Eubacteria: Types & Characteristics & Mode of Nutrition

Ans. Differences between Archaea and Eubacteria are:

Ans. Eubacteria are single-celled prokaryotic microorganisms and are also known as the "true" bacteria that have a variety of characteristics that can be found under various environmental conditions all over the world. Almost all kinds of bacteria fall under this, except archaebacteria. Eubacteria can form spores and it can cause disease in humans as well as in animals ( they can be pathogenic organisms ). The mode of reproduction in Eubacteria is through binary fission or by budding, they tend to form large colonies that create "biofilms" i:e extracellular structure that helps to protect the colony in unique ways. Examples of Eubacteria are: Streptococcus pneumonia, and Lactobacillus.

Ans. There are mainly three types of eubacteria based on their shape. The shapes of bacteria are often used as a classification system. Bacteria are linked after the division, forming different shapes and structures such as clusters, filaments, and tight coils. :-

• Bacilli: They are rod-shaped bacteria.
• Cocci: They are spherical in nature.
• Spirilla: They tend to have spiral or wave-shaped structure in nature

Ans. Three characteristics of Eubacteria are as follows:

1. Peptidoglycans form the stiff cell wall in Eubacteria.
2. Flagella are used to help it to move.
3. A few bacteria have pili, which are small appendages on the surface of the cell that helps or assist the bacteria in sexual reproduction. Pili also helps or assists in the attachment of pathogens to their hosts.

Ans. The well-known mode of nutrition in Eubacteria is heterotrophic, but both the organisms, be it autotrophic, or heterotrophic organisms both feed on eubacteria. Heterotropic are those who consume food from other plants, organic carbon sources or animal matter whereas autotrophs are those who produce their food through the process of photosynthesis. 

Ans.  The outer membrane of the bacteria is an additional layer that surrounds the cell walls of bacteria. This additional layer cannot be stained with gram- stain. Due to this reason, they are known as Gram-negative. These bacteria contain certain species that are harmful to humans. Those bacteria which can be seen with the help of gram stains are known as Gram-Positive bacteria and they are either non-harmful or beneficial to human health.

Ans. Eubacteria and Archaebacteria are two main divisions within the prokaryotic organisms. Eubacteria are also known as the true bacteria and are usually found in the domain bacteria, whereas archaebacteria are usually found in the domain Archaebacteria. Eubacteria are single-celled prokaryotic microorganisms with a variety of characteristics that are or can be found in a variety of environments around the whole world.

Ans. Some bacteria, which are present in the root nodules of leguminous plants or free-living, fix the atmospheric nitrogen in the soil which is ultimately used up by the plants. Hence they increase the fertility of the soil. For example, Rhizobium, Azotobacter, Azospirillum, etc.

Ans. Viruses cannot be killed by using antibiotics as their cell pathways are different from that of bacteria. It means taking antibiotics to get rid of flu or any other viral infection is useless, because it does not reduce the strength of the virus, nor does it reduce the duration of the infection. But, however, antibiotics will work if we get attacks of viral infection and bacterial disease at the same time. Even then, it will cure bacterial disease only but not a viral infection.

Ans. Canning is a process used for food preservation. Heat, at a certain temperature and for a limited period of time, is used to kill harmful microorganisms as well as enzymes. This method also involves the removal of oxygen gas and avoiding post-process contamination by airtight sealing of food items.

Ans. Penicillin, discovered by the Scottish doctor Alexander Fleming in 1928, is a drug that inhibits enzymes necessary for the synthesis of peptidoglycans, a constituent of the bacterial cell wall. With the inhibition, the bacterial population stops growing because there is no new cell wall formation.

Ans. In eukaryotic cells, DNA is found within the cell nucleus. In prokaryotic cells, DNA is found dispersed in the cytosol, the fluid space inside the cell. Other DNA molecules can also be found within mitochondria and chloroplasts, specialized organelles of eukaryotic cells.

Ans. Prokaryotic beings are classified into two big groups: archaebacteria and bacteria (this is also known as eubacteria). Compared to bacteria, archaebacteria have basic differences, like the chemical compositions of their plasma membrane and cell wall and different enzymes related to DNA and RNA metabolism.

Ans. The three types of parasexual methods in eubacteria are transformation, transduction, and conjugation.

• Transformation is the process in which bacteria takes up the foreign DNA from its surroundings and gets transformed into another kind. 
• Conjugation is the process in which F plasmid with fertility factor is transferred from one bacterium (the donor) to another with the help of sex pilus.
• Transduction is the process of transfer of genetic materials from one bacteria to another through the agency of bacteriophages.

Ans. Thermophiles live in very hot places, typically from 60° to 80°C. Many thermophiles (some eubacteria and archaebacteria) are autotrophs and have metabolisms based on sulphur. Some thermophilic archaebacteria form the basis of food webs around deep-sea thermal vents, where they must withstand extreme temperature and pressures. Archaebacteria can grow in highly acidic (pH =0.7) and very basic - (pH =11) environments.