Human Reproductive System: Male & Female Reproductive System

Human reproductive system comprises the male and female reproductive systems. Human reproduction is sexual reproduction that results in human fertilization to produce human offspring. Up until the seventh week of gestation, when a low level of the hormone testosterone is produced from the developing male gonads, the reproductive tissues of male and female humans develop identically in utero.

The development of male reproductive organs in primitive gonads is triggered by testosterone. The embryonic gonads transform into ovaries in the absence of testosterone. Females' clitoris is produced by the same tissues that give males a penis. In a female, the tissue that would become the scrotum forms the labia. Thus, the differences in the anatomy of men and women result from the evolution of once-common embryonic structures.

Key Terms: Human Reproduction, Human Reproductive System, Male Reproductive System, Female Reproductive System, Human Body Parts, Sexual Reproduction in Humans

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Reproduction in Humans

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Human Reproductive System is liable for the manufacturing and fertilization of gametes (sperm or eggs) and the wearing of a fetus. Both sexes gonads produce gametes. A gamete is a haploid molecular that mixes with any other haploid gamete all through fertilization, forming an unmarried diploid molecular known as a zygote. Besides generating gametes, the gonads additionally produce intercourse hormones. 

Sex hormones are endocrine hormones that manage the improvement of intercourse organs earlier than birth, sexual maturation at puberty, and duplicate as soon as sexual maturation has occurred. Other reproductive device organs have diverse functions, which include maturing gametes, handing over gametes to the source of fertilization, and imparting surroundings for the improvement and boom of offspring.

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Male Reproductive System

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The important parts of the male reproductive organs are outside of the human body.

Testicles (Testes)- The testes cling among the thighs in a sack of pores and skin known as the scrotum. The testes produce each sperm and testosterone. 

Vas Deferens- Resting atop every testis is a coiled shape known as the epididymis (plural, epididymis). The feature of the epididymis is to mature and keep sperm. The penis is a tubular organ that includes the urethra and has the capacity to stiffen at some point of sexual arousal. Sperm passes out of the frame via the urethra at some point of sexual orgasm. This launch of sperm is known as ejaculation.

Scrotum- It is a sac-like organ that forms the house of the testicles, or testes. It hangs below the penis and behind and maintains a temperature that is required for the production of sperm by it.

Accessory Ducts- The auxiliary ducts make it easier for sperm to go from the testicles to the urethra and then be discharged outside the body. The four accessory ducts that make up the male reproductive system are Vasa efferentia, Epididymis, Rete Testis, and Vas deferens.

• Rete Testis: These are the ducts where several channels are formed by the opening of the seminiferous tubules.
• Vasa Efferentia: This group of ducts creates a conduit for sperm to go from the rete testis to the epididymis, which is located on the back of each testis.
• Epididymia: Testicles and vas deferens are joined by a long, coiled tube called the epididymis. Each testicle has an epididymis located on the backside.
• Vas Deferens: The vas deferens is an ascending muscular duct that wraps around the bladder and enters the abdominal cavity. From the epididymis, it moves the sperm to the ejaculatory duct.
• On either side of the prostate gland lies the ejaculatory duct. Sperm from the testis are stored in and transported to the outside through the urethra by ejaculatory ducts.
• A narrow, muscular tube called the urethra extends from the urinary bladder through the penis to its external opening, the urethral meatus.

There are three types of accessory glands 

• Seminal vesicles
• Prostate gland
• Bulbourethral glands

Penis- The penis is the male outside genitalia. It is made up of unique tissue that allows withinside the erection of the penis to facilitate insemination. The enlarged tip of the penis referred to as the glans penis is blanketed with the aid of using an unfastened fold of pores and skin referred to as foreskin. The male glands consist of paired seminal vesicles, prostate, and coupled bulbourethral glands. Secretions of these glands represent the seminal plasma that is wealthy in fructose, calcium, and positive enzymes. The secretions of bulbourethral glands additionally allow withinside the lubrication of the penis.

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Female Reproductive System

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The female reproductive organ is lively before, throughout, and after fertilization as well. It includes the subsequent parts:

• A pair of ovaries: Ovaries produce and protect ovum in them. They additionally produce a female hormone referred to as estrogen.
• Fallopian tubes (Oviducts): They are the place for fertilization. They join the ovaries with the uterus.
• Uterus: Uterus is the area of improvement for the embryo.
• Vagina: It is the organ that connects the cervix to the outside body parts. It is the path for the penis throughout coitus in addition to a fetus throughout delivery.

The female reproductive organs have the following functions –

1. Production of female gamete referred to as ovum/egg.
2. Providing vitamins and protective the growing embryo.

During puberty, eggs withinside the ovaries begin to mature. One of the ovaries releases the matured ovum in each 28 to 30 days and is referred to as ovulation.

The Fallopian tubes begin close to the ovaries and give up on the uterus. Their characteristic is to move eggs from the ovaries to the uterus. If an egg is fertilized, it normally happens whilst it's far traveling via a Fallopian tube. The uterus is a pear-fashioned muscular organ that features to hold a fetus till the beginning. It can extend substantially to deal with a developing fetus, and its muscular partitions can settlement forcefully all through hard work to push the child into the vagina. The vagina is a tubular tract connecting the uterus to the outer parts of the body. The vagina is where sperm are normally deposited all through sexual sex and ejaculation. The vagina is likewise known as the beginning canal due to the fact a child travels via the vagina to go away the frame all through the beginning.

The outer parts of the female reproductive organs are bound together because of the vulva. They consist of the clitoris, which is homologous to the male penis. They additionally consist of pairs of labia (singular, labium), which surround and guard the openings of the urethra and vagina.

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Human Reproductive System

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The fusion of sperm with egg (ovum) to provide a zygote is known as fertilization. Fertilization is an important level of duplicate in human beings. The fertilized egg is known as the zygote. The zygote begins to divide into many cells and develops into an embryo.

Embryo movements into the uterus and receives connected to its walls. This system is known as implantation, and the implanted embryo finally develops right into a fetus.

Fertilisation and Implantation

• During coitus or copulation, the penis releases semen into the vagina, a process known as insemination.
• The male gamete, or motile sperm, travels quickly via the cervix and into the uterus before arriving at the ampullary area of the fallopian tube, where fertilization takes place.
• The ovary's released ovum is also transmitted to the fallopian tube's ampullary area.
• Only when the ovum and sperms are delivered into the site of fertilization concurrently does fertilization take place in the fallopian tube.
• The fusing of a haploid female gamete or egg with a haploid male gamete is known as fertilization. To prevent the admission of more sperm, the sperm modifies the zona pellucida layer of the ovum during fertilization. This makes sure that each ovum can only be fertilized by one sperm.
• The acrosome's secretions facilitate sperm entrance into the ovum through the zona pellucida and plasma membrane.
• The secondary oocyte undergoes full meiosis as a result of this occurrence. Another uneven division results in the formation of a haploid ovum and a second polar body.
• A diploid zygote is created when the haploid nuclei of the sperm and the ovum combine. Consequently, a zygote has 46 chromosomes.
• The sperm's sex chromosome is what determines the gender of the baby. Males are XY, so the sperm can include either X or Y, but females are XX, thus the ovum always has the X chromosome. As a result, the X chromosome is present in half of all sperm, while the Y chromosome is present in the other half.
• A zygote with an XY would mature into a man, whereas a XX would mature into a girl.
• The zygote is split into 2, 4, 8, and 16 blastomeres by the mitotic division, which begins when the zygote travels through the oviduct's isthmus towards the uterus.

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Previous Year Questions

1. In the diagram of section of Graafian follicle… [KCET 2004]
2. The correct sequence of spermatogenetic stages leading to the… [NEET 2009]
3. The main function of mammalian corpus luteum is to produce… [NEET 2014]
4. The mammalian corpus luteum produces… [NEET 1995]
5. Identify the cells represent as P, Q, R and S in the given schematic… [KCET 2019]
6. Identify the cells represented as… [KCET 2020]
7. Nebenkem is a part of… [KCET 2004]
8. When the fallopian tube is blocked at ampullary region… [KCET 2020]
9. The main function of the fimbriae of the fallopian tube… [KEAM]
10. Mitochondria in middle piece of sperm is called… [JIPMER 2002]
11. Formation of corpus luteum is induced by… [JIPMER 2018]
12. Which is present in urine of pregnant woman… 
13. Which one of the following represents an ovule… 
14. When gynoecium is present in the topmost position… [AMUEEE 2005]
15. The cavity contained in Graafian follicle is… [MHT CET 2010]
16. The megasporangium proper of an angiosperm ovule… 
17. The prostatic fluid forms about… 
18. The part where fertilization of ovum takes place… [BHU UET 2007]
19. Layers of an ovum from outside to inside is… 
20. Nucellus of an ovule is equivalent to a… 

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Things to Remember

• Reproduction is an essential method of manufacturing younger ones or offspring, which might be the same as their parents.
• Fertilization is the fusion of male and haploid female gametes ensuing withinside the formation of a diploid zygote.
• Sexual Reproduction is performed through a hard and fast of occasions and is divided into 3 stages: Pre-fertilization, Fertilization, and Post-fertilization.
• During puberty, eggs withinside the ovaries begin to mature. One of the ovaries releases the matured ovum in each 28 to 30 days and is referred to as ovulation.
• A gamete is a haploid molecular that mixes with any other haploid gamete all through fertilization, forming an unmarried diploid molecular known as a zygote. Besides generating gametes, the gonads additionally produce intercourse hormones.

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