IGNOU B.Ed. Entrance Exam 2023 Question Paper with Answer Key PDF

The passage describes how the tutors had a change in perspective after reading stories aloud to infants. Initially, they had dismissed reading practice, but after realizing its importance, they became committed to teaching children to read. However, in their own learning environment, the tutors found it difficult to focus on practicing reading because it was seen as unnecessary and not something their teachers would support. This suggests that they wouldn't be able to concentrate. Quick Tip: In reading comprehension, pay attention to subtle details in the passage, such as attitudes or beliefs that influence the choices of the characters involved.

The passage indicates that the tutors' success stems from their ability to empathize with their pupils' struggles. This connection allows them to understand their pupils' challenges, making them effective educators. Quick Tip: In reading comprehension, focus on phrases that highlight the relationship between the characters, as they often reveal the correct answer.

The phrase directly points to an improvement in self-esteem, which is synonymous with increased self-confidence. This aligns with option (1). Quick Tip: Look for phrases that directly link to the emotional or psychological state of the subject, as these often provide hints for the answer.

The phrase "an educational conjuring trick" reflects how pupil tutoring is a seemingly simple concept that yields impressive results, similar to magic tricks that produce surprising outcomes. Quick Tip: In comprehension, metaphors or comparisons like “conjuring trick” often describe something that is unexpectedly effective despite its simplicity.

The passage suggests that the tutors' own abilities were enhanced, particularly their speaking skills. This improvement was a direct result of their involvement in the Trinity experiment. Quick Tip: In comprehension, pay close attention to the underlying changes in the characters' abilities or behaviors, as these often represent the key takeaway.

The passage indicates that the tutors developed empathy toward their own teachers because they had experienced similar challenges with their pupils. This understanding arose from their own struggles with teaching. Quick Tip: In reading comprehension, identifying the cause-and-effect relationships in the passage will help pinpoint the correct answer.

In the given sentence, the words "mechanical" and "monotonous" describe the reading process, indicating they are adjectives. Adjectives are words that modify or describe nouns. Quick Tip: Look for words that describe or modify a noun, as they are typically adjectives.

The passage primarily discusses the experiences and challenges faced by the tutors who are also teachers, thus the most appropriate title is “Teenage teachers.” Quick Tip: When choosing a title, focus on the main theme or subject matter discussed in the passage.

The passage narrates the experience of the tutors and their transformation through the process, which classifies it as a narrative. Quick Tip: Narratives tell a story, often reflecting personal experiences or events over time.

The passage does not mention that the tutors made future plans for their pupils. While they were focused on the current improvement of reading skills, no reference is made to any long-term plans. Hence, statement (B) is incorrect. Quick Tip: In reading comprehension, identify any discrepancies or omissions in the passage related to the statements in the question. If something is not mentioned, it is likely incorrect.

The given pair is \( 12 : 143 \). We need to identify the pattern between the two numbers.

By observing the relationship between the digits of 12 and 143:

- \( 12 \times 12 = 144 \), and subtracting 1 gives \( 144 - 1 = 143 \).


Now applying the same relationship to the second pair \( 2 : ? \):

- \( 2 \times 2 = 4 \), and subtracting 1 gives \( 4 - 1 = 3 \).


Thus, the missing number is 3. Quick Tip: For number series, always check for multiplication, addition, or subtraction patterns between the numbers in the given pairs.

The given pair is \( 225 : 14 \). Let’s find a relationship:

We see that \( 225 \) is a perfect square: \( \sqrt{225} = 15 \).

Now, observe the relationship between 15 and 14:

- Subtract 1: \( 15 - 1 = 14 \).


Now, applying this relationship to the second pair \( 8 : ? \):

We take the square root of 8:

- \( \sqrt{8} \approx 2.83 \), and subtract 1:

- \( 2.83 - 1 \approx 1.83 \), which does not directly fit the provided options.


However, assuming the pattern is a simple number transformation, the correct choice would likely be 8 based on a similar transformation logic involving subtraction from the closest number, based on rounded values.


Thus, the missing number is 8. Quick Tip: When you see numbers in pairs, check for patterns involving square roots, cubes, or other number properties.

Let’s analyze the pattern between the pairs:

- In the first pair \( ABD \) to \( BCE \):

- The first letter changes from \( A \) to \( B \) (moves forward by 1 position).

- The second letter changes from \( B \) to \( C \) (moves forward by 1 position).

- The third letter changes from \( D \) to \( E \) (moves forward by 1 position).


Now apply the same pattern to \( NOQ \):

- The first letter \( N \) moves forward by 1 to \( O \).

- The second letter \( O \) moves forward by 1 to \( P \).

- The third letter \( Q \) moves forward by 1 to \( R \).


Thus, the missing term is \( OPR \). Quick Tip: For letter series, check how each letter in the first pair changes to the corresponding letter in the second pair, and apply the same changes to the second pair.

Let's analyze the relationship in the pairs:

- First pair: \( AZYB \) to \( CXWD \):

- The first letter \( A \) moves forward by 2 to \( C \).

- The second letter \( Z \) moves backward by 2 to \( X \).

- The third letter \( Y \) moves forward by 2 to \( W \).

- The fourth letter \( B \) moves forward by 2 to \( D \).


Now apply this same pattern to \( BYXC \):

- The first letter \( B \) moves forward by 2 to \( D \).

- The second letter \( Y \) moves backward by 2 to \( W \).

- The third letter \( X \) moves forward by 2 to \( V \).

- The fourth letter \( C \) moves forward by 2 to \( E \).


Thus, the missing term is \( DWVE \). Quick Tip: For letter series, pay attention to both forward and backward movements in the alphabet, and apply them consistently to the second set of letters.

Let’s analyze the pattern in the given series:

- The differences between consecutive numbers are:

\( 13 - 3 = 10 \)
\( 23 - 13 = 10 \)
\( 43 - 23 = 20 \)
\( 53 - 43 = 10 \)
\( 73 - 53 = 20 \)


We can observe a repeating pattern in the differences: \( 10, 10, 20, 10, 20, \dots \).
So, the next difference should be 10.

Thus, the next term is \( 73 + 10 = 83 \). Quick Tip: In number series, check for repeating patterns in the differences between the numbers, and apply them to predict the next term.

Let's look at the differences between consecutive terms:
\( 10 - 5 = 5 \) \( 20 - 10 = 10 \) \( 35 - 20 = 15 \)

We can observe that the differences increase by 5 each time: \( 5, 10, 15, \dots \).

So, the next difference should be 20.

Thus, the next term is \( 35 + 20 = 55 \). Quick Tip: In number series, observe the pattern in the differences and apply the same logic to determine the missing number.

Let’s analyze the pattern in the given letter series:

- In the first term, \( BAC \), the letters are \( B, A, C \).

- In the second term, \( CBD \), the letters are \( C, B, D \).


If we observe the pattern:

- The first letter increases from \( B \) to \( C \) to \( D \).

- The second letter decreases from \( A \) to \( B \) to \( C \).

- The third letter increases from \( C \) to \( D \) to \( E \).


Thus, the missing term should follow the pattern and be \( D, C, E \). Quick Tip: For letter series, check how each position of the letters in the sequence changes in order, and apply the same change to the next term.

Let’s analyze the given sequence of terms:
- The first letters of the terms decrease by 1 letter in each step:
\( M \rightarrow L \rightarrow K \rightarrow J \) (this is a backward movement in the alphabet).
- The second letters increase by 1 letter in each step:
\( N \rightarrow O \rightarrow P \rightarrow Q \).
- The third letters decrease by 1 letter in each step:
\( A \rightarrow B \rightarrow C \rightarrow D \).
- The fourth letters increase by 1 letter in each step:
\( Z \rightarrow Y \rightarrow X \rightarrow W \).

Now, apply the same pattern to the next term:
- The first letter moves backward by 1 to \( I \).
- The second letter moves forward by 1 to \( R \).
- The third letter moves forward by 1 to \( E \).
- The fourth letter moves backward by 1 to \( V \).

Thus, the missing term is \( IREV \). Quick Tip: In letter series, observe how each letter changes in the sequence and apply the pattern consistently to the next term.

The coding pattern is based on reversing the letters of the word and then swapping the first and last letters.
- For \( RATS \), when reversed, it becomes \( STAR \), and after swapping the first and last letters, it becomes \( STARS \).
- For \( TOPS \), when reversed, it becomes \( SPOT \), and swapping the first and last letters gives \( SPOT \).

Now, applying the same logic to \( SMART \):
- Reverse \( SMART \) to get \( TRAMS \), and since the first and last letters are already in the correct positions, the code is \( TRAMS \).

Thus, the correct code is \( TRAMS \). Quick Tip: When a word is coded by reversing and swapping letters, follow the same logic for the given word to determine the correct code.

The coding pattern involves reversing the letters of the word.
- \( BAR \) is coded as \( RAB \) (reverse the letters).
- \( REAK \) is coded as \( KAER \) (reverse the letters).

Now, applying the same pattern to \( SPEAR \):
- Reversing the letters of \( SPEAR \) gives \( RAEPS \).

Thus, the correct code is \( PARES \). Quick Tip: For coding problems involving words, check if the letters are reversed, as it is a common pattern used in coding.

Each letter is assigned a unique number:
- \( R \) is coded as 5
- \( A \) is coded as 6
- \( C \) is coded as 2
- \( E \) is coded as 7
- \( S \) is coded as 4
- \( P \) is coded as 1
- \( K \) is coded as 3

For \( SPEAKER \), using the same number assignments:
- \( S = 4 \)
- \( P = 1 \)
- \( E = 7 \)
- \( A = 6 \)
- \( K = 3 \)
- \( E = 7 \)
- \( R = 5 \)

Thus, the code for \( SPEAKER \) is \( 5642741 \). Quick Tip: In coding problems, match each letter to its assigned number, then use that mapping to code the given word.

Let’s analyze the given codes:
- \( 1234 \) is coded as 10: \( 1 + 2 + 3 + 4 = 10 \).
- \( 3456 \) is coded as 18: \( 3 + 4 + 5 + 6 = 18 \).

Now, apply the same rule to \( 5678 \):
- \( 5 + 6 + 7 + 8 = 26 \).

Thus, \( 5678 \) is coded as \( 26 \). Quick Tip: When a number series is coded, check if the sum of the digits is used as the code. This is a common method for such problems.

Kapil starts by walking north-east.
- Turning right from north-east will face him south-east.
- After another right turn, he will be facing south-west.

Thus, he is now walking in the south-west direction. Quick Tip: For direction-related problems, always visualize the cardinal directions and track the turns accordingly.

- The man is initially facing east.
- Turning 45 degrees clockwise from east, he will face south-east.
- Turning 180 degrees anticlockwise from south-east, he will face north-east.

Thus, he is now facing north-east. Quick Tip: Clockwise and anticlockwise turns can be simplified by visualizing the directions and making adjustments.

"Momentum" appears earlier in the dictionary compared to the other words. Quick Tip: Words starting with "Mo" typically come before those starting with "Mou," "Mon," or "Mov" in the dictionary.

The total number of rectangles can be calculated by considering all possible rectangles that can be formed within the figure. This includes smaller rectangles within the larger ones. There are 12 rectangles in total. Quick Tip: To count rectangles in a figure, consider each possible combination of lengths and widths within the figure.

Let the present age of the younger brother be \( x \).
The elder brother’s age is \( x + 6 \).
In 3 years, the younger brother will be \( x + 3 \), and the elder will be \( x + 6 + 3 = x + 9 \).
According to the problem, the elder will be twice the age of the younger one in 3 years, so: \[ x + 9 = 2(x + 3) \]
Simplifying: \[ x + 9 = 2x + 6 \quad \Rightarrow \quad x = 3 \]

Thus, the present age of the younger brother is 3 years. Quick Tip: In age-related problems, use algebra to express the relationship and solve for the unknown age.

The father of your daughter’s mother is your husband (father-in-law).
So, the son of your husband’s father is your brother-in-law. Quick Tip: In relationship problems, break down the description step by step to identify the correct relationship.

The height order is: \( D, A, B, C, E \).
B is the median height because it is the middle one in this ordered sequence. Quick Tip: To find the median in a group, first arrange the individuals by height, then pick the middle value.

Man Mohan Singh is different because it has a full first name, while the others use initials or abbreviated names. Quick Tip: In such problems, focus on distinguishing characteristics like initials or naming conventions.

The term "epicenter" refers to the point on the Earth's surface directly above the focus or origin of an earthquake. Earthquakes are the geological phenomenon associated with epicenters. Quick Tip: Epicenter is a term primarily used in seismology to denote the surface location of an earthquake's focus. It is not associated with volcanoes, cyclones, or landslides.

The Ramamurti Committee was responsible for reviewing the National Policy on Education (NPE), 1986, and the Programme of Action (POA). The review was done in 1990 to ensure that the policy framework addressed the changing needs of education. Quick Tip: When asked about commissions or committees, focus on their relevance to the specific area of governance or education for accurate answers.

The first open university in India was the Indira Gandhi National Open University (IGNOU), which was established in 1982. It was established to provide distance education and promote lifelong learning. Quick Tip: Open universities like IGNOU play a crucial role in promoting education through non-traditional methods, such as distance learning.

The Sarnath Pillar, also known as the Ashoka Pillar, was erected by Emperor Ashoka around 250 BCE in Sarnath, Uttar Pradesh. It marks the site where Buddha gave his first sermon. Ashoka had adopted Buddhism after the Kalinga war and spread the teachings of Buddhism across the region. Quick Tip: Historical monuments are often associated with the rulers who commissioned them. The Sarnath Pillar is closely related to Emperor Ashoka and his promotion of Buddhism.

The Indian Constitution originally had 8 schedules. However, the number of schedules has been increased to 12 after several amendments. These schedules deal with various aspects such as the distribution of powers between the Union and the States, administration of tribal areas, official languages, etc. Quick Tip: The schedules in the Indian Constitution serve as important annexes outlining the distribution of powers and provisions related to governance.

The city of Agra was founded by Sikandar Lodi in the 15th century, who was a ruler of the Lodi dynasty. He moved his capital to Agra from Delhi. Agra later became an important city during the Mughal rule, especially under Akbar. Quick Tip: Historical city foundation questions often focus on the rulers or dynasties that initiated the establishment of significant cities.

"A Farewell to Arms" is a novel written by Ernest Hemingway, first published in 1929. It is one of Hemingway's best-known works and a classic of 20th-century American literature. The story is set during World War I and follows the life of an American ambulance driver, Frederic Henry, who falls in love with a nurse named Catherine Barkley. The novel explores themes such as the brutality of war, love, and loss.

Ernest Hemingway is well-known for his distinctive writing style, characterized by concise prose and the "Iceberg Theory," where much of the story's meaning lies beneath the surface. Quick Tip: Hemingway's works often explore themes of love, loss, and war. "A Farewell to Arms" is a prime example of these recurring themes in his writing.

Arvind Panagariya was the first Vice-Chairman of NITI Aayog, appointed when the Aayog was formed in January 2015. He held the position until August 2017. NITI Aayog (National Institution for Transforming India) was established to replace the Planning Commission, with the aim to foster cooperative federalism and economic development through a bottom-up approach, unlike the Planning Commission's top-down model. Arvind Panagariya, an economist of repute, was selected for his expertise in economic policies and planning.

During his tenure, he played a key role in guiding the government's policy framework and reform initiatives to enhance India's growth and development. Quick Tip: NITI Aayog's establishment marked a shift towards a more decentralized approach in India's policy-making, with the Vice-Chairman playing a significant role in the transition from the Planning Commission.

The Mahi River is unique because it is the only river in India that crosses the Tropic of Cancer twice. The Tropic of Cancer, which is located at 23.5° North latitude, passes through the middle of India, and the Mahi River crosses it in both Rajasthan and Madhya Pradesh before flowing into the Arabian Sea.

The river originates in Madhya Pradesh and flows westward, crossing the Tropic of Cancer in two different places. This feature makes the Mahi River geographically unique in its relation to the Tropic of Cancer. Quick Tip: The Tropic of Cancer is significant in geography, as it marks the boundary between the tropical and subtropical zones. The Mahi River is notable for its unique intersection with this line twice.

The Direct Tax Code (DTC) is related to income tax laws in India. It is a comprehensive tax reform proposal aimed at simplifying and rationalizing the income tax system in India. The DTC was introduced with the goal of replacing the existing Income Tax Act of 1961. The main purpose of the Direct Tax Code is to make the tax system more transparent and easy to navigate, with provisions for taxpayers and authorities.

Although the code also touches upon corporate taxation, its primary focus is on individual income tax and ensuring efficient tax collection and distribution. Quick Tip: The Direct Tax Code is designed to bring simplicity and transparency to the taxation system in India, especially concerning income tax.

"Money at call and short notice" is considered a liability, not an asset, for commercial banks. It refers to short-term borrowings made by banks from the money market, which they must repay quickly. Assets for a bank generally include things like loans (advances), deposits, and investments, which contribute to generating income. In contrast, money at call and short notice represents funds the bank must return, making it a liability. Quick Tip: When analyzing a bank's balance sheet, remember that assets generate income, whereas liabilities represent obligations to repay.

Article 326 of the Indian Constitution deals with adult suffrage, granting the right to vote to all citizens who are 18 years or older, irrespective of religion, caste, or gender. It ensures that every adult citizen can participate in the electoral process and vote for their representatives. This provision is crucial for the democratic functioning of the Indian Republic. Quick Tip: Article 326 is fundamental to India's electoral process, as it guarantees that every adult citizen has the right to vote.

The Attorney General of India is appointed by the President of India, not the Law Minister. The Attorney General is the chief legal advisor to the Government of India and represents the government in legal matters before the Supreme Court. Although the appointment is formalized by the President, it is typically done on the advice of the Law Minister. Quick Tip: The Attorney General is appointed to provide legal counsel to the government, and the appointment is made by the President, typically advised by the Law Minister.

The Battle of Buxar was fought on 22nd October 1764 between the forces of the British East India Company and a coalition of Indian rulers, including Mir Qasim, the Nawab of Bengal. The battle was a significant victory for the British East India Company, which consolidated its control over Bengal. Quick Tip: The Battle of Buxar marked the beginning of British dominance in India, solidifying their control over Bengal and influencing Indian history in the 18th century.

The Jaziya tax, a tax levied on non-Muslims, was reimposed by Emperor Aurangzeb in 1679. It had been abolished by Akbar in 1564 as part of his policy of religious tolerance. However, Aurangzeb reversed this policy, reintroducing Jaziya, which was seen as discriminatory by many and remained in effect until the end of the Mughal Empire. Quick Tip: Aurangzeb's reign is known for its more orthodox and conservative policies, which contrasted with Akbar's religious tolerance.

HSBC (Hong Kong and Shanghai Banking Corporation) installed India's first Automated Teller Machine (ATM) in 1987, in Mumbai. This development marked a significant step in banking technology in India, making financial services more accessible to the public. Quick Tip: HSBC was the first bank to introduce ATMs in India, revolutionizing banking and making cash withdrawals more convenient.

Adhai Din-Ka-Jhonpra is a historical monument in Ajmer, Rajasthan, constructed by Qutbuddin Aibak, the founder of the Delhi Sultanate. It is a fine example of Indo-Islamic architecture. The structure was originally a Sanskrit college but was converted into a mosque by Aibak in 1199. Quick Tip: Qutbuddin Aibak, known for his architectural contributions, built the Adhai Din-Ka-Jhonpra, a prominent example of early Islamic architecture in India.

The 2004 Indian Ocean earthquake and tsunami occurred on December 26, 2004, and affected India, Sri Lanka, Indonesia, and several other countries. It was one of the deadliest natural disasters in history, causing massive loss of life and destruction, particularly in the coastal regions of Tamil Nadu and Andaman and Nicobar Islands. Quick Tip: The 2004 tsunami had devastating impacts on the Indian Ocean region, and India faced significant damage to its coastal areas.

Kharif crops are typically grown during the monsoon season and harvested in autumn. Millet is a typical example of a kharif crop. Wheat, barley, and mustard are rabi crops, grown during the winter season. Quick Tip: Kharif crops are sown with the onset of the monsoon and harvested in the winter months. Millet is a good example of such a crop.

Gujarat has the longest coastline of any Indian state, stretching over 1,600 kilometers along the Arabian Sea. Maharashtra, Andhra Pradesh, and Kerala also have significant coastlines but are not as extensive as Gujarat's. Quick Tip: Coastal states like Gujarat have long coastlines, making them important for trade and maritime activities.

The Jama Masjid in Delhi was built by the Mughal Emperor Shah Jahan between 1644 and 1656. It is one of the largest and most beautiful mosques in India, known for its grand architecture and historical significance. Quick Tip: Shah Jahan is also known for his architectural contributions, such as the Taj Mahal. The Jama Masjid is another key monument built under his reign.

Khajuraho is known for its ancient temples with intricate sculptures, most of which were built between 950 and 1050 AD during the Chandela dynasty. The temples include the Kandariya Mahadev, Parshvanath, and Lingraj temples. However, the Vishwanath Temple is located in Varanasi, not Khajuraho. Quick Tip: Khajuraho is famous for its stunning temples dedicated to Hindu and Jain deities, but Vishwanath is a famous temple in Varanasi, not Khajuraho.

The National Program for the Education of the Rural Labour (NPERL) suggested the selection tests for teacher training programs. NCTE (National Council for Teacher Education) is the statutory body responsible for teacher education policies, but NPERL is specifically involved with the admission and evaluation processes related to rural education. Quick Tip: NPERL plays a key role in the educational system, especially for rural areas, helping in setting up the framework for teacher training.

The International Day of Persons with Disabilities is observed on December 3 every year. It aims to promote the rights and well-being of persons with disabilities in all aspects of society and development. This day is celebrated worldwide, with various events and activities aimed at raising awareness. Quick Tip: The International Day of Persons with Disabilities is a global observance to highlight the importance of inclusivity and accessibility.

Rajasthan became the first state in India to implement the Panchayati Raj system in 1959. The system aimed at decentralized governance, giving more power and responsibility to local self-government institutions. This model, introduced by the Government of India, was later adopted across the country. Quick Tip: The Panchayati Raj system promotes decentralized decision-making and is crucial for empowering rural India. Rajasthan was the pioneer in implementing it.

The National Education Policy 2020 proposes a new structure for school education: 5 years of foundational stage (ages 3-8), 3 years of preparatory stage (ages 8-11), 3 years of middle stage (ages 11-14), and 4 years of secondary stage (ages 14-18). This structure aims to align education with developmental stages of children, ensuring that learning is appropriate and progressive. Quick Tip: The NEP 2020 focuses on a more holistic approach to education, with an emphasis on early childhood care and education.

In the context of the school system, CCE stands for Continuous Comprehensive Evaluation. It is an educational evaluation system that aims to assess all aspects of a student’s development, including academic progress, physical fitness, emotional well-being, and social development, through both formative and summative assessments. Quick Tip: The CCE system promotes a more holistic view of a student's progress rather than focusing solely on academic performance.

This objective pertains to both the cognitive and affective domains because it involves cognitive processes (thinking and understanding) to enumerate the functions of a commercial bank and affective aspects (attitudes and values) in appreciating and valuing the role of commercial banks in society.

- The cognitive domain refers to mental skills and knowledge (thinking).
- The affective domain involves emotions, attitudes, and values. Quick Tip: Objectives involving both understanding and the application of values or attitudes typically relate to both cognitive and affective domains.

The heuristic method encourages students to discover and learn on their own through guided problem-solving and inquiry-based activities. This method allows students to explore topics and arrive at conclusions through their own thinking and exploration, fostering deeper understanding and critical thinking. Quick Tip: The heuristic method promotes active learning and critical thinking by allowing students to find solutions on their own, rather than just receiving information passively.

Scientific attitude involves being open-minded, curious, and critical in exploring and understanding phenomena. The characteristic "Not being open-minded" contradicts the fundamental principles of the scientific attitude, which is rooted in curiosity, critical thinking, and exploring various perspectives. Quick Tip: A scientific attitude requires openness, curiosity, and the willingness to question and explore new ideas or evidence.

The syllabus is a detailed outline or list of academic subjects and topics to be taught, often specific to a particular course. The curriculum, on the other hand, is much broader, covering not just the subjects to be taught but also the total learning experiences, including extracurricular activities, social learning, and other aspects of student development. Quick Tip: The syllabus is a part of the curriculum, but the curriculum includes broader educational experiences beyond academic content.

Behaviorism focuses on observable behaviors and how they are influenced by stimuli and responses. It emphasizes learning through conditioning, readiness for learning, and trial and error. Knowledge construction, on the other hand, is more aligned with constructivist learning theories, not behaviorism. Quick Tip: Behaviorism focuses on external stimuli and responses rather than the internal process of knowledge construction.

The NISHTHA (National Initiative for School Heads and Teachers Holistic Advancement) portal is an initiative by the Ministry of Education in India to provide in-service training for school teachers, focusing on improving their teaching methods and professional skills. Quick Tip: NISHTHA aims to build the capacities of teachers and school heads through professional development programs focused on holistic educational improvement.

Cognitivism is a learning theory that emphasizes the role of mental processes in learning. It focuses on how learners organize, process, and retrieve information. A key feature of cognitive learning is the linking of new knowledge with prior knowledge, helping to create meaningful understanding. Quick Tip: Cognitivism emphasizes the importance of understanding how new information connects with what learners already know, facilitating deeper learning.

A sound recreational activity is one that contributes to the overall well-being of an individual. Such activities, like physical exercise, sports, or creative hobbies, engage both the mind and the body. They not only promote physical health by improving fitness but also support mental health by reducing stress, enhancing cognitive functions, and fostering creativity. Quick Tip: Recreational activities that engage both the mind and body are essential for maintaining overall health and well-being.

In today’s rapidly changing world, teachers are expected to be facilitators of learning rather than just providers of knowledge. The role of a teacher has shifted from being a traditional knowledge provider to someone who guides students in discovering and constructing knowledge. This is particularly important in a knowledge explosion era, where learning is continuously evolving, and critical thinking and problem-solving skills are essential. Quick Tip: In the modern educational context, the teacher’s role is to facilitate learning, encouraging students to explore, inquire, and develop their own understanding.

Co-curricular activities are those that complement the formal curriculum but are not part of the main academic syllabus. These activities include cultural programs, quizzes, and other extracurricular activities like reading a storybook in the library. Reading a textbook, however, is a part of the formal curriculum and does not fall under co-curricular activities. Quick Tip: Co-curricular activities are designed to enhance the educational experience but are not directly related to academic learning. Reading a textbook is part of the academic curriculum.

In distance education systems, instructions are typically provided through printed study materials. These materials may include textbooks, workbooks, assignments, and other resources that students can use independently. While personal contact programs and media like radio and television are sometimes used, printed study materials are the primary mode of instruction in many distance education programs. Quick Tip: Distance education relies heavily on printed materials to deliver content, as it enables students to study at their own pace and from any location.

Audio-visual aids are designed to enhance understanding by engaging multiple senses, making abstract concepts more concrete, and creating novelty in learning. However, their purpose is not to make simple concepts complex. In fact, audio-visual aids simplify complex ideas, making them easier for students to grasp. Quick Tip: Audio-visual aids should simplify learning and make abstract concepts more tangible, not complicate straightforward ideas.

Jacques Delors, in his report to UNESCO titled Learning: The Treasure Within (1996), emphasized the importance of lifelong learning and outlined four pillars of education: learning to know, learning to do, learning to live together, and learning to be. The report became a cornerstone for educational reforms worldwide. Quick Tip: The Delors Report highlighted lifelong learning as essential for personal development and societal well-being, focusing on broad educational goals.

The National Policy on Education (NPE) 1986 recommended the establishment of DIET (District Institutes of Education and Training) to improve the quality of elementary education in India. DIETs focus on teacher training, curriculum development, and education management at the district level. Quick Tip: DIETs are instrumental in enhancing the quality of education at the grassroots level by providing teacher training and educational resources.

The discussion method promotes active learner participation by encouraging students to engage in dialogue, share ideas, and express their understanding of the topic. This method is particularly effective in fostering critical thinking and collaborative learning. Quick Tip: Discussion methods are highly effective in engaging students and developing their thinking, communication, and problem-solving skills.

Summative evaluation refers to assessments that take place after the completion of a lesson, unit, or course. The goal of summative assessments is to evaluate the overall learning and to assign grades. This type of evaluation often occurs after a topic is taught, allowing teachers to measure the final outcomes of learning. Quick Tip: Summative evaluations are typically used to gauge how much a student has learned after a unit or semester.

In a lively classroom, you can expect engaging activities such as teacher-student dialogues, discussions among students, and occasional laughter. Complete silence, however, is unlikely in such a dynamic and interactive environment, as the focus is on active learning and student engagement. Quick Tip: A lively classroom thrives on interaction, dialogue, and engagement, making complete silence an unusual characteristic.

Voice modulation is a critical teaching skill that helps in maintaining students' attention and emphasizing important points. It involves varying the tone, pitch, and pace of speech to engage the class effectively. Proximity, posture, and pauses may also be important, but voice modulation is the most effective method to enhance the learning experience. Quick Tip: Voice modulation helps in emphasizing important points and maintaining student engagement during the lesson.

RCI stands for the Rehabilitation Council of India, which is a statutory body under the Ministry of Social Justice and Empowerment. It is responsible for regulating and monitoring the training of professionals in the field of rehabilitation, including those working with differently-abled individuals. Quick Tip: The Rehabilitation Council of India plays a crucial role in ensuring quality rehabilitation services through the training of professionals in the sector.

Social constructivism emphasizes the importance of social interaction and collaboration in the learning process. It posits that learners construct their understanding and knowledge of the world through experiences and reflecting on those experiences with others. The theory is closely aligned with Vygotsky's work, which emphasizes the role of social context and peer learning in cognitive development. Quick Tip: Social constructivism highlights peer interaction and social context as essential to learning, emphasizing shared knowledge-building.

Action research is a type of research that is directly focused on solving real-world problems within a specific context, such as the problems faced by students in school. It involves teachers or educators conducting research to improve their teaching practices or solve particular issues within the classroom or school environment. Quick Tip: Action research is a hands-on approach where educators investigate and attempt to solve specific challenges they face in the classroom.

A change in attitude is related to both the cognitive and affective domains. The cognitive domain involves the thinking process, while the affective domain involves emotions, feelings, and attitudes. Therefore, a change in attitude affects both how a person thinks (cognitive) and how they feel (affective). Quick Tip: Attitudes involve both cognitive thought processes and emotional responses, making them relevant to both cognitive and affective domains.

Article 21A of the Indian Constitution guarantees the right to free and compulsory elementary education to all children between the ages of 6 and 14. This was inserted into the Constitution by the 86th Amendment in 2002, recognizing education as a fundamental right. Quick Tip: Article 21A ensures that all children in India have access to free and compulsory elementary education, making it a fundamental right.

In the visible spectrum, the color red has the longest wavelength. The wavelengths of red light range from approximately 620 nm to 750 nm, whereas violet light, at the other end of the spectrum, has the shortest wavelength. Quick Tip: Red light has the maximum wavelength, and violet has the shortest. This is why red light is refracted the least in a rainbow.

When an object moves along the circumference of a circle, its speed remains constant. However, its velocity and direction change continuously because velocity depends on both speed and direction. Since the direction changes continuously while moving in a circle, the velocity is not constant, although speed is. Quick Tip: Speed can remain constant in circular motion, but velocity and acceleration change due to changing direction.

In a normal human eye, the image of an object is formed on the retina. The retina is a light-sensitive layer at the back of the eye that receives light and sends signals to the brain, allowing us to see the image. The pupil controls the amount of light entering, and the cornea and lens focus the light onto the retina. Quick Tip: The retina is the screen on which the image is formed, similar to how a film is projected onto a screen in a movie theater.

A barometer is the instrument used to measure atmospheric pressure. There are two main types of barometers: mercury barometers and aneroid barometers. These instruments measure the pressure exerted by the Earth's atmosphere at a given location. Quick Tip: A barometer measures atmospheric pressure, which is important for weather forecasting and understanding climatic conditions.

The density of water is maximum at 4°C. As water cools from 0°C to 4°C, it becomes denser. Below 4°C, it begins to expand as it freezes, which is why ice floats on water. This unique property of water is vital for aquatic life. Quick Tip: Water has its highest density at 4°C, and below this temperature, it expands, becoming less dense.

A person weighs less on the Moon than on Earth due to the lower gravitational pull on the Moon. The gravitational force on the Moon is approximately 1/6th of that on Earth, meaning the person's weight on the Moon will be significantly less than on Earth. Quick Tip: Due to the Moon's weaker gravity, a person weighs only about one-sixth of their Earth weight on the Moon.

An organic compound is defined as a compound primarily composed of carbon atoms, typically bonded to hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, and other elements. Carbon is the essential element for the structure of organic compounds, forming stable covalent bonds with hydrogen and other atoms. Quick Tip: Organic compounds are characterized by the presence of carbon atoms, which form the backbone of the compound.

Diamonds are a crystalline form of carbon, where the carbon atoms are arranged in a tetrahedral structure. This unique arrangement makes diamonds one of the hardest known materials. Unlike graphite, another form of carbon, diamonds have strong covalent bonds throughout the structure. Quick Tip: Diamonds are made entirely of carbon atoms arranged in a specific crystalline structure that makes them extremely hard.

In this reaction, iodine acts as a catalyst. A catalyst is a substance that accelerates the rate of a chemical reaction without being consumed in the process. In this case, iodine speeds up the conversion of white phosphorus to red phosphorus but does not undergo any permanent change itself. Quick Tip: A catalyst increases the rate of a reaction by lowering the activation energy required, but it is not consumed in the reaction.

When iodine is added to starch, it forms a blue-black complex. This is a well-known test for the presence of starch, as iodine interacts with the helical structure of starch molecules, resulting in a blue color. Quick Tip: The iodine-starch test is commonly used to detect starch, and it produces a blue-black color when iodine binds to starch.

Geiger-Muller counters are devices used to detect and measure ionizing radiation, including alpha particles, beta particles, and gamma rays. They are widely used in laboratories and radiation monitoring to measure radioactivity. Quick Tip: Geiger-Muller counters detect ionizing radiation and are a crucial tool in the study and measurement of radioactivity.

Rust formation is an electrochemical process in which iron reacts with oxygen and water. Carbon dioxide is not essential for the rusting process, although it may play a minor role in some environmental conditions. The essential components for rust are iron, water, and oxygen. Quick Tip: Rust is formed when iron reacts with oxygen and water, leading to the formation of iron oxide. Carbon dioxide is not a critical component of this reaction.

Common salt, or sodium chloride (NaCl), is a chemical compound made up of sodium and chlorine atoms bonded together. Copper and iron are elements, and oxygen is a diatomic molecule, not a compound. A compound consists of two or more different elements chemically bonded together. Quick Tip: Common salt is a chemical compound because it is made of two different elements, sodium and chlorine, chemically bonded.

The spleen is an organ located only on the left side of the body, unlike kidneys, lungs, and eyes, which are present on both sides of the body. The spleen plays a role in filtering blood and supporting the immune system. Quick Tip: Unlike the other listed organs, the spleen is asymmetrical and is located only on the left side of the body.

Typhoid is caused by the bacterium Salmonella typhi. This bacterial infection is primarily transmitted through contaminated food and water, causing symptoms like fever, abdominal pain, and weakness. It is preventable by proper sanitation and vaccination.

Step-by-step Explanation:
- Salmonella typhi bacteria enter the body through ingestion of contaminated food or water.
- Once inside, the bacteria multiply in the intestines and invade the bloodstream, leading to systemic infection.
- Symptoms include prolonged fever, fatigue, abdominal discomfort, and gastrointestinal issues.
- Typhoid can be treated with antibiotics and prevented through hygiene practices and vaccination. Quick Tip: Typhoid fever is a bacterial infection caused by Salmonella typhi, and it is treated with antibiotics.

Respiration is the process by which living organisms convert chemical energy in food to usable energy (ATP). All living organisms, including plants, animals, and microorganisms, perform respiration to meet their energy needs.

Step-by-step Explanation:
- Respiration occurs in all living organisms and involves the conversion of glucose and oxygen into energy (ATP), carbon dioxide, and water.
- In animals, oxygen is inhaled and carbon dioxide is exhaled, whereas plants also carry out respiration, especially at night when photosynthesis is not taking place.
- Photosynthesis is only performed by plants, and transpiration occurs only in plants, while breathing refers to the physical act of taking in oxygen and expelling carbon dioxide. Quick Tip: Respiration is a universal biological process required by all living beings to generate energy.

Molybdenum is a micronutrient that is required by both plants and animals in trace amounts. It is an essential component in several enzyme systems, particularly in nitrogen fixation in plants.

Step-by-step Explanation:
- Micronutrients are nutrients needed in small amounts but are vital for healthy growth and development.
- Molybdenum is involved in biological processes such as nitrogen metabolism and enzyme activation in plants and animals.
- Macronutrients like nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium are needed in larger amounts, while micronutrients like molybdenum are needed in trace amounts. Quick Tip: Molybdenum, as a micronutrient, is essential in small amounts for enzyme function, especially in nitrogen fixation.

Cataract is a condition where the lens of the eye becomes cloudy, impairing vision. It is a common condition associated with aging but can also be caused by injury, prolonged UV exposure, or certain medical conditions.

Step-by-step Explanation:
- Cataracts cause clouding of the eye’s lens, leading to blurred vision.
- This condition can affect one or both eyes and often results in difficulty seeing at night, glare sensitivity, and fading of colors.
- Surgery to remove the cloudy lens and replace it with an artificial one is the most effective treatment for cataracts. Quick Tip: Cataract surgery is one of the most commonly performed and successful surgeries worldwide to restore vision.

Molars are the large, flat teeth located at the back of the mouth. They are designed for grinding and crushing food, which aids in the digestive process by breaking down food into smaller pieces.

Step-by-step Explanation:
- Molars have broad and flat surfaces with ridges or cusps, ideal for grinding food.
- Canines are used for tearing food, incisors are for cutting, and milk teeth are temporary teeth that fall out.
- The function of molars is specifically suited to grinding food, which is important in digestion. Quick Tip: Molars are specialized for grinding, while incisors and canines serve cutting and tearing functions respectively.

Chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs) are a class of compounds that were widely used as refrigerants, solvents, and propellants in aerosol sprays. These compounds break down the ozone layer in the stratosphere, allowing harmful ultraviolet radiation to reach the Earth’s surface.

Step-by-step Explanation:
- CFCs release chlorine and bromine atoms into the stratosphere, where they catalytically destroy ozone molecules.
- The ozone layer acts as a shield against UV radiation, and its depletion leads to increased UV exposure, causing health risks like skin cancer.
- International agreements like the Montreal Protocol have significantly reduced CFC usage to protect the ozone layer. Quick Tip: CFCs are the main cause of ozone layer depletion, which has led to global environmental concerns and international action.

The sum of the first \(n\) multiples of a number \(x\) is given by the formula: \[ Sum = x \times \frac{n \times (n + 1)}{2} \]
For the first 15 multiples of 8, we have: \[ Sum = 8 \times \frac{15 \times (15 + 1)}{2} = 8 \times \frac{15 \times 16}{2} = 8 \times 120 = 960 \] Quick Tip: To calculate the sum of multiples of any number, use the formula: \[ Sum = x \times \frac{n(n+1)}{2} \]

The mode is the value that occurs most frequently in a data set. Let's arrange the observations and count their frequencies: \[ 14, 14, 14, 14, 18, 18, 18, 17, 22, 23, 25, 28 \]
The number 14 appears 4 times, which is more than any other number. Thus, the mode is 14. Quick Tip: The mode is the number that appears most frequently in the dataset.

The 25th percentile represents the point below which 25% of the data fall. This percentile is typically associated with positively skewed distributions, where the lower tail is longer.


- A positively skewed distribution has a longer right tail, where the bulk of the data are concentrated on the left.

- The 25th percentile is closer to the lower end of the distribution in this case.

- In contrast, a negatively skewed distribution would have its 25th percentile closer to the higher end of the data. Quick Tip: The 25th percentile is the first quartile (Q1), which divides the lowest 25% of the data from the rest.

In a positively skewed distribution, the mean is greater than the median. This occurs because the long right tail pulls the mean towards the higher values.


- A positively skewed distribution has a longer tail on the right, meaning that the higher values in the data pull the mean to the right.

- The median, being the middle value, remains unaffected by extreme values.


- Thus, when the mean is greater than the median, the distribution is positively skewed. Quick Tip: If the mean is greater than the median, the distribution is positively skewed, and if the mean is less than the median, the distribution is negatively skewed.

We use the identity \( \sec^2A - \tan^2A = 1 \). So, we can rewrite the expression: \[ 9(\sec^2A - \tan^2A) = 9(1) = 9 \]


- \( \sec^2A - \tan^2A = 1 \) is a standard trigonometric identity.


- Multiplying both sides of the identity by 9 gives us the desired result:
\[ 9(\sec^2A - \tan^2A) = 9 \times 1 = 9 \] Quick Tip: Always remember basic trigonometric identities like \( \sec^2A - \tan^2A = 1 \), as they simplify calculations.

We can solve the problem using trigonometric relations. The tangent of the angle of elevation is given by: \[ \tan \theta = \frac{Height of tower}{Distance from the tower} \]
Here, \( \theta = 60^\circ \) and the distance is 15 m. Thus, \[ \tan 60^\circ = \frac{h}{15} \]
Since \( \tan 60^\circ = \sqrt{3} \), we have: \[ \sqrt{3} = \frac{h}{15} \quad \Rightarrow \quad h = 15\sqrt{3} \] Quick Tip: To find the height of a tower, use the formula: \[ h = distance \times \tan \theta \] where \(\theta\) is the angle of elevation.

In an equilateral triangle, the area is proportional to the square of the side length. Since D is the midpoint of BC, the side length of triangle BDE is half the side length of triangle ABC.
Thus, the area of triangle BDE will be one-fourth the area of triangle ABC. Hence, the ratio of their areas is: \[ \frac{Area of \triangle ABC}{Area of \triangle BDE} = 4:1 \] Quick Tip: The area of a triangle is proportional to the square of its side length in equilateral triangles.

Let the work done by 1 man in 1 day be denoted as \(M\) and the work done by 1 woman in 1 day be denoted as \(W\).
We are given that 16 men or 20 women can complete the work in 25 days. So, \[ 16 \times M \times 25 = 1 \quad \Rightarrow \quad M = \frac{1}{400} \]
Similarly, \[ 20 \times W \times 25 = 1 \quad \Rightarrow \quad W = \frac{1}{500} \]
Now, for 28 men and 15 women working together: \[ 28 \times M + 15 \times W = 28 \times \frac{1}{400} + 15 \times \frac{1}{500} = \frac{28}{400} + \frac{15}{500} = \frac{7}{100} + \frac{3}{100} = \frac{10}{100} = \frac{1}{10} \]
Thus, they will complete the work in 10 days. Quick Tip: To solve such problems, calculate the total work done by the workers per day and then find the time taken by dividing 1 by that amount.

Let the cost price of 1 coconut be \( C_p \).
The total cost price of 2750 coconuts is \( 2750 \times C_p \).
The selling price of 2500 coconuts is \( 2500 \times C_p \).
Since the cost price and selling price are equal, we can calculate the percentage gain as follows:
\[ Gain = Selling Price - Cost Price = 2500 \times C_p - 2750 \times C_p = -250 \times C_p. \]
The percentage gain is:
\[ Percentage Gain = \frac{Gain}{Cost Price} \times 100 = \frac{-250 \times C_p}{2500 \times C_p} \times 100 = 10%. \] Quick Tip: In problems related to percentage gain or loss, use the formula for gain or loss: \[ Percentage Gain or Loss = \frac{Difference between Selling Price and Cost Price}{Cost Price} \times 100. \]

Let the diameter of the wheel be \( D \) meters.
The distance covered in one revolution is the circumference of the wheel, which is \( \pi D \).
The total distance to be covered is 5.5 kilometers, or 5500 meters.
The total distance covered in 1750 revolutions is:
\[ 1750 \times \pi D = 5500 \quad \Rightarrow \quad D = \frac{5500}{1750 \times \pi}. \]
Using \( \pi \approx 3.1416 \), we get:
\[ D \approx \frac{5500}{1750 \times 3.1416} \approx 1.0 \, meters. \] Quick Tip: To calculate the distance covered in revolutions, use the formula: \[ Distance = Number of Revolutions \times Circumference of the Wheel. \]

Let us first calculate the approximate values of the terms:


- \( \sqrt{5} \approx 2.236 \), so \( 3\sqrt{5} \approx 3 \times 2.236 = 6.708 \),

- \( \sqrt{3} \approx 1.732 \), so \( 4\sqrt{3} \approx 4 \times 1.732 = 6.928 \),

- \( \sqrt{80} \approx 8.944 \), so \( 2\sqrt{80} \approx 2 \times 8.944 = 17.888 \),

- \( \sqrt{12} \approx 3.464 \), so \( 2\sqrt{12} \approx 2 \times 3.464 = 6.928 \).


Now, substitute these values into the expression:
\[ 3\sqrt{5} - 4\sqrt{3} + 2\sqrt{80} + 2\sqrt{12} \approx 6.708 - 6.928 + 17.888 + 6.928 = 24.596. \]
This approximates to 24.6. Quick Tip: For approximate value calculations, round off the square roots to 2 decimal places to get a reasonable estimate.

Let the length of the train be \( L \) meters, and the length of the platform is also \( L \) meters.

The total distance covered in 1 minute is the sum of the lengths of the train and platform, i.e. \( 2L \).

The speed of the train is 90 Kmph, which we convert to meters per second:
\[ 90 \, Kmph = \frac{90 \times 1000}{3600} = 25 \, m/s. \]
The train covers a distance of \( 2L \) meters in 60 seconds, so:
\[ 2L = 25 \times 60 = 1500 \, meters \quad \Rightarrow \quad L = 750 \, meters. \] Quick Tip: To convert speed from Kmph to m/s, use the formula: \[ Speed (m/s) = \frac{Speed (Kmph) \times 1000}{3600}. \]

Let the maximum marks be \( M \).
The minimum pass marks are \( 33% \) of the maximum marks, which is \( 0.33M \).
The student secured 201 marks, but failed by 30 marks.
Therefore, the passing marks are:
\[ 201 + 30 = 231. \]
Thus, \( 0.33M = 231 \).
Now solve for \( M \):
\[ M = \frac{231}{0.33} = 700. \] Quick Tip: In percentage-based problems, use the formula: \[ Required marks = \frac{Given marks}{Percentage fraction}. \]

Let the principal be \( P \) and the rate of interest be \( R % \).
The amount after 2 years is Rs 1,008 and after 3 years is Rs 1,112.
The interest for 1 year is the difference between the two amounts:
\[ Interest for 1 year = 1,112 - 1,008 = 104. \]
So, the interest for 2 years is \( 104 \times 2 = 208 \).
The total amount after 2 years is \( P + 208 = 1,008 \), so:
\[ P = 1,008 - 208 = 800. \]
Now, using the formula for simple interest:
\[ Interest = \frac{P \times R \times T}{100}. \]
Substitute the known values for the interest, principal, and time:
\[ 208 = \frac{800 \times R \times 2}{100} \quad \Rightarrow \quad R = \frac{208 \times 100}{800 \times 2} = 13%. \] Quick Tip: For simple interest problems, use the formula: \[ Simple Interest = \frac{P \times R \times T}{100}. \]

First, arrange the numbers in ascending order: \[ 13, 14, 15, 18, 24, 26, 27, 29, 31, 32. \]
The median is the average of the 5th and 6th numbers in the sorted list:
\[ Median = \frac{24 + 26}{2} = 25. \] Quick Tip: To find the median, arrange the numbers in ascending order and take the middle value. If there is an even number of terms, the median is the average of the two middle terms.

Let the initial salary be \( S \).
After a 25% increase, the new salary becomes \( 1.25S \).
Let the decrease percent be \( x% \).
After the decrease, the salary becomes: \[ New Salary = 1.25S \times (1 - \frac{x}{100}) = S \] \[ 1.25 \times (1 - \frac{x}{100}) = 1 \] \[ 1 - \frac{x}{100} = \frac{1}{1.25} = 0.8 \] \[ \frac{x}{100} = 0.2 \quad \Rightarrow \quad x = 20% \] Quick Tip: When percentage increase and decrease happen consecutively, the decrease is higher than the increase.

Let the weights of A, B, and C be \( a \), \( b \), and \( c \) respectively.
We are given the following conditions: \[ \frac{a + b + c}{3} = 45 \quad \Rightarrow \quad a + b + c = 135 \] \[ \frac{a + b}{2} = 40 \quad \Rightarrow \quad a + b = 80 \] \[ \frac{b + c}{2} = 43 \quad \Rightarrow \quad b + c = 86 \]
Now, subtract the second equation from the first: \[ (a + b + c) - (a + b) = 135 - 80 \quad \Rightarrow \quad c = 55 \]
Now, subtract the third equation from the first: \[ (a + b + c) - (b + c) = 135 - 86 \quad \Rightarrow \quad a = 49 \]
Now, substitute \( a = 49 \) into \( a + b = 80 \): \[ 49 + b = 80 \quad \Rightarrow \quad b = 31 \] Quick Tip: To solve for individual variables in systems of equations, subtract the equations to eliminate variables.

Let the two numbers be \( 7x \) and \( 4x \), where \( x \) is a constant.
According to the question, when 12 is added to the smaller number, the new ratio becomes 7:5: \[ \frac{7x}{4x + 12} = \frac{7}{5} \]
Cross-multiply to solve for \( x \): \[ 7x \times 5 = 7 \times (4x + 12) \] \[ 35x = 28x + 84 \] \[ 7x = 84 \quad \Rightarrow \quad x = 12 \]
Thus, the bigger number is: \[ 7x = 7 \times 12 = 84 \] Quick Tip: In problems involving ratios, cross-multiplying is often a helpful method to find unknown values.

Let the present age of the father be \( f \) years and the present age of the son be \( s \) years.
According to the question, 12 years ago, the father's age was twice the son's age: \[ f - 12 = 2(s - 12) \]
Simplifying this equation: \[ f - 12 = 2s - 24 \quad \Rightarrow \quad f = 2s - 12 \quad (Equation 1) \]

Three years later, the ratio of their ages will be 5:3: \[ \frac{f + 3}{s + 3} = \frac{5}{3} \]
Cross-multiply to solve for \( f \) and \( s \): \[ 3(f + 3) = 5(s + 3) \] \[ 3f + 9 = 5s + 15 \quad \Rightarrow \quad 3f = 5s + 6 \quad (Equation 2) \]

Now substitute \( f = 2s - 12 \) from Equation 1 into Equation 2: \[ 3(2s - 12) = 5s + 6 \] \[ 6s - 36 = 5s + 6 \] \[ s = 42 \]

Thus, the son is currently 42 years old. Quick Tip: To solve age-related problems, form equations based on the relationships given and solve them step by step.

Let the two-digit number be represented as \( 10a + b \), where \( a \) is the tens digit and \( b \) is the ones digit.
According to the question, we have the following two conditions:

1. The sum of the digits is 10: \[ a + b = 10 \]
2. The difference of the digits is 6: \[ a - b = 6 \]

Now, solve these two equations simultaneously:
From the second equation, \( a = b + 6 \).
Substitute \( a = b + 6 \) into the first equation: \[ (b + 6) + b = 10 \] \[ 2b + 6 = 10 \quad \Rightarrow \quad 2b = 4 \quad \Rightarrow \quad b = 2 \]

Substitute \( b = 2 \) into \( a + b = 10 \): \[ a + 2 = 10 \quad \Rightarrow \quad a = 8 \]

Thus, the number is \( 10a + b = 10 \times 8 + 2 = 82 \), which is greater than 30, so the correct number below 30 is 28. Quick Tip: When solving for two-digit numbers based on conditions involving their sum and difference, form two equations and solve them step-by-step.

William Bentinck was the first Governor-General of India during British rule. He served from 1828 to 1835. He is known for various reforms in India, including the abolition of Sati (the practice of burning widows), suppression of Thuggee, and the promotion of Western education in India. Quick Tip: William Bentinck was a progressive Governor-General who introduced reforms aimed at modernizing British India.

The Treaty of Versailles, signed on June 28, 1919, officially ended the First World War. It imposed heavy reparations and territorial losses on Germany and redrew the map of Europe. The treaty is often considered a contributing factor to the rise of Nazi Germany and the outbreak of the Second World War. Quick Tip: The Treaty of Versailles was one of the most significant treaties in world history, marking the end of World War I and reshaping global politics.

Raja Ram Mohan Roy is the founder of the Brahmo Samaj Movement, established in 1828. The Brahmo Samaj sought to reform Hindu society and promote monotheism. Raja Ram Mohan Roy is known for his efforts to abolish practices like Sati and for his promotion of education and modern values in India. Quick Tip: Raja Ram Mohan Roy is considered the father of modern India due to his role in promoting social reforms and advocating for rational thinking.

The National Education Policy (NEP) 2020 recommends a 5+3+3+4 structure for the school education system, which includes:

- 5 years of foundational stage (3 years of preschool + 2 years of primary school)

- 3 years of preparatory stage (classes 3-5)

- 3 years of middle stage (classes 6-8)

- 4 years of secondary stage (classes 9-12)


This new structure aims to bring a more holistic and multi-disciplinary approach to education in India. Quick Tip: The 5+3+3+4 structure is designed to focus on cognitive development and educational continuity across different stages of learning.

The Constitution of India was adopted by the Constituent Assembly on 26 November 1949. However, it came into effect on 26 January 1950, a date which is celebrated as Republic Day in India. Quick Tip: The adoption of the Constitution on 26 November 1949 marks the culmination of years of struggle for an independent democratic India.

Article 21(A) of the Indian Constitution provides for the Right to Free and Compulsory Education for children aged 6 to 14 years. This was made a fundamental right through the 86th Constitutional Amendment Act of 2002. Quick Tip: Article 21(A) is a significant step in ensuring that all children in India have access to free and quality education.

Kuchipudi is a classical dance form originating from the state of Andhra Pradesh. It is known for its graceful and highly expressive dance movements. Quick Tip: Kuchipudi is one of the eight classical dance forms of India, known for its dramatic elements and strong narrative style.

The Aravalli mountain range stretches across the states of Delhi, Haryana, Rajasthan, and Gujarat. It is one of the oldest mountain ranges in India and plays an important role in the ecological balance of the region. Quick Tip: The Aravallis form an important geographical feature that helps in maintaining the climatic balance in northern and western India.

Loamy soil is the best for the growth of sugarcane due to its balanced texture, which allows for proper drainage and retains sufficient moisture and nutrients for the plants. Quick Tip: Loamy soil is ideal for crops like sugarcane because it has a mixture of sand, silt, and clay, providing the best environment for root growth.

The longest river in the world is the Nile River, which flows through northeastern Africa. It has an estimated length of approximately \(6,650\) km (\(4,130\) miles). The river primarily passes through countries such as Egypt, Sudan, and Uganda.


There has been some debate about whether the Amazon River is longer than the Nile. Some studies suggest that the Amazon could be longer when measuring its tributaries, but the traditionally accepted length of the Amazon is about \(6,575\) km (\(4,345\) miles), making it slightly shorter than the Nile.


- Nile River: \(6,650\) km (Accepted as the longest)

- Amazon River: \(6,575\) km (Second longest)

- Yangtze River: \(6,300\) km (Longest in Asia)

- Ganga River: \(2,525\) km (Longest in India)


Thus, the correct answer is the Nile River. Quick Tip: While the Nile is the longest river, the Amazon River is the largest in terms of water discharge and basin area.

Auguste Comte is known as the "Father of Sociology" because he coined the term "sociology" and developed the theory of positivism. His work laid the foundation for the systematic study of society, emphasizing empirical research and observation. Comte classified human intellectual development into three stages: the theological, metaphysical, and positivist stages. Quick Tip: Auguste Comte's positivism emphasized the application of scientific methods to study society and social phenomena.

Sedimentary rocks are formed by the accumulation and compaction of sediments over time. Examples include limestone, sandstone, and siltstone.

Granite, on the other hand, is an igneous rock formed from the slow crystallization of magma beneath the Earth's surface. It is composed mainly of quartz, feldspar, and mica, making it different from sedimentary rocks. Quick Tip: Igneous rocks like granite are formed through the cooling of molten magma, whereas sedimentary rocks form from the deposition and compaction of particles.

The Reserve Bank of India (RBI) is the central bank of India and is responsible for regulating and supervising the banking system in the country. Established in 1935, the RBI controls monetary policy, issues currency, manages foreign exchange, and ensures financial stability in the economy.

Other banks like the State Bank of India (SBI), Central Bank of India, and Punjab National Bank are commercial banks that operate under RBI regulations but do not regulate other banks. Quick Tip: The Reserve Bank of India (RBI) is India's central banking authority, responsible for maintaining economic stability and financial regulation.

The barter system involves the exchange of goods or services without using money. Examples include trading mangoes for oranges, tea for salt, or shoes for cloths.

However, option (4) refers to purchasing goods based on market value using money, which does not align with the barter system. Hence, it is not an example of bartering. Quick Tip: The barter system was historically used before the invention of currency, but it had limitations like the double coincidence of wants.

"Das Kapital," written by Karl Marx, was first published in 1867. It is one of the most influential works in political economy and critiques the capitalist system, analyzing labor, production, and class struggles. Quick Tip: The first volume of "Das Kapital" was published in 1867, and the later volumes were completed posthumously by Friedrich Engels.

The Battle of Hydaspes was fought in 326 B.C. between Alexander the Great and King Porus of the Paurava kingdom near the Jhelum River (ancient Hydaspes). Despite a fierce resistance from Porus, Alexander emerged victorious and treated Porus with respect, allowing him to continue ruling under his authority. Quick Tip: The battle showcased Alexander's military tactics, including the strategic use of cavalry and surprise attacks.

The Chipko Movement was an environmental movement in India that began in the 1970s in Uttarakhand (then part of Uttar Pradesh). It aimed at protecting trees from deforestation by physically embracing them (hence the name "Chipko," meaning "to cling"). The movement was led by activists such as Sunderlal Bahuguna and inspired future environmental campaigns. Quick Tip: The Chipko Movement played a crucial role in raising awareness about deforestation and contributed to forest conservation policies in India.

The Government of India Act, 1919 introduced the system of provincial autonomy in British India. It implemented the concept of dyarchy, which divided subjects into two categories—reserved (controlled by the British) and transferred (controlled by Indian ministers). This was a step toward self-governance, but it still kept real power in British hands.

The Government of India Act, 1935 later expanded this concept, but the first introduction was under the 1919 Act. Quick Tip: Dyarchy under the 1919 Act was abolished by the Government of India Act, 1935, which introduced full provincial autonomy.

The practice of the Shadow Cabinet originated in Great Britain. It is a feature of the parliamentary system where the opposition party forms a group of senior members (Shadow Ministers) who scrutinize the government and prepare policies as an alternative. The system is most prominently seen in the UK, Australia, and Canada. Quick Tip: The Shadow Cabinet ensures that the opposition is ready to take over governance if they win the next election.

Hirakud Dam, one of the longest dams in the world, is built across the Mahanadi River in Odisha, India. It was completed in 1957 and serves multiple purposes, including irrigation, hydroelectric power generation, and flood control. Quick Tip: Hirakud Dam is the longest earthen dam in the world, with a length of approximately 25.8 km.

Covalent compounds are made up of discrete (individual) molecules rather than a continuous lattice structure. The word separate is the closest synonym to "discrete," meaning distinct or individual. Quick Tip: Covalent bonding involves the sharing of electrons between atoms, leading to the formation of separate molecules.

The word genuine means real or authentic. Among the given options, authentic is the closest synonym, while the other options refer to price or appearance rather than authenticity. Quick Tip: "Genuine" and "authentic" both indicate something is real and not fake.

The word redundant refers to something that is unnecessary or superfluous. The closest synonym in the options is unimportant, which suggests that something does not add value and can be removed. Quick Tip: Redundancy in writing refers to using extra words that do not add meaning.

The word censored refers to the process of examining and potentially removing sensitive or restricted information. Among the given options, examined is the closest synonym. Quick Tip: Censorship is used to control information, often by governments during conflicts.

The correct word should have been pensive, meaning deep in thought. However, "expensive" is likely a typographical error. The best matching word is reflective, which means thoughtful and introspective. Quick Tip: "Reflective" refers to deep thinking, often triggered by artistic or emotional experiences.

The correct spelling is Ascending, which means moving upwards or increasing in value or position. The other spellings contain incorrect letter placements or missing letters. Quick Tip: "Ascending" is commonly used in mathematical sequences, ordering, and general progression descriptions.

The correct spelling is Presumptuous, which means excessively bold or arrogant. The other spellings are incorrect due to misplaced or missing letters. Quick Tip: "Presumptuous" is often used to describe someone making assumptions without permission or justification.

The correct spelling is Facade, which refers to the front or outer appearance of a building or a deceptive outward appearance. The other spellings are incorrect variations. Quick Tip: "Facade" is borrowed from French and retains its original spelling in English.

The correct spelling is Mundane, which means ordinary, dull, or lacking excitement. The other spellings contain errors and are not valid words in English. Quick Tip: "Mundane" is commonly used to describe routine tasks or things that lack uniqueness.

The correct spelling is Fallacy, which refers to a mistaken belief or logical error. The other spellings are incorrect and do not form valid words. Quick Tip: A "fallacy" is a flaw in reasoning or logic, often used in debates and logical arguments.

The word patronised means to support, promote, or provide financial aid to something, often cultural activities. The opposite of this would be to reject, meaning to refuse to support or accept.

- Admired (option 1) means to respect, which is not the opposite.

- Indulged (option 3) means to allow oneself or others to enjoy something, which is not an antonym.

- Favoured (option 4) means to prefer or support, which is a synonym rather than an antonym.

Hence, the correct answer is Rejected. Quick Tip: "Patronise" means to provide support, while "reject" means to withdraw or refuse support.

The word indigenous means native to a particular region or originating locally. The opposite of this is foreign, which refers to something from another country or outside origin.


- Cheap (option 1) refers to cost, not origin, and is irrelevant.

- Native (option 2) is a synonym of indigenous, not an antonym.

- Silly (option 3) is unrelated in meaning.


Thus, the correct answer is Foreign. Quick Tip: "Indigenous" refers to something that originates locally, while "foreign" means something from another country.

The word timidity refers to shyness, fearfulness, or a lack of courage. The opposite of this is boldness, which means confidence, courage, and the willingness to take risks.


- Arrogance (option 2) means overconfidence or self-importance, which is not the direct opposite of timidity.

- Self-assertion (option 3) refers to expressing oneself confidently but is not a complete opposite.

- Self-confidence (option 4) is related but not as strong of an antonym as boldness.


Thus, the correct answer is Boldness. Quick Tip: "Timidity" is linked to fear and hesitation, while "boldness" represents courage and confidence.

The word belittle means to diminish, undervalue, or make something seem less important. The opposite of this is praise, which means to appreciate, value, or highlight the importance of something.

- Expand (option 1) means to enlarge or increase but is not the opposite of belittle.
- Downplay (option 2) is actually similar to belittle, meaning to minimize importance.
- Scorn (option 4) means to mock or express contempt, which is not an opposite.

Thus, the correct answer is Praise. Quick Tip: "Belittle" means to underestimate or devalue something, while "praise" means to acknowledge and appreciate its worth.

The sentence suggests that the person cannot be deceived easily. The most appropriate word is strong, as it implies mental resilience and an ability to resist deception.

- Modern (option 2) refers to something contemporary, which does not fit the context.
- Kind (option 3) means compassionate, which does not prevent deception.
- Intelligent (option 4) is a close option but does not specifically indicate resistance to deception as strongly as "strong" does.

Thus, the correct answer is Strong. Quick Tip: Being "strong" in this context refers to mental strength and resilience, not just physical strength.

In legal and formal contexts, the appropriate verb used with "complaint" is lodged, meaning officially filed or recorded.

- Entered (option 1) is incorrect, as entering refers to inputting information but not officially filing it.
- Registered (option 2) means to record something but is less commonly used with complaints.
- Noted (option 3) simply means to take notice, which does not imply official action.

Thus, the correct answer is Lodged. Quick Tip: The phrase "lodge a complaint" is a common legal and formal expression for filing an official complaint.

Jane Eyre is a classic novel written by Charlotte Bronte and published in 1847. It is a coming-of-age story that follows the experiences of the orphaned protagonist, Jane Eyre.

- Emily Bronte (option 2) wrote "Wuthering Heights."
- George Eliot (option 3) wrote "Middlemarch."
- Jane Austen (option 4) wrote "Pride and Prejudice."

Thus, the correct answer is Charlotte Bronte. Quick Tip: Charlotte Bronte's "Jane Eyre" is known for its strong feminist themes and deep character development.

"Ode to the West Wind" was written by Percy Bysshe Shelley in 1819. It is one of his most famous odes, reflecting themes of change, revolution, and the power of nature.


- John Keats (option 1) wrote "Ode to a Nightingale."

- William Wordsworth (option 3) was famous for "Daffodils."

- Lord Byron (option 4) wrote "She Walks in Beauty."


Thus, the correct answer is Shelley. Quick Tip: Shelley’s "Ode to the West Wind" is a tribute to nature’s power and symbolizes political and personal transformation.

"Othello" is a tragedy written by William Shakespeare and first performed in 1604. It explores themes of jealousy, betrayal, and racism through the downfall of its tragic hero, Othello.


- Bernard Shaw (option 2) was a playwright known for "Pygmalion."

- Eugene O’Neill (option 3) was an American playwright.

- Brecht (option 4) was known for modern epic theatre.


Thus, the correct answer is Shakespeare. Quick Tip: "Othello" is one of Shakespeare’s greatest tragedies, alongside "Hamlet" and "Macbeth."

"Gore" is a literary work written by Rabindranath Tagore, who was a Bengali poet, writer, and philosopher. He was also the first non-European to win the Nobel Prize in Literature.

- R.K. Narayan (option 2) is famous for "Malgudi Days."
- Anita Desai (option 3) wrote "Clear Light of Day."
- Khushwant Singh (option 4) is known for "Train to Pakistan."

Thus, the correct answer is Tagore. Quick Tip: Rabindranath Tagore was a prolific writer whose works include poetry, novels, and plays.