Rajasthan Board 2026 Class 12 Sociology Question Paper with Solutions

Step 1: Understanding globalization.

Globalization is a process that involves the increasing interconnectedness and interdependence of the world's markets and businesses. In this process, cultural, economic, and political factors are all interwoven. These forms of interrelations are crucial in shaping the global landscape.

Step 2: Explanation of the options.


(A) Cultural: While globalization involves cultural exchanges, it is not the only form of interrelation. Cultural globalization focuses on the exchange of ideas, values, and cultural expressions.
(B) Economic: Economic globalization refers to the integration of economies through trade, investment, and the movement of capital and labor.
(C) Political: Political globalization refers to the influence of international organizations and governments in shaping global policies.
(D) All of these: Correct. All of these forms—cultural, economic, and political—are interconnected aspects of globalization.


Step 3: Conclusion.

Globalization involves all of these interrelations, making option (D) the correct answer.


Final Answer: All of these. Quick Tip: Globalization involves the interconnection of economic, cultural, and political factors. Each of these dimensions influences the others and shapes global interactions.

Step 1: Understanding the Satyashodhak Samaj.

The Satyashodhak Samaj was founded by Jyotiba Phule in 1873. The society aimed to eliminate caste-based discrimination and promote social justice, especially for the lower castes and women in India.

Step 2: Explanation of the options.


(A) Dayanand Saraswati: Incorrect. While Dayanand Saraswati was an important social reformer, he founded the Arya Samaj, not the Satyashodhak Samaj.
(B) Swami Vivekananda: Incorrect. Swami Vivekananda was an influential figure but did not establish the Satyashodhak Samaj.
(C) Jyotiba Phule: Correct. Jyotiba Phule founded the Satyashodhak Samaj to advocate for social equality and justice.
(D) Pandita Ramabai: Incorrect. Pandita Ramabai was a prominent social reformer, but she did not found the Satyashodhak Samaj.


Step 3: Conclusion.

The founder of the Satyashodhak Samaj was Jyotiba Phule, who dedicated his efforts to social reform and the upliftment of marginalized communities.


Final Answer: Jyotiba Phule. Quick Tip: The Satyashodhak Samaj was founded by Jyotiba Phule to promote social justice and eliminate caste discrimination. It played a key role in the reform movement in India.

Step 1: Understanding the slogan.

The slogan "One Caste, One Religion, One God" was given by Sri Narayan Guru, a social reformer and spiritual leader in India. This slogan emphasized social equality, the abolition of caste distinctions, and religious unity.

Step 2: Explanation of the options.


(A) Raja Ram Mohan Roy: Incorrect. While Raja Ram Mohan Roy was a prominent social reformer, he is best known for promoting the abolition of Sati and advocating for modern education.
(B) Periyar: Incorrect. Periyar E. V. Ramasamy was a social reformer who fought against the caste system and for the rights of lower castes, but he did not coin this specific slogan.
(C) Mahatma Gandhi: Incorrect. Mahatma Gandhi promoted nonviolence and the unity of all castes but did not use this exact slogan.
(D) Sri Narayan Guru: Correct. Sri Narayan Guru, a social reformer from Kerala, advocated for social equality and the removal of caste distinctions, and he coined this slogan.


Step 3: Conclusion.

The correct answer is (D) Sri Narayan Guru, as he is known for this slogan that promoted social unity and equality.


Final Answer: Sri Narayan Guru. Quick Tip: Sri Narayan Guru's slogan was part of his larger movement to promote social equality and dismantle caste-based discrimination in Kerala.

Step 1: Understanding the study.

Dhorai village was studied by Kathleen Gough, an anthropologist who conducted fieldwork on the social structure and culture of this village. Her work is a significant contribution to the study of rural India.

Step 2: Explanation of the options.


(A) Max Weber: Incorrect. Max Weber was a sociologist known for his work on bureaucracy and the sociology of religion, but he did not study Dhorai village.
(B) Kathleen Gough: Correct. Kathleen Gough is known for her study of Dhorai village, focusing on the social structures and caste relations.
(C) Alfred Gell: Incorrect. Alfred Gell was an anthropologist known for his work on art and aesthetics, but not for studying Dhorai village.
(D) M.N. Srinivas: Incorrect. M.N. Srinivas was a prominent sociologist who conducted studies in India but did not study Dhorai village.


Step 3: Conclusion.

The correct answer is (B) Kathleen Gough, who studied Dhorai village and contributed significantly to anthropological research in India.


Final Answer: Kathleen Gough. Quick Tip: Kathleen Gough's work on Dhorai village is a key study in the field of anthropology, offering insights into caste, social structure, and rural life in India.

Step 1: Understanding Industrialization.

Industrialization leads to urbanization, economic growth, and the use of machines to improve production. It typically results in the decline of agricultural employment as people migrate to cities for industrial work.

Step 2: Explanation of the options.


(A) Rise of Cities: Correct. Industrialization leads to the rise of cities as industries attract workers for better employment opportunities.
(B) Increase in Production: Correct. Industrialization generally increases production as factories use machines to produce goods on a large scale.
(C) Use of Machines: Correct. The use of machines is a key characteristic of industrialization, which enhances production efficiency.
(D) Increase of people in Agriculture: Incorrect. Industrialization often leads to a reduction in agricultural labor as people shift to industrial jobs in urban areas.


Step 3: Conclusion.

The correct answer is (D) because industrialization typically decreases the number of people working in agriculture as they move to cities for industrial work.


Final Answer: Increase of people in Agriculture. Quick Tip: Industrialization typically leads to urbanization and a shift from agricultural labor to industrial labor. It increases the use of machines and boosts production.

Step 1: Understanding Sanskritization.

Sanskritization is a concept introduced by sociologist M.N. Srinivas, which refers to the process by which lower castes or tribes in India attempt to improve their social status by adopting the customs and practices of higher castes, particularly the Brahmins.

Step 2: Explanation of the options.


(A) D.P. Mukerjee: Incorrect. D.P. Mukerjee was a prominent sociologist, but he did not introduce the concept of Sanskritization.
(B) G.S. Ghurye: Incorrect. G.S. Ghurye is known for his work on Indian sociology but did not develop the concept of Sanskritization.
(C) M.N. Srinivas: Correct. M.N. Srinivas introduced the concept of Sanskritization in his studies of Indian society, focusing on the caste system.
(D) Irawati Karve: Incorrect. Irawati Karve was an anthropologist, but she did not introduce the concept of Sanskritization.


Step 3: Conclusion.

The correct answer is (C) M.N. Srinivas, as he is credited with introducing and popularizing the concept of Sanskritization in the context of caste dynamics in India.


Final Answer: M.N. Srinivas. Quick Tip: Sanskritization is a process where lower castes attempt to raise their social status by adopting the customs and rituals of higher castes, particularly the Brahmins.

Step 1: Understanding Panchayati Raj System.

The three-tier system of Panchayati Raj was established by the 73rd Constitutional Amendment Act of 1992. This amendment brought significant reforms in the local governance system by introducing the Panchayat system at the village, intermediate, and district levels.

Step 2: Explanation of the options.


(A) 42nd: Incorrect. The 42nd Amendment (1976) made several changes to the Constitution but was not related to the Panchayati Raj system.
(B) 73rd: Correct. The 73rd Amendment (1992) specifically deals with the three-tier Panchayati Raj system, empowering local self-government in rural areas.
(C) 52nd: Incorrect. The 52nd Amendment (1985) is related to the disqualification of members of Parliament and State Legislatures, not the Panchayati Raj.
(D) 86th: Incorrect. The 86th Amendment (2002) deals with the right to education, not the Panchayati Raj system.


Step 3: Conclusion.

The correct answer is (B) 73rd, as it specifically established the three-tier Panchayati Raj system in India.


Final Answer: 73rd. Quick Tip: The 73rd Amendment of 1992 was a milestone in India's decentralized governance, empowering Panchayats and local self-government bodies.

Step 1: Understanding the correct pair.

Jan Breman, a prominent sociologist, coined the term "Foot loose labour," referring to migrant workers who move from place to place in search of work. His research focused on the lives of these workers and the informal economy.

Step 2: Explanation of the options.


(A) Jan Breman – Foot loose labour: Correct. Jan Breman’s work is well known for discussing the conditions and mobility of migrant labourers in the informal economy.
(B) Auguste Comte – Invisible hand: Incorrect. The concept of the "Invisible Hand" is associated with Adam Smith, not Auguste Comte. Comte is known for developing positivism and social theory.
(C) Yogendra Singh – Alienation: Incorrect. Yogendra Singh is a sociologist known for his work on Indian society, but the concept of "alienation" is more closely associated with Karl Marx.
(D) Emile Durkhein – Surplus Value: Incorrect. The concept of "Surplus Value" is associated with Karl Marx. Durkheim is known for his work on social integration and the division of labour.


Step 3: Conclusion.

The correct answer is (A) Jan Breman – Foot loose labour, as he is the one who studied and coined this concept.


Final Answer: Jan Breman – Foot loose labour. Quick Tip: The concept of "Foot loose labour" is central to the study of informal workforces and migration patterns, especially in developing economies.

Step 1: Understanding Silicosis.


Silicosis is a lung disease caused by the inhalation of fine silica dust. It is commonly found among workers who are exposed to such dust in mining, construction, and other industrial environments.

Step 2: Causes and Affected Workers.


Silicosis is especially prevalent in environments where workers are exposed to silica dust, such as mining operations. This dust can cause long-term damage to the lungs, leading to symptoms such as coughing, difficulty breathing, and chest pain.

Step 3: Comparison with other options.



(A) Farmers: Incorrect. While farmers may be exposed to dust and chemicals, they are not typically at risk for silicosis.
(B) Miners: Correct. Silicosis is most commonly found in miners who work in environments where silica dust is prevalent.
(C) Fishermen: Incorrect. Fishermen are not typically exposed to silica dust and thus are not at risk for silicosis.
(D) Textile mill workers: Incorrect. Textile workers may be exposed to cotton dust but not silica dust, so they are not typically at risk for silicosis.


Step 4: Conclusion.


The disease silicosis is mainly found in miners who work in environments where they are exposed to silica dust.


Final Answer: Miners. Quick Tip: Silicosis is a preventable disease, and miners should use protective equipment such as respirators to reduce their risk of exposure to silica dust.

Step 1: Understanding the Book.

'An Essay on the Principle of Population' (1798) was written by Thomas Robert Malthus. It is a foundational work in the study of population dynamics and economics, where Malthus argued that population growth would outpace food production, leading to famine and hardship unless controlled.

Step 2: Analysis of the Author.

Thomas Robert Malthus, an English economist and demographer, is best known for his theories on population growth and its implications for society. His work had a profound impact on economics and sociology.

Step 3: Comparison with other options.



(A) Thomas Robert Malthus: Correct. Malthus wrote 'An Essay on the Principle of Population' in 1798.
(B) Adam Smith: Incorrect. Smith is known for his work 'The Wealth of Nations,' not for this essay on population.
(C) Emile Durkheim: Incorrect. Durkheim was a French sociologist and did not write this work on population.
(D) Karl Marx: Incorrect. Marx is known for his works on socialism and communism, not for population studies.


Step 4: Conclusion.

Based on the historical context and content of the book, the correct author of 'An Essay on the Principle of Population' (1798) is Thomas Robert Malthus.


Final Answer: Thomas Robert Malthus. Quick Tip: Thomas Malthus' work laid the foundation for population studies. His theory about the balance between population growth and food production remains relevant in understanding demographic challenges.

Step 1: Understand the relationship between British colonialism and capitalism.

British colonialism played a crucial role in the spread of capitalism across the world. The British Empire established colonies to exploit resources and establish trade routes that would benefit the capitalist economy.

Step 2: Discuss the economic structure.

Under British colonial rule, colonies were transformed into sources of raw materials, while the manufactured goods were exported to these colonies. This led to the creation of a global market, which is a characteristic of capitalist systems.

Step 3: Explain the exploitation of labor and resources.

Colonialism led to the extraction of raw materials and exploitation of cheap labor. The profits from these activities flowed back to the British economy, supporting the capitalist model.

Step 4: Identify the role of British trade companies.

British trade companies, such as the East India Company, played a key role in facilitating the capitalist economy by controlling trade and generating profits through colonial expansion. Quick Tip: British colonialism accelerated the spread of capitalism by creating new markets, exploiting resources, and establishing global trade networks.

Step 1: Define Modernity.

Modernity refers to the cultural, social, and intellectual developments that emerged in the modern era, often associated with industrialization, urbanization, and the rise of scientific reasoning.

Step 2: Identify key attributes of modernity.


(i) Industrialization:

Modernity is often characterized by the growth of industries and factories, leading to economic growth and societal changes such as urbanization.

(ii) Rationalism and Scientific Thinking:

Modernity emphasizes the importance of scientific reasoning and empirical evidence in understanding the world and solving problems.

(iii) Secularism:

The modern era saw a shift from religious to secular thought, with an emphasis on human progress and social reform.

(iv) Individualism:

Modernity promoted the idea of individual rights and freedoms, leading to the recognition of personal autonomy and self-expression. Quick Tip: Modernity is marked by industrialization, scientific thinking, secularism, and individualism, all contributing to social and intellectual progress.

Step 1: Define Reformist Social Movements.

Reformist social movements are those that aim for gradual change within the existing political and social systems, rather than attempting to overthrow or replace them.

Step 2: Explain the nature of Reformist Movements.

These movements work towards improving the system by advocating for specific changes, such as equal rights, social justice, or the reform of existing laws and policies.

Step 3: Provide an example.

For instance, the Indian independence movement under Mahatma Gandhi, which aimed for gradual social and political changes through non-violent methods, can be considered a reformist movement.

Step 4: Explain other examples.

Another example is the civil rights movement in the United States, where African Americans and their allies advocated for the gradual dismantling of racial segregation and the expansion of civil rights. Quick Tip: Reformist movements focus on improving the existing systems, while revolutionary movements aim for radical, fundamental changes.

Step 1: Understand the impact of industrialization on cities.

Industrialization led to the rapid growth of cities in India during the British colonial period, particularly in regions with developed industries such as textiles, mining, and manufacturing.

Step 2: Identify the positive effects.

It contributed to the development of urban infrastructure, including roads, railways, and electricity, which improved transportation and connectivity.

Step 3: Identify the negative effects.

However, industrialization also caused overcrowding, poor living conditions, pollution, and a lack of sufficient urban planning in cities like Mumbai and Kolkata.

Step 4: Example of specific cities.

In cities like Mumbai, the influx of people for factory work led to the creation of slums and a sharp divide between the rich and poor. Quick Tip: Industrialization brought both progress and challenges to Indian cities, with significant improvements in infrastructure but also rising inequalities and urban problems.

Step 1: Define the concept of tribe.

A tribe refers to a social group that shares common ancestry, language, and culture, often with a distinct social and political organization.

Step 2: Early understanding of tribes.

Initially, tribes were seen as groups living outside the mainstream of civilization, often depicted as primitive or less developed compared to more urbanized societies.

Step 3: Evolution of the concept.

Over time, the concept of a tribe evolved as scholars began to recognize the complexities of tribal societies, including their social, economic, and political structures. The idea that tribes were merely primitive was gradually replaced with the understanding that they were dynamic and sophisticated.

Step 4: Modern perspective.

Today, the concept of tribes has expanded to encompass a range of identities that go beyond traditional categories, acknowledging the contributions of tribal societies to broader cultural and social systems. Quick Tip: The concept of tribes has evolved from a simplistic view of primitive societies to a more nuanced understanding of complex social and cultural systems.

Step 1: Understand socio-cultural structure.

Socio-cultural structures refer to the norms, values, and beliefs shared by a society that shape the behavior and interactions of its members. These structures influence how individuals are treated based on their abilities, disabilities, and social roles.

Step 2: Effect on differently-abled individuals.

Differently-abled individuals often face societal barriers that hinder their full participation in social, educational, and professional spaces due to negative perceptions, stereotypes, and inadequate infrastructure.

Step 3: Identify specific challenges.

For example, individuals with physical disabilities may struggle with physical barriers, such as inaccessible buildings or transportation, while individuals with intellectual disabilities may face exclusion from social groups or difficulty in accessing education.

Step 4: Impact of inclusive policies.

On the positive side, inclusive policies, such as the Disability Rights Act or social inclusion initiatives, help reduce these barriers by promoting accessibility, equality, and social integration for differently-abled individuals. Quick Tip: Socio-cultural structures can either enable or restrict the full participation of differently-abled individuals, depending on the attitudes and policies in place.