensive experiences, diverse locations, and numerous relationships. It is not a simple, linear life but one of great complexity and breadth.


Step 2: Interpreting the Meaning:

The speaker feels that the sheer volume and depth of their experiences defy simple narration. To attempt to "put it all within the covers of one book" would be an oversimplification, a reduction that would fail to do justice to the richness of their past. Every journey undertaken, every person met, and every event witnessed has contributed to a vast and intricate tapestry of memories and emotions. Condensing this complexity into a single, coherent narrative would mean leaving out crucial details, nuances, and perspectives.


Therefore, the statement is a reflection on the limitations of storytelling when faced with the immensity of lived experience. It conveys a sense of overwhelming fullness—a life so packed with significant moments that it cannot be adequately contained or represented by the written word. It speaks to the idea that some lives are too expansive to be summarized, and any attempt to do so would inevitably be incomplete.
Quick Tip: When analyzing a reflective or philosophical quote, focus on the emotional tone and the central metaphor. Here, the metaphor is "the covers of one book" representing the limitations of a narrative. Explain what this metaphor implies about the speaker's life and feelings.

These lines are from the poem "Sweetest Love, I Do Not Goe" by John Donne. In this poem, the speaker is reassuring his beloved that she should not be afraid of their temporary separation.


He draws a comparison between his journey and that of the sun. He argues that the sun ("He") departs every evening, yet it has no "desire" to return to a loved one, nor does it have the consciousness ("sense") to understand its journey. Furthermore, the sun's path is much longer ("Nor halfe so short a way" as the speaker's). Despite this, the sun reliably returns every morning. Therefore, the speaker tells his beloved, "Then feare not mee," because his own return is far more certain, as he has a powerful desire to come back to her and his journey is much shorter.
Quick Tip: When explaining poetry, identify the speaker, the context, and any literary devices like comparison or metaphor. Breaking down the archaic language (e.g., 'hath') into modern equivalents helps clarify the meaning.

These lines, from Walter de la Mare's poetry, paint a vivid picture of a traveller's perspective of a daunting yet beautiful natural landscape.


The first line, "Cold, impossible, ahead," captures the feeling of challenge and forbiddance. The journey forward seems harsh, freezing, and perhaps insurmountable. The mountain represents a significant obstacle that the traveller must face.


However, the second line, "Lists the mountain's lovely head," introduces a striking contrast. Despite being an "impossible" barrier, the mountain's peak is described as "lovely," suggesting grace, beauty, and majesty. The word "Lists" can mean to lean or tilt, giving the mountain a sense of dynamic presence. Together, the lines encapsulate the dual nature of nature: it can be both intimidating and awe-inspiring, a formidable challenge and a thing of profound beauty.
Quick Tip: Pay close attention to word choice and contrast in poetry. The juxtaposition of "impossible" and "lovely" is the key to understanding the complex emotions the poet is conveying about the scene.

These lines are from T. S. Eliot's famous poem, "Macavity: The Mystery Cat." They perfectly encapsulate the central characteristic of Macavity: his elusive and baffling nature as a master criminal.


The first line suggests that Macavity maintains a veneer of normalcy. He can be seen in public places like any ordinary cat, "in a by-street" or "in the square." This makes his criminal activities all the more mysterious, as he blends into society seamlessly.


The second line reveals his true nature. Despite his apparent public presence, he possesses an uncanny ability to vanish from a crime scene. The moment a crime is officially "discovered" and the authorities arrive, "Macavity's not there." This highlights his cunning, his perfect timing, and his seemingly supernatural power to defy the law, earning him the title "the Napoleon of Crime."
Quick Tip: In character analysis, focus on how the author's words build the character's personality. These lines establish Macavity's dual identity: the seemingly ordinary cat and the undetectable master criminal.

These lines are from D. H. Lawrence's poem "Snake." They represent the internal conflict the speaker experiences as he watches a snake drinking from his water-trough.


The "voices" mentioned are the voices of his "accursed human education." This refers to the societal conditioning and prejudice that have taught him to view snakes as dangerous, venomous creatures that must be killed on sight. These voices are rational, logical, but also fearful and destructive.


The line, "If you were not afraid, you would kill him!" is a taunt from this internal voice. It questions his masculinity and courage, suggesting that his hesitation to act is a sign of cowardice. This creates the poem's central tension between the speaker's instinctual, almost spiritual admiration for the snake as a majestic being and the learned, rational fear that demands its destruction.
Quick Tip: When analyzing internal conflict in literature, identify the opposing forces. Here, it is the 'instinctual self' versus the 'educated/social self'. Understanding this conflict is key to interpreting the poem's message.

Examination Hall,

Patna,

October 15, 2025.




My dear [Friend's Name],



I was absolutely delighted to see your name in the newspaper today! My heartiest congratulations on your brilliant success in the Secondary Examination. Scoring 95% is a truly remarkable achievement, and I am incredibly proud of you. I know how diligently you worked for this, and your dedication has paid off splendidly.


My parents were also thrilled to hear the news and have sent their best wishes. We are all celebrating your success here.


I am eager to meet you and congratulate you in person. Please let me know your future plans when you have a moment. I wish you all the very best for your future endeavors.




With love and best wishes,

Yours sincerely,

[Your Name]
Quick Tip: In an informal letter, the tone should be warm and personal. Always include the sender's address, date, a friendly salutation, and a warm closing. The body should convey your feelings and thoughts clearly and directly.

To,

The Headmistress,

[School Name],

[School Address],

[City].




Date: October 15, 2025



Subject: Application for sick leave



Respected Madam,



With due respect, I wish to state that I am a student of Class [Your Class and Section]. I have been suffering from a high fever for the past few days. After a medical check-up, I have been diagnosed with typhoid.


The doctor has advised complete bed rest for at least two weeks to ensure a full recovery. Therefore, I will be unable to attend school from October 15, 2025, to October 29, 2025.


I kindly request you to grant me leave for the aforementioned period. I will ensure that I complete all my pending work upon my return. A copy of the medical certificate is attached for your reference.




Thanking you,

Yours obediently,

[Your Name]

Class: [Your Class]

Roll No: [Your Roll Number]
Quick Tip: A formal application must be concise, polite, and to the point. Key elements to include are the receiver's designation and address, a clear subject line, a respectful salutation, a body explaining the reason, and a formal closing.

By this statement, Pearl S. Buck means that religion in India is not confined to temples or specific rituals but is deeply integrated into the very fabric of daily existence. She observed that faith influences everything, from personal habits and family relationships to social customs and festivals. For Indians, religion provides a moral and ethical framework for life.
Quick Tip: When answering questions about an author's observation, focus on the core idea. Here, the key is the pervasive and all-encompassing nature of religion in the Indian context as seen by the author.

The doctor advised Benjy's parents to give him an occupation that would help his mind develop. Understanding that Benjy was simple-minded, he suggested they give him something to keep him busy, like letting him keep hens. This would give Benjy a sense of responsibility and an interest, which might stimulate his mental growth.
Quick Tip: For questions based on a story's plot, recall the specific advice or event accurately. The doctor's advice about the hens is the pivotal moment that sets the entire plot of "The Earth" in motion.

The term 'free press' refers to the right of newspapers, magazines, and other media outlets to report news and circulate opinions without censorship or fear of government control. It is a fundamental principle of democracy, ensuring that the public is kept informed and that power is held accountable. A free press can investigate and report on government wrongdoing.
Quick Tip: When defining a term, start with a clear, concise definition and then briefly explain its importance or function. Mentioning its role in a democracy strengthens the answer.

In a traditional joint family in Bangladesh, children are not solely the responsibility of their parents. Instead, they are looked after by the entire extended family. Aunts, uncles, cousins, and grandparents all play an active role in the upbringing of the child. This collective care system provides a strong network of support and security for the children.
Quick Tip: Focus on the key concept of the social structure. The central idea for a joint family system is 'collective' or 'communal' responsibility, which contrasts with the 'nuclear family' model.

No, the speaker in Rupert Brooke's "The Soldier" is not afraid of death. On the contrary, he romanticizes it as the ultimate patriotic sacrifice. He finds comfort in the thought that if he dies in a foreign land, his body will make that piece of ground "for ever England," enriching it with his Englishness.
Quick Tip: Start with a direct 'Yes' or 'No' answer, then provide the justification from the text. The poem's patriotic and idealized view of death is the core evidence here.

The speaker in D. H. Lawrence's "Snake" liked the snake because he perceived it as a majestic, dignified, and noble creature. He felt honored that this "king in exile" from the underworld had chosen to visit his water-trough. He admired its calm and graceful presence, seeing it as a natural lord, which made him question his human education that taught him to fear and kill it.
Quick Tip: Use descriptive words from the poem (or synonyms) to explain the speaker's feelings. Words like 'majestic,' 'honored,' and 'king' capture the essence of his admiration for the snake.

Autumn and summer are integral parts of the seasonal cycle that leads to spring. Summer is the season of growth and energy. Autumn is the season of maturity and harvest, the result of summer's work, as celebrated in Keats' "Ode to Autumn." It precedes winter, a period of rest and dormancy, which is necessary for the renewal and rebirth that characterize the arrival of spring.
Quick Tip: Explain the relationship in terms of a natural cycle or process. Showing the sequence (Summer -> Autumn -> Winter -> Spring) and the role of each season (growth, maturity, rest, rebirth) makes the answer clear and logical.

Three areas of the English language with rapid changes are:

1. Vocabulary: The creation of new words (neologisms) due to technology and social media (e.g., 'selfie', 'google').

2. Grammar: A simplification of rules in informal communication, such as the changing use of prepositions and pronouns.

3. Lexis and Slang: The rapid adoption of internet slang and informalities into mainstream language, changing the meanings and usage of words.
Quick Tip: For questions asking for a list, use bullet points or numbering for clarity. Providing a brief explanation and a specific example for each point makes your answer more comprehensive and credible.

English became the 'most gloriously, empire language' primarily due to the vast expansion of the British Empire during the 18th, 19th, and early 20th centuries. As Britain established colonies across the globe in North America, Australia, Asia, and Africa, English was introduced as the language of administration, law, and education. This political and economic dominance ensured that English spread to every corner of the world, absorbing words from many other languages and establishing itself as a prestigious global language.
Quick Tip: When answering historical questions about language, connect the language's spread to major historical events. In this case, the key driver is the British Empire's colonization policy.

The 18th-century grammarians shared the era's characteristic spirit of order, logic, and rationalism, often called the Augustan Age or the Age of Reason. They felt that English was chaotic and unruly and aimed to 'fix' it by prescribing rigid rules of grammar, often based on Latin models. Their goal was to standardize the language, correct supposed errors, and prevent it from changing, reflecting the age's desire for stability and correctness in all aspects of life.
Quick Tip: Link the actions of historical figures (like grammarians) to the dominant philosophy of their time. The 18th century's focus on 'reason' and 'order' is the key to understanding their prescriptive approach to language.

"Sweetest Love, I Do Not Goe" is a metaphysical poem by John Donne. The speaker addresses his beloved, reassuring her about his impending departure. He explains that he is not leaving because he is tired of her or seeking a new love, but because he feels he must practice dying by undertaking this journey. He argues that since he must eventually part from her in death, these temporary separations are rehearsals. He compares his journey to the sun's daily cycle, promising a quicker and more certain return because, unlike the sun, he has a powerful motive and desire to come back to her. He urges her not to weep or sigh, as her sadness harms him, and concludes by stating that those who truly love each other are never truly parted.
Quick Tip: When summarizing a poem, identify the main argument or theme. For this poem, the key theme is the speaker's logical and philosophical reassurance to his lover about their temporary separation.

"The Soldier" is a sonnet by Rupert Brooke, written during the early days of World War I. The speaker, an English soldier, contemplates his own death. He expresses a deeply patriotic sentiment, stating that if he should die in a foreign country, his resting place will be forever a piece of England. He believes his body, formed and shaped by England's air, rivers, and sun, will enrich the foreign soil. His thoughts are not of the horror of war but of an idealized and romantic death for his country. He sees death not as an end but as a transition where his soul, purified of all evil, will give back the English thoughts of peace, joy, and gentleness that his homeland gave him. The poem is a powerful expression of nationalistic pride and the romanticization of sacrifice.
Quick Tip: Focus on the tone and central message of the poem. The key to summarizing "The Soldier" is to capture its idealistic and patriotic tone, which contrasts sharply with later, more realistic war poetry.

"Now the Leaves are Falling Fast" by W. H. Auden is a poem about mortality, disillusionment, and the decay of human life. The falling leaves are a metaphor for the end of life, suggesting that death is an inevitable and continuous process. The poem paints a bleak picture of human existence, where people are lonely ("prams go rolling on"), aspirations go unfulfilled, and death (personified by "whispering neighbours") plucks us from our real delights. Auden suggests that life is full of frustrations and the cold reality of death is always present. However, the poem ends on a faintly hopeful note, with the image of a "nightingale" being dumb and an "angel" not coming, yet travellers in their last distress might still see the "waterfall" that could bless them. This suggests a possibility of redemption or peace even in the face of death.
Quick Tip: To summarize this poem, focus on the central metaphor (falling leaves = death) and the overall mood. Note the progression from a bleak depiction of life and death to the ambiguous, slightly hopeful ending.

"A Child is Born" is an essay by Germaine Greer that explores and contrasts the cultural practices surrounding childbirth in traditional, Eastern societies and modern, Western societies. Greer argues that in traditional societies, like those in Bangladesh, childbirth is a communal and celebratory family event. The expectant mother is supported by a network of female relatives, and the birth of a child is a source of joy for the entire community. In stark contrast, childbirth in the West is often a clinical, technological, and isolating experience, taking place in a hospital where the mother has little control and is often separated from her family. Greer critiques the Western medicalization of childbirth, suggesting that it induces anxiety and strips the event of its natural, social, and emotional significance. The essay advocates for a greater appreciation of the traditional, family-centered approach to motherhood.
Quick Tip: The key to summarizing this essay is the central contrast between 'traditional/communal' and 'modern/clinical' approaches to childbirth. Clearly state the author's critical perspective on the Western model.

In his essay "Ideas That Have Helped Mankind," Bertrand Russell explores the key intellectual and moral developments that have propelled human civilization forward. He begins by noting that pre-historic man was a rare species, whose survival was precarious. Russell then discusses a series of crucial ideas, such as the invention of language, the discovery of fire, the domestication of animals, and the development of agriculture. He categorizes these ideas into two groups: those that contributed to knowledge and technique, and those that concerned morals and politics. He argues that while technical skills were essential for survival and progress, the development of moral and political ideas, like law, government, and the concept of brotherhood, were equally vital for creating stable and cooperative societies. Russell concludes by reflecting on the need for a world government to prevent self-destruction in the modern age.
Quick Tip: Structure your summary around the author's main categories. Russell's division of ideas into 'knowledge/technique' and 'morals/politics' is the central framework of the essay.

"I Have a Dream" is a landmark speech delivered by civil rights leader Martin Luther King Jr. on August 28, 1963. The speech is a powerful and impassioned call for an end to racism and segregation in the United States. King begins by referencing the Emancipation Proclamation, noting that a century later, African Americans are still not truly free, shackled by segregation and discrimination. Using the metaphor of a "bad check," he states that America has defaulted on its promise of liberty and justice for all its citizens. The speech then shifts to a more hopeful and visionary tone. King famously outlines his dream of a future where his children will "not be judged by the color of their skin but by the content of their character." He dreams of a nation where racial harmony and equality prevail, using powerful, repetitive refrains to build a vision of an integrated and unified America.
Quick Tip: A good summary of this speech should mention both its parts: the initial critique of America's failure to deliver on its promises (the "bad check" metaphor) and the concluding, optimistic vision of the future (the "dream").

Indian English is a distinct and recognized variety of the English language spoken primarily in the Indian subcontinent. It has its own unique phonology, vocabulary, and syntax, which have been influenced by the diverse linguistic landscape of India. A key feature is its vocabulary, which includes many words borrowed from Indian languages (e.g., 'jungle', 'pundit', 'lathi-charge') and the creation of unique compounds (e.g., 'cousin-brother', 'prepone'). The sentence structure can also differ from Standard British or American English. Indian English serves as a crucial link language in a multilingual country, used widely in government, higher education, business, and media. Over the years, it has evolved from a colonial import to a vibrant and legitimate dialect with its own rich literary tradition, celebrated in the works of authors like R. K. Narayan and Salman Rushdie.
Quick Tip: When writing a note on a language variety, cover three main points: its unique features (vocabulary, pronunciation), its social function (e.g., link language), and its status (is it recognized, does it have a literature?).

English holds an unparalleled status as a global language or lingua franca in the 21st century. Its worldwide spread began with the expansion of the British Empire and was later solidified by the economic, political, and cultural dominance of the United States after World War II. Today, English is the primary language of international business, diplomacy, science, technology, aviation, and the internet. It is an official language in over 50 countries and is spoken as a second language by millions more. This global dominance facilitates cross-cultural communication and commerce but has also raised concerns about linguistic imperialism and the potential threat to linguistic diversity. The emergence of numerous world Englishes (like Indian English, Singaporean English) shows how the language is being adapted and adopted by different cultures, evolving far beyond its British origins.
Quick Tip: For this topic, explain both the 'how' (historical reasons: British Empire, US influence) and the 'what' (its role in various domains: business, science, internet). Briefly mentioning the pros and cons (global communication vs. linguistic imperialism) adds depth.

The Modern English period is generally considered to have begun around 1500 and continues to the present day. Its early phase (c. 1500-1800) was shaped by several key developments. The Renaissance brought a massive influx of words from Latin and Greek. The invention of the printing press by William Caxton in 1476 led to the standardization of spelling and grammar. The works of William Shakespeare and the King James Bible (1611) profoundly enriched the language's vocabulary and idiom. A major phonological change, the Great Vowel Shift, was also completed during this time. The Late Modern English period (c. 1800-present) has been characterized by further vocabulary expansion due to the Industrial Revolution and the growth of the British Empire, which brought contact with languages worldwide. Today, the rise of the internet and global media continues to drive rapid changes in the language.
Quick Tip: To structure a note on a historical period of a language, mention key influences or events in chronological order. For Modern English, the key points are the Renaissance, Printing Press, Shakespeare, and the British Empire.

The correct pairings of poems from List-A with their respective poets from List-B are as follows:


i) The Soldier was written by b) Rupert Brooke.
ii) To Autumn was written by a) John Keats.
iii) Snake was written by d) D. H. Lawrence.
iv) My Grandmother's House was written by e) Kamala Das.
v) Fire-Hymn was written by c) K. N. Daruwala. Quick Tip: For matching questions, it's essential to have memorized the major works of the poets included in your syllabus. Creating flashcards with the poem on one side and the poet on the other can be an effective study method.

The English translations of the given sentences are:


(A) [i)] They teach in a school.
(B) [ii)] It is one o'clock by my watch.
(C) [iii)] I have a beautiful pen.
(D) [iv)] People respect Mahatma Gandhi.
(E) [v)] The land of Bihar is fertile.
(F) [vi)] You should respect teachers.
(G) [vii)] She helps me in my studies.
(H) [viii)] Will you go to Sunita's place tomorrow? Quick Tip: When translating, pay close attention to tense, prepositions, and subject-verb agreement. For instance, in sentence (ii), the correct English idiom is "by my watch," not "in my watch."

The correct pairings of prose pieces from List-A with their respective authors from List-B are as follows:


i) Bharat is My Home was written by b) Dr. Zakir Hussain.
ii) A Pinch of Snuff was written by d) Manohar Malgaonkar.
iii) How Free is the Press was written by a) Dorothy L. Sayers.
iv) The Artist was written by e) Shiga Naoya.
v) The Earth was written by c) H. E. Bates. Quick Tip: Just like with poetry, associating prose works with their authors is a matter of memorization. Regularly quizzing yourself on authors and their famous works is a great way to prepare for such questions.

Anita was enthusiastic about the cause of protecting the environment. The first sentence of the passage states this directly.
Quick Tip: For direct questions in reading comprehension, the answer is often found in the very beginning of the passage. Scan the first few lines for keywords from the question.

Anita started her campaign at her school. The passage mentions, "Anita started by giving presentations at her school, educating her classmates..."
Quick Tip: Look for specific place names or locations mentioned in the text. Words like "at," "in," or "where" often point to the location-based answers.

Anita raised awareness about recycling in two main ways: first, by giving presentations at her school to educate her classmates, and second, by creating posters with catchy slogans and placing them around the community.
Quick Tip: Questions starting with "How" usually require you to identify actions or methods. Look for verbs that describe what the character did. In this case, the actions were "giving presentations" and "created posters."

Anita's campaign had a significant impact on the community. Firstly, it gained momentum and inspired more people to join her cause. Secondly, her efforts were recognized by local authorities, which led to them implementing official recycling programmes in the community.
Quick Tip: To find the 'impact' or 'result' of an action, look for phrases that indicate consequences, such as "as a result," "soon," "led to," or simply look at the events that happened after the main action.

Humanity's Advantages

Early humans surpassed animals due to key physical advantages like a large brain and an erect posture. However, their most crucial advantage was the invention of language. Speech allowed them to communicate, share ideas, and transmit knowledge across generations, establishing their unique position over all other creatures.
Quick Tip: A good précis should be about one-third the length of the original passage. First, identify the central theme to create a title. Then, extract the main points and rewrite them concisely in your own words, ensuring the core message is preserved.