TS LAWCET 2023 3 Years Question Paper Shift 1 with Answer Key

The novel \textit{Pookuzhi has been nominated for the International Booker Prize 2023. It is recognized for its literary excellence and unique narrative style.
Quick Tip: When exploring literary awards like the Booker Prize, consider the themes, writing style, and cultural impact of the nominated works.

The United States signed an agreement with the European Union to collaborate on responsible advancements in Artificial Intelligence. This partnership aims to ensure the ethical and responsible development of AI technologies.
Quick Tip: When studying international agreements on technology, pay attention to the involved countries and the goals of collaboration, such as ethical standards or technological innovation.

India's first Model G-20 Summit, hosted by the Indian Institute of Democratic Leadership, was held in Mumbai. The summit aimed to simulate international diplomacy and foster leadership development.
Quick Tip: When studying significant events, pay attention to their locations, as they often highlight the political or diplomatic significance of the city or state.

Vijay Shekar Sharma is the founder of Paytm, a leading digital payment platform in India. He started Paytm in 2010, and it has since grown into one of the largest mobile payment platforms in the country.
Quick Tip: When studying the founders of successful companies, pay attention to their early careers and the key innovations that helped them establish their businesses.

Vitamin D is known as the "hormone vitamin" because it acts as a hormone in the body, regulating calcium and phosphate metabolism. It is synthesized by the body in response to sunlight and plays a vital role in bone health.
Quick Tip: When studying vitamins, remember that some, like Vitamin D, have hormone-like functions in the body.

Jawaharlal Nehru University (JNU) was established in the year 1969. It is one of the premier institutions in India, known for its strong academic environment and social science programs.
Quick Tip: When studying institutions, it's important to remember their founding years, as they often reflect the historical context in which they were established.

The headquarters of SAARC (South Asian Association for Regional Cooperation) is located in Kathmandu, Nepal. It is an important regional organization aimed at promoting economic and regional integration.
Quick Tip: When studying regional organizations, it's helpful to remember the locations of their headquarters, as they often reflect the political and economic center of the region.

Amartya Sen was awarded the Nobel Memorial Prize in Economic Sciences in the year 1998. He was recognized for his contributions to welfare economics, social choice theory, and poverty analysis.
Quick Tip: When studying Nobel laureates, it’s useful to remember their groundbreaking contributions and the year they were awarded.

Himachal Pradesh is known as the "fruit bowl of India" due to its vast production of apples, peaches, plums, and other fruits. The state's favorable climate and terrain make it ideal for fruit cultivation.
Quick Tip: When studying geographical features, remember that certain regions are known for their agricultural products, such as Himachal Pradesh for fruits.

The Kosi River is often referred to as the "Sorrow of Bihar" due to its frequent and devastating floods, which have caused immense damage to crops, infrastructure, and lives in the region.
Quick Tip: When studying rivers and their impact, it’s important to note how the topography and seasonal behavior of rivers can affect local populations.

Mysore is not known for marble production. It is primarily known for its silk industry, and marble is more commonly associated with regions like Rajasthan. The other pairs are correctly matched, as Panna is famous for diamonds, Neyveli for lignite, and Sambhar for salt production.
Quick Tip: When studying geographical resources, it’s helpful to know the key industries and products associated with different regions.

The reservation of seats for women in the Panchayat Raj Institution is 1/3rd of the total seats. This is in line with the constitutional provisions aimed at promoting women’s participation in local governance.
Quick Tip: When studying reservation policies, remember that they often apply to various levels of governance, including local bodies like Panchayats.

Savitri Bai Phule’s birthday is celebrated on 3rd January every year. She was a prominent social reformer and educator, known for her pioneering work in women’s education in India.
Quick Tip: When studying social reformers, remember that their contributions were often recognized through celebrations on significant dates, such as the birth anniversaries of reformers like Savitri Bai Phule.

One byte consists of 8 bits. It is a fundamental unit of digital data used in computing and digital communication systems.
Quick Tip: Remember, the basic unit of digital information is the bit, and 8 bits make up one byte, which is widely used to measure memory and storage capacities.

FEMA stands for the Foreign Exchange Management Act, which was enacted in 1999 to replace FERA (Foreign Exchange Regulation Act). FEMA is aimed at facilitating external trade and payments and promoting the orderly development and maintenance of the foreign exchange market in India.
Quick Tip: When studying economic laws and reforms, focus on the key changes and their impact on foreign trade and currency management.

Anurag Singh Thakur is the present Union Minister of Information and Broadcasting in India. He assumed the position in 2021, handling matters related to media, entertainment, and digital infrastructure.
Quick Tip: When studying the Cabinet Ministry positions, remember that key ministers in Information and Broadcasting are responsible for overseeing communication policies and media governance.

Compressed Natural Gas (CNG) is primarily composed of methane (CH₄). Methane is a clean-burning fuel and is the major component of natural gas, making it ideal for use in transportation and other applications.
Quick Tip: When studying energy sources, remember that methane is a major component of natural gas and is widely used as an alternative fuel due to its lower environmental impact.

The A.D.M. Jabalpur case (1976) is famously known as the Habeas Corpus case. It is one of the landmark cases in Indian judicial history during the Emergency period. The Supreme Court, in this case, ruled that the right to life and personal liberty under Article 21 could be suspended during the Emergency.
Quick Tip: When studying landmark constitutional cases, it is important to understand their historical context and implications on fundamental rights.

In 2021, S P Bala Subramaniam, the legendary playback singer, was posthumously awarded the Padma Vibhushan in recognition of his immense contribution to the Indian music industry.
Quick Tip: When studying posthumous awards, note the cultural and artistic impact of the recipients on their respective fields.

The University Grants Commission (UGC) was established in the year 1956. It was set up by the Government of India to oversee and coordinate university education in India.
Quick Tip: When studying the history of educational reforms, remember the role of UGC in shaping higher education policies in India.

In the first pair, the relationship between 'B' and 'G' is that G comes 5 positions ahead of B in the alphabet, and the same pattern follows for the second letter, 'F' to 'K'. Now, applying the same relationship to 'L' (5 positions ahead) gives 'Q', and 'P' (5 positions ahead) gives 'U'. Hence, the correct answer is QU.
Quick Tip: When solving letter relationship problems, always analyze the position difference in the alphabet to determine the correct pattern.

In this coding system, the letters are assigned numbers based on their position in the alphabet:
- B = 2, L = 12, O = 15, O = 15, D = 4
- B = 2, R = 18, U = 21, S = 19, T = 20

For the word ROBUST:
- R = 18, O = 15, B = 2, U = 21, S = 19, T = 20
Thus, the code for ROBUST is 012678.
Quick Tip: When solving letter-to-number coding problems, pay attention to the alphabetical positions of the letters and apply consistent patterns.

Let the number of coins of each type be \( x \). Then:
- The value of one rupee coins = \( 1 \times x \) = \( x \) rupees
- The value of 50 paise coins = \( 0.50 \times x \) = \( 0.5x \) rupees
- The value of 25 paise coins = \( 0.25 \times x \) = \( 0.25x \) rupees

The total amount in the bag is Rs.35, so: \[ x + 0.5x + 0.25x = 35 \] \[ 1.75x = 35 \] \[ x = \frac{35}{1.75} = 20 \]

Thus, there are 20 coins of each type.
Quick Tip: When solving coin-related problems, break the problem into smaller parts by calculating the value of each type of coin and adding them up.

Let the four consecutive even numbers be \( x, x+2, x+4, x+6 \).
The average of these numbers is 27, so: \[ \frac{x + (x+2) + (x+4) + (x+6)}{4} = 27 \] \[ \frac{4x + 12}{4} = 27 \] \[ 4x + 12 = 108 \] \[ 4x = 96 \] \[ x = 24 \]
Thus, the four consecutive even numbers are 24, 26, 28, and 30. The largest number is 30.
Quick Tip: When dealing with averages of consecutive numbers, use variables to represent the first number and build equations based on the number sequence.

India's first satellite, launched in 1975, was named after the ancient Indian mathematician and astronomer Aryabhata. The satellite was launched by the Soviet Union and marked a significant milestone in India's space journey.
Quick Tip: When studying India's space exploration history, remember that Aryabhata was the first satellite, while other notable satellites, such as Rohini and Bhaskara, followed later.

Let the sides of the triangle be \( x, y, z \), where their ratio is given as \( \frac{1}{2} : \frac{1}{3} : \frac{1}{4} \). The least common multiple of 2, 3, and 4 is 12. Thus, the sides are \( 6k, 4k, 3k \), where \( k \) is the common multiplier.
The perimeter is 52 cm, so: \[ 6k + 4k + 3k = 52 \] \[ 13k = 52 \] \[ k = 4 \]
The smallest side is \( 3k = 3 \times 4 = 12 \, cm \).
Quick Tip: When solving ratio problems, find the common multiple to simplify the ratio and use the given total (like the perimeter) to solve for the unknowns.

Peas, Gram, and Pulses are all types of legumes. The correct choice that belongs to the same group is Beans, which is also a type of legume.
Quick Tip: When categorizing items, focus on their common properties or uses, such as their botanical family or nutritional classification.

The digit 1 appears in the following positions:

- In the ones place: 1, 11, 21, 31, ..., 291 (30 numbers)
- In the tens place: 10-19, 110-119, 210-219 (30 numbers each)
- In the hundreds place: 100-199 (100 numbers)

Thus, the total number of times 1 appears is: \[ 30 + 30 + 30 + 100 = 160 \]

Hence, the digit 1 is used 160 times.
Quick Tip: When counting the frequency of a digit, break it down by place value (ones, tens, hundreds, etc.) to simplify the calculation.

Let the work done by 1 man in 1 day be \( \frac{1}{5 \times 19} = \frac{1}{95} \), and the work done by 1 woman in 1 day be \( \frac{1}{9 \times 19} = \frac{1}{171} \).
Now, for 3 men and 6 women: \[ Work done by 3 men = 3 \times \frac{1}{95} = \frac{3}{95} \] \[ Work done by 6 women = 6 \times \frac{1}{171} = \frac{6}{171} \]
Thus, total work done per day is: \[ \frac{3}{95} + \frac{6}{171} = \frac{9}{285} + \frac{6}{171} = \frac{15}{285} = \frac{1}{19} \]
Thus, 3 men and 6 women can complete the work in 15 days.
Quick Tip: When solving work problems, break the task into individual contributions by each worker type (men, women, etc.), then combine their efforts.

In the given question, each letter is assigned a number based on its position in the alphabet. A = 26, SUN = 27. We will calculate the value for CAT in a similar way.
- C = 3, A = 26, T = 20
Thus, the sum of these values is \( 3 + 26 + 20 = 57 \). Therefore, the value of CAT is 57.
Quick Tip: When solving such alphabetic puzzles, assign each letter its corresponding number and perform the arithmetic operations to find the answer.

In 2023, five new members were added to the U.N. Security Council for a two-year tenure. These members were elected by the U.N. General Assembly, and they represent different regions around the world.
Quick Tip: When studying the U.N. Security Council, remember that the membership rotates every two years, with ten non-permanent members elected for this period.

In the FIH Hockey Men’s World Cup 2023, India was defeated by New Zealand in the crossover match. This match was a crucial moment for India in the tournament, and New Zealand advanced to the next stage.
Quick Tip: When following sports events, especially tournaments, it's important to keep track of knockout stages and crossover matches that often decide the outcome of teams' progress.

The 'Tri-services Amphibious Exercise, AMPHEX 2023' was hosted by Andhra Pradesh. This exercise involved all three Indian Armed Forces—Army, Navy, and Air Force—to enhance their combat and coordination capabilities in amphibious warfare.
Quick Tip: When studying military exercises, it is useful to know the regions and states that host them, as these locations often have strategic significance.

The UN General Assembly declared November 26^th as World Sustainable Transport Day. The day aims to raise awareness and promote policies on sustainable transport systems across the world.
Quick Tip: When learning about international days, focus on their global objectives and the issues they aim to address, such as sustainability, human rights, or health.

Tamil Nadu adopted a resolution urging the Centre to implement the Sethusamudram project. This project aimed to create a navigational channel through the Palk Straits, allowing ships to save time by avoiding a longer route around Sri Lanka.
Quick Tip: When studying infrastructure projects, especially those with geographical significance, consider their potential benefits and political implications.

Manasi Tata is the Vice-President of Toyota Kirloskar Motors. She is part of the Tata family, and Toyota Kirloskar Motors is a joint venture between the Japanese automaker Toyota and India's Kirloskar Group.
Quick Tip: When studying corporate leadership, remember that positions such as Vice-President can be held by individuals from diverse backgrounds, often including family members or industry experts.

In 2023, the Reserve Bank of India permitted banks from 18 countries to trade in Indian rupees. This decision was part of India's efforts to internationalize the rupee and promote trade in the local currency.
Quick Tip: When studying global finance, keep track of initiatives aimed at promoting local currencies in international trade, such as India's push to expand the use of the rupee.

The United Nations 2023 Water Conference was hosted by the USA. This conference brought together countries to discuss solutions for addressing water-related challenges globally.
Quick Tip: When studying global events, it's helpful to stay updated on the locations and topics of international conferences, such as the UN Water Conference, which address critical issues like sustainability and climate change.

In March 2023, the International Criminal Court (ICC) issued an arrest warrant for Russian President Vladimir Putin for war crimes committed in Ukraine. This decision was made in light of the ongoing conflict in Ukraine.
Quick Tip: When studying international relations and legal actions, pay attention to the role of international bodies like the ICC in holding leaders accountable for war crimes.

Rajasthan became the first state in India to pass the Advocates Protection Bill in 2023. The bill aims to ensure the safety and security of lawyers while performing their duties, especially during their interactions in courts.
Quick Tip: When studying state-level legislative actions, note the significant bills passed that aim to protect the interests of professionals and public service workers.

The Indian Council of Medical Research (ICMR) released the ‘Ethical Guidelines for AI in Healthcare and Biomedical Research’. These guidelines aim to ensure the ethical use of artificial intelligence in the healthcare and biomedical research sectors, addressing challenges like data privacy, bias, and accountability.
Quick Tip: When studying guidelines and policies related to emerging technologies like AI, keep track of key institutions and their roles in shaping ethical practices and regulations.

Mumbai Indians won the Women’s Premier League Trophy 2023 final. This marked a significant achievement for the team, solidifying their dominance in the inaugural season of the Women’s Premier League.
Quick Tip: When following sports leagues, track the performance of top teams in the early years, as they often set the standard for future seasons.

The name of the indigenous data link communication developed by the Indian Air Force (IAF) is Vayu Link. This system is designed to enhance communication between aircraft and ground stations, ensuring more efficient operations.
Quick Tip: Indigenous technology developments, especially in defense, are crucial for self-reliance in national security. Stay updated with advancements like Vayu link in aerospace communications.

Israeli Aerospace Industries (IAI) signed a Memorandum of Understanding (MoU) with Bharat Electronics Limited (BEL) to form a joint venture related to the Armed Forces. The partnership aims to enhance India's defense capabilities, focusing on advanced aerospace and defense technologies.
Quick Tip: When studying international defense collaborations, focus on key defense companies and their joint ventures, as these partnerships play a significant role in boosting national security.

Justice Rituraj Awasthi is the chair of the 22^nd Law Commission of India, which was recently extended until 2024. The Law Commission of India is tasked with reviewing and recommending legal reforms in the country.
Quick Tip: When studying the structure of India's judiciary, it's important to understand the role of the Law Commission and its significant impact on legal reforms.

Imphal is the host city for the ‘International Bio-resource Conclave & Ethno-pharmacology Congress 2023’. The event focuses on bio-resources and their sustainable use, as well as the study of medicinal plants and ethnopharmacology.
Quick Tip: Events like these are an excellent opportunity for students and professionals in the field of bio-resources and pharmacology to stay updated on global advancements in sustainability and traditional medicine.

According to the ‘Indian States Energy Transition’ report, Karnataka and Gujarat were identified as the states that made the most progress in the transition to clean electricity. These states have been actively investing in renewable energy sources and infrastructure to reduce their carbon footprint.
Quick Tip: When studying energy transitions, focus on states with proactive renewable energy policies and investments in sustainable infrastructure.

NASA’s Curiosity Rover recently captured the crepuscular rays on Mars. These rays, which appear during the twilight hours, were observed by the rover as it explored the surface of Mars. The phenomenon is similar to what we observe on Earth, but in a Martian environment.
Quick Tip: When studying space exploration, be sure to follow the discoveries made by rovers on Mars, as they provide valuable insights into the planet's atmosphere and surface conditions.

Uttarakhand approved a 10% horizontal reservation to statehood activists in state government jobs. This move is aimed at providing recognition and benefits to the individuals who were involved in the state's creation.
Quick Tip: When studying reservation policies, keep track of state-specific developments that aim to support activists and others who contribute significantly to the state's progress.

The World Health Organization (WHO) launched the ‘Zero-Draft’ of the Pandemic Treaty. This draft aims to strengthen international collaboration and preparedness for future pandemics. The WHO's proposal is part of ongoing efforts to address the lessons learned from the COVID-19 pandemic.
Quick Tip: When studying global health governance, pay attention to key treaties and agreements that aim to improve international responses to future health crises.

Maharashtra topped the medal tally in the 5^th Khelo India Youth Games. The state performed exceptionally well across various sports, securing the highest number of medals at the event.
Quick Tip: When following national sporting events like the Khelo India Youth Games, look out for states that consistently perform well across a wide range of sports.

According to the FAO's recent database, India ranks first in milk production worldwide. India has consistently been the top producer of milk, contributing a significant share of the global milk supply.
Quick Tip: When studying global agricultural production, focus on the largest producers like India, which leads in several agricultural sectors, including milk production.

Qualcomm launched the world's first satellite-based two-way messaging system. This system is designed to allow for communication even in remote areas where traditional mobile networks are unavailable.
Quick Tip: When studying technological advancements, keep track of companies like Qualcomm that are pushing the boundaries of communication by combining satellite technology with mobile networks.

Patiala recently hosted the ‘Military Literature Festival’. This festival is a prominent event that focuses on military history and literature, bringing together authors, historians, and veterans.
Quick Tip: When learning about cultural events, consider how they celebrate specific themes like military history, which was showcased at the Military Literature Festival.

Uganda passed the Anti-Homosexuality Bill 2023, criminalising same-sex intimacy. The law has garnered international criticism, as it makes same-sex acts punishable by law. Uganda is one of the countries in Africa with strict anti-homosexuality laws.
Quick Tip: When studying laws related to human rights, focus on the social and political context in which these laws are introduced and their global impact.

In 2023, UNICEF released the "Triple Threat" report. The report addresses the most urgent threats faced by children worldwide: climate change, conflict, and inequality. UNICEF aims to highlight the intersections of these global challenges to children and calls for urgent action.
Quick Tip: When studying international reports, focus on the socio-economic and environmental factors influencing global issues and their impact on children and vulnerable populations.

“Vayu Prahar” is a significant military exercise conducted by the Indian Armed Forces in the context of the ongoing stand-off at the Line of Actual Control (LAC) between India and China. This multi-domain exercise involved air and land operations, testing the forces' coordination and readiness. It was conducted over a duration of 96 hours to ensure comprehensive operational efficiency.
Quick Tip: When studying military exercises, focus on the duration and the strategic importance of the locations involved. Understanding these exercises helps grasp the broader security dynamics in the region.

National Good Governance Day is observed every year on December 25th, in memory of Atal Bihari Vajpayee, the former Prime Minister of India. The day is dedicated to enhancing governance through reforms and initiatives that bring benefits to the public. It also coincides with his birth anniversary, emphasizing his contributions to the country.
Quick Tip: Focus on significant national days that commemorate leaders' contributions to governance and development. These events often highlight key policies and reforms.

Priyanshu Rajawat is a prominent Badminton player in India, known for his impressive performance in both national and international competitions. He has made significant contributions to the sport and has earned recognition for his skills and achievements.
Quick Tip: Pay attention to the emerging athletes in various sports. They often make headlines in national and international competitions.

YUVIKA (Young Scientist Programme) is a program launched by ISRO to inspire students to pursue careers in STEM, particularly in space technology and related fields. This initiative allows young minds to experience hands-on learning and provides exposure to cutting-edge space research and technology.
Quick Tip: Look for programs that provide exposure to real-world applications of STEM subjects, as they can guide your career path.

Article 102 of the Indian Constitution deals with the disqualification of members of the Lok Sabha or Rajya Sabha. It provides the grounds under which a Member of Parliament (MP) can be disqualified from either House of Parliament. These grounds include being convicted of certain criminal offenses, insolvency, or being of unsound mind.
Quick Tip: When studying the Indian Constitution, focus on key articles that outline the powers and limitations of Parliament members, such as Articles 102 and 101 for Lok Sabha and Rajya Sabha.

As per Article 109 of the Indian Constitution, Rajya Sabha does not have the power to reject a Money Bill. However, it can withhold the Bill for a maximum of 14 days to make recommendations. After 14 days, the Lok Sabha can pass the Bill without considering the recommendations of Rajya Sabha.
Quick Tip: Rajya Sabha’s power with respect to Money Bills is limited to a 14-day period, during which it can suggest changes but cannot reject or amend the Bill.

Sir Benegal Narsingh Rau was the Constitutional advisor to the Constituent Assembly. He played a vital role in drafting the Indian Constitution, offering legal advice and contributing significantly to the framing of the document.
Quick Tip: To remember the key constitutional figures, focus on the roles of advisors like Sir Benegal Narsingh Rau, who worked closely with the Constituent Assembly.

The concept of a Welfare State is included under the Directive Principles of State Policy (DPSP) in the Indian Constitution. The DPSP lays down the guidelines for the state to establish a just society by ensuring welfare measures for the citizens, such as health, education, and social security.
Quick Tip: To understand the role of the Welfare State, focus on the Directive Principles, which guide the state in promoting the welfare of its people.

The Sarkaria Commission was set up in 1983 to review the working of the Constitution, particularly focusing on Centre-State relations. The commission was tasked with examining the balance of power and recommending reforms to ensure a better functioning relationship between the Centre and the States.
Quick Tip: The Sarkaria Commission's focus on Centre-State relations is crucial for understanding the distribution of powers in the Indian federal system.

The “Gruber Prize for Justice” 2002 was awarded to F. S. Nariman, a distinguished Indian jurist, for his outstanding contributions to the Indian legal system and his role in upholding the principles of justice and fairness.
Quick Tip: The Gruber Prize for Justice is one of the most prestigious awards for legal excellence. F. S. Nariman's contributions continue to inspire the legal community.

The first Chief Justice of the Telangana High Court was Justice T.B. Radhakrishnan. He took office after the formation of the Telangana state in 2014.
Quick Tip: Remember that the Telangana High Court was established in 2014, and Justice T.B. Radhakrishnan was appointed as the first Chief Justice to lead it.

The Ashby vs White case is a landmark case in common law where the issue of 'Breach of legal right' was raised. In this case, a person sued for damages caused by wrongful acts that infringed upon his legal rights, even though no physical harm was caused.
Quick Tip: The Ashby vs White case highlights how breach of legal rights, even without direct physical harm, can still result in actionable claims in law.

The Doctrine of Pith and Substance is a rule used in constitutional law to determine whether a statute falls within the jurisdiction of a legislature. It is applied to solve problems of competing legislation between two legislative authorities when they pass laws in the same field. This doctrine ensures that the true nature or substance of a law is considered to determine which level of government has jurisdiction.
Quick Tip: The Doctrine of Pith and Substance helps in understanding the core purpose of laws in cases of overlapping legislative powers, especially between federal and state jurisdictions.

The Constitution of India recognises both religious minorities and linguistic minorities. These provisions aim to protect and safeguard the interests of these groups by ensuring that they can practice their religion and preserve their language. However, the recognition of ethnic minorities is not explicitly mentioned in the Constitution.
Quick Tip: Remember that the Constitution of India provides special provisions for the protection of religious and linguistic minorities, such as Article 29 and 30.

The Eighth Schedule of the Indian Constitution recognises the official languages of India. Initially, the Constitution recognised 14 languages in the Eighth Schedule, but it has been amended several times to include more languages. Currently, 22 languages are listed in the Eighth Schedule.
Quick Tip: Keep in mind that the Eighth Schedule of the Constitution lists the official languages recognized by the Indian government for use in official documents and communication.

According to the Constitution of India, the control of the expenditure of the Government of India is vested in the Parliament. The Parliament authorizes the government to spend money through the budget, which is presented annually by the Finance Minister. It is the responsibility of the Parliament to approve or disapprove the government's expenditure proposals.
Quick Tip: The Parliament's role in controlling government expenditure ensures that funds are allocated and spent according to the law and in line with the people's interests.

The Mandal Commission was established in 1979 under the chairmanship of B.P. Mandal. It was set up to examine the conditions of backward classes in India and to recommend affirmative action policies. The Commission's most significant recommendation was the reservation of government jobs and educational institutions for OBCs (Other Backward Classes). This was widely known as the Mandal Commission report.
Quick Tip: The Mandal Commission's recommendations on reservations had a significant impact on India's social structure and policies aimed at uplifting the backward classes.

The Supreme Court of India has Original Jurisdiction under Article 131 of the Constitution, which empowers it to settle disputes between the Centre and the States. These disputes could involve matters related to the distribution of power, responsibilities, or constitutional interpretations. The court has the exclusive authority to hear and decide such disputes directly, without the matter being heard by any lower court.
Quick Tip: In matters involving disputes between the Centre and States, the Supreme Court's Original Jurisdiction is crucial as it plays an essential role in upholding the federal structure of India.

The Kesavananda Bharati case, decided in 1973, is celebrating its fiftieth year in 2023. This landmark judgment of the Supreme Court of India is famous for its ruling on the "basic structure doctrine" of the Constitution. The case established that the Parliament has the authority to amend the Constitution, but it cannot alter its fundamental structure. The case has had a profound impact on constitutional law in India.
Quick Tip: Remember the Kesavananda Bharati case when studying constitutional amendments and the limits of Parliament’s power. It is one of the most crucial cases in understanding India's constitutional framework.

The Representation of the People Act, 1951 was enacted to provide the legal framework for elections to the Lok Sabha and State Legislative Assemblies, and for the conduct of elections. The Act was a crucial step in implementing the provisions of the Constitution of India regarding elections, and it continues to be a vital part of the electoral process in India.
Quick Tip: Remember that the Representation of the People Act, 1951 was one of the key legislative measures passed post-independence to facilitate democratic elections in India.

R. Venkataramani was appointed as the Attorney General of India in 2022. He succeeded K.K. Venugopal, who served as Attorney General from 2017 to 2022. The Attorney General is the highest law officer in the country and represents the government in the Supreme Court.
Quick Tip: The Attorney General of India holds a significant role in legal proceedings involving the Government of India and is appointed by the President of India.

The first meeting of the Constituent Assembly was held on 9th December 1946. The Constituent Assembly was tasked with drafting the Constitution of India and consisted of representatives elected by the provincial assemblies. It met for the first time before independence was achieved.
Quick Tip: The first session of the Constituent Assembly of India marked a significant step towards the formation of the Republic of India, with Dr. Rajendra Prasad elected as its president.

A layoff refers to the termination of an employee's employment at the discretion of the employer. It often occurs due to business reasons like downsizing, lack of work, or economic conditions, and it is not due to the employee's fault. The employer may choose to rehire the employee when circumstances improve.
Quick Tip: Layoffs are typically temporary and differ from terminations where the employee's services are permanently ended.

S.R. Bommai's case (1994) is a landmark case related to the imposition of President's Rule under Article 356 of the Indian Constitution. It deals with the scope and limitations of the President's power to dissolve the state government. The case resulted in the formulation of guidelines for the imposition of President's Rule, ensuring its use only in situations of failure of constitutional machinery in a state.
Quick Tip: S.R. Bommai case emphasizes judicial review of the imposition of President's Rule to prevent misuse of power.

Trafficking in human beings is a grave violation of the "Right against Exploitation," which is enshrined under Article 23 of the Indian Constitution. This article prohibits trafficking and forced labor, ensuring the protection of human dignity and freedom from exploitation.
Quick Tip: The prohibition of human trafficking is a crucial aspect of human rights and is fundamental to ensuring dignity and equality.

Articles 20 and 21, which protect fundamental rights like protection against arbitrary arrest and detention (Article 20) and protection of life and personal liberty (Article 21), cannot be suspended during a National Emergency. This is explicitly stated under Article 359(1) of the Indian Constitution, which allows suspension of certain fundamental rights but protects Articles 20 and 21 from suspension.
Quick Tip: Remember that the protection of fundamental rights during an emergency is key to safeguarding personal freedoms and liberties.

The First Schedule of the Indian Constitution lists the names of States and Union Territories of India, and specifies their territories. This schedule also deals with the allocation of seats in the Rajya Sabha for each State and Union Territory.
Quick Tip: The First Schedule is crucial for understanding the organization of Indian States and Union Territories.

The R v. Tolson case relates to the "Mistake of Fact" as a defense in criminal law. The case involved a woman who remarried after mistakenly believing her first husband was dead, and this mistake was considered a valid defense in her case.
Quick Tip: Mistakes of fact, when reasonable and honest, can sometimes serve as a defense in criminal law.

The Balfour vs Balfour case is related to contract law. It involved a dispute between a husband and wife regarding the enforcement of a domestic agreement, which was deemed not to be legally binding as it lacked the intention to create legal relations.
Quick Tip: In contract law, an agreement made without the intention to create legal relations may not be enforceable in a court of law.

The 73^rd and 74^th Constitutional Amendments pertain to the establishment of Panchayats and Municipalities, respectively, under the framework of Local Self Government. These amendments aim to decentralize governance and empower local bodies.
Quick Tip: The 73^rd Amendment introduced the concept of Panchayats, and the 74^th Amendment focused on Municipalities, both essential for strengthening local self-government in India.

A foreign citizen staying in India cannot claim the right to the Freedom of Trade and Profession as outlined in Article 19(1)(g) of the Constitution, which is reserved for Indian citizens only. However, foreign nationals can claim rights to equality, life, and personal liberty, as well as freedom of religion under Articles 14, 21, and 25.
Quick Tip: While foreign nationals do not have the full scope of constitutional rights like Indian citizens, they are still entitled to fundamental rights such as equality and the protection of life and liberty.

The Vishaka vs State of Rajasthan case pertains to sexual harassment at the workplace. The case resulted in landmark rulings that defined sexual harassment and led to the formulation of the Vishaka Guidelines, which laid down preventive and redressal measures for workplace sexual harassment.
Quick Tip: The Vishaka case was a major step towards the protection of women's rights in India, leading to the legal recognition of sexual harassment in the workplace.

The Advocates Act, 1961 governs the legal profession in India. It provides for the regulation and organization of legal practitioners, their professional conduct, the establishment of Bar Councils, and the rules governing the ethics and conduct of advocates. The act focuses primarily on ethics and the rules relating to advocates.
Quick Tip: When studying the Advocates Act, focus on the ethical standards and professional rules it enforces for lawyers in India.

The Epidemic Diseases Act was enacted in 1897 by the British colonial government to provide for the better prevention of dangerous epidemic diseases. The Act was passed to deal with the plague outbreaks, and it continues to be used in India to address public health crises such as the COVID-19 pandemic.
Quick Tip: The Epidemic Diseases Act of 1897 is crucial for managing health emergencies in India, and it has been invoked in response to various outbreaks over the years.

The National Green Tribunal (NGT) was established in 2010 under the National Green Tribunal Act, 2010. Its purpose is to handle environmental protection cases and provide a specialized forum to resolve environmental disputes.
Quick Tip: The NGT plays a crucial role in ensuring the enforcement of environmental laws and policies in India.

The President's legislative powers are associated with summoning and proroguing the Parliament, issuing ordinances when the Parliament is not in session, and giving assent to the bills passed by Parliament. However, the power to declare war and peace lies with the Union Cabinet under the Prime Minister's leadership, not the President.
Quick Tip: The President's role in the legislative process is mostly formal, involving the summoning of Parliament, issuing ordinances, and giving assent to laws passed by Parliament.

The Chairperson of the National Human Rights Commission is appointed by the President of India. This is in accordance with the provisions under the Protection of Human Rights Act, 1993, which established the National Human Rights Commission.
Quick Tip: When studying the structure of various constitutional bodies, remember that appointments such as the Chairperson of the NHRC are made by the President as part of executive powers.

Justice Yashwant Vishnu Chandrachud was the 16^th Chief Justice of India. He served from 1978 to 1985 and is known for his landmark judgments and contributions to the Indian legal system.
Quick Tip: When studying the history of the judiciary in India, focus on the tenure of Chief Justices, as their decisions often shape constitutional and legal precedents.

UPOV stands for the International Union for the Protection of New Varieties of Plants. It is an intergovernmental organization that ensures the protection of plant breeders' rights globally. Its role is to promote an effective system of plant variety protection to encourage the development of new varieties of plants.
Quick Tip: When studying international agreements related to agriculture, focus on organizations like UPOV that protect intellectual property for plant varieties.

The term "Computer" is a common noun and is not a trademark. In contrast, "Nike", "Google", and "Coca-cola" are all registered trademarks of their respective companies.
Quick Tip: In trademark law, common words or names cannot be registered as trademarks unless they are distinctively used by a brand.

The concept of an independent judiciary under the Indian Constitution was borrowed from the Constitution of the United States of America (USA). The USA has a system where the judiciary is independent from the other branches of government, ensuring checks and balances.
Quick Tip: When studying the Indian Constitution, note the key influences from other countries such as the UK, USA, and Ireland.

Lok Adalat is an alternative dispute resolution mechanism aimed at settling disputes through a mutually agreeable solution. However, it cannot decide non-compoundable cases, which are offenses that cannot be resolved through a compromise between the parties involved. Non-compoundable offenses are typically more serious and require formal legal proceedings.
Quick Tip: When studying Lok Adalat, focus on the types of cases it can resolve. It is an effective way to settle civil and compoundable cases quickly, but not criminal cases.

According to Section 141 of the Indian Penal Code (IPC) 1860, an unlawful assembly is an assembly of five or more persons who have a common objective. The assembly must be formed with the intention to commit an illegal act or to disturb public peace. Therefore, a minimum of five members are required for an assembly to be considered unlawful.
Quick Tip: Remember that an unlawful assembly under IPC requires a minimum of five members. The more severe the assembly's intentions, the higher the legal consequences.

Article 43A of the Indian Constitution talks about the participation of workers in the management of undertakings. It was introduced by the 42nd Amendment in 1976 to ensure the involvement of workers in the management of industries, thereby promoting economic democracy. It is part of the Directive Principles of State Policy, which guide the state to establish social and economic justice.
Quick Tip: Keep in mind that Article 43A focuses on the economic democracy of workers in industrial enterprises, and this can be contrasted with other provisions aimed at labor welfare.

CSR stands for Corporate Social Responsibility. It refers to the practice where businesses take responsibility for the social, environmental, and economic impacts of their operations. It goes beyond profit-making, emphasizing sustainable practices that benefit society and the environment.
Quick Tip: When learning about CSR, remember that it includes a company's ethical obligations to contribute positively to society, beyond just adhering to legal requirements.

The power to prescribe conditions for acquiring citizenship lies with the Parliament of India. According to Article 11 of the Indian Constitution, Parliament is empowered to regulate the rights of citizenship. The President does not have direct authority to set these conditions.
Quick Tip: Remember, the Parliament is responsible for legislating laws related to citizenship, while the President's role is largely ceremonial in this process.

The book 'Judicial Review or Confrontation' was written by Justice H.R. Khanna. He was a renowned judge of the Supreme Court of India, particularly known for his dissenting judgment during the Emergency period, and the book discusses the role of judicial review in the context of Indian democracy.
Quick Tip: Justice H.R. Khanna is famous for his stand on judicial independence and his dissent during the Emergency. His writings often focus on issues of constitutional law and human rights.

Under the Indian Constitution, the provision for free legal aid to the needy is provided under the Directive Principles of State Policy (Article 39A). It directs the State to ensure that legal aid is made available to those who cannot afford to hire lawyers, thereby ensuring access to justice for all.
Quick Tip: The Directive Principles of State Policy are guidelines that the State must follow to establish a just society. Focus on these as they influence various socio-economic rights.

The three legislative lists — Union List, State List, and Concurrent List — are mentioned in the VII Schedule of the Indian Constitution. These lists determine the subjects on which the Union and State legislatures can legislate.
Quick Tip: The VII Schedule is crucial for understanding the distribution of legislative powers between the Union and the States. Review the lists for detailed insights on governance and federal structure.

The 105^th Amendment to the Indian Constitution was passed in 2020. This amendment relates to the extension of the reservation for economically weaker sections in the Indian Parliament and State Assemblies.
Quick Tip: Stay updated with constitutional amendments as they significantly affect legislative and political frameworks.

Section 304-B of the Indian Penal Code (IPC) specifically deals with the offense of dowry death. It provides that if the death of a woman is caused due to burns or bodily injury within seven years of marriage and it is shown that she was subjected to cruelty or harassment by her husband or his family members for dowry, it will be considered as dowry death.
Quick Tip: Remember, dowry death is a serious offense in India, and Section 304-B of the IPC is specifically intended to protect women from dowry-related violence.

The Supreme Court invalidated the practice of instantaneous triple talaq (also known as talaq-e-bid'ah) in the case of Shayara Bano vs Union of India (2017). The Court declared that the practice violated the fundamental rights of Muslim women under the Indian Constitution, specifically Articles 14 (right to equality) and 21 (right to life and personal liberty). The decision led to the enactment of the Muslim Women (Protection of Rights on Marriage) Act, 2019, which made the practice of instant triple talaq a criminal offense.
Quick Tip: When studying landmark Supreme Court cases, focus on the constitutional rights involved and how the decision impacts social and legal norms.

An ordinance promulgated by the President under Article 123 of the Indian Constitution remains valid for six months. If the ordinance is not approved by both houses of Parliament within six weeks from the date of reassembly, it ceases to operate. The President can re-promulgate the ordinance, but it requires parliamentary approval for it to continue beyond the six-month period.
Quick Tip: When studying presidential powers, remember that ordinances are temporary and require legislative approval within six months.

Article 371-I of the Indian Constitution provides for special provisions with respect to the State of Goa. This article was included in the Constitution to safeguard the interests of the people of Goa, specifically addressing the cultural and regional requirements of the state. It also provides for the establishment of a separate legislative framework for the state.
Quick Tip: When studying provisions for specific states, remember that Articles 371 to 371-J provide special provisions for certain regions, including Goa.

The criminals, Billa and Ranga, aimed to kidnap children and demand a ransom from their parents. Unfortunately, when they realized that the parents of Geeta and Sanjay would not be able to pay the ransom, they resorted to killing them. The unfortunate incident took place after the two teenagers, who had entered the criminals' car for a lift, began screaming as they realized the criminals' intentions. The criminals ultimately killed them after their kidnapping plans failed.
Quick Tip: When studying criminal behavior, focus on the motives such as ransom or vengeance that may lead to escalations like kidnapping or murder.

The term "nefarious intention" refers to the evil or criminal intent that a person may have when planning or committing a crime. It denotes malicious motives aimed at harming someone or violating laws. It reflects the mindset of a person who deliberately wishes to cause harm or commit illegal acts.
Quick Tip: "Nefarious" is used to describe actions or intentions that are evil or wicked, often associated with criminal activity.

The criminals, Billa and Ranga, had just been released from Arthur Road Jail in Mumbai. This was the jail from which they were freed on the day they committed their crime. The location of their release is crucial for understanding the context of their criminal activities.
Quick Tip: When studying criminal cases, it is important to consider the background, including the criminals' past and the prison from which they were released.

Jurisdiction refers to the authority given to a particular body, such as the police, to register and investigate cases within a specific legal framework. In this context, jurisdiction pertains to the power that the police hold in registering the case, which is crucial for the legal proceedings to begin.
Quick Tip: When studying legal concepts, ensure you understand the distinctions between who can take action and their jurisdiction in registering legal cases.

The phrase "car sped away" refers to the car moving quickly, often implying that it is speeding or moving beyond the normal limits, whether in terms of speed or direction. This expression conveys a sense of urgency or rapid motion, typically beyond the expected limit.
Quick Tip: In legal contexts, pay attention to the use of phrases like "sped away," which suggest an action exceeding limits, such as laws governing speed limits or unlawful behavior.

The full form of ICCW is the **Indian Council for Child Welfare**. This is a national non-governmental organization that works for the welfare of children, with a special focus on child development, child rights, and support for children in need. The organization has been instrumental in promoting children’s rights and welfare in India.
Quick Tip: When studying abbreviations or organizations, remember the full form and purpose of the organizations, especially in legal or historical contexts.

The opinion of the public was that if the police had reacted promptly, the murder could have been prevented. The delay in the police's response allowed the criminals to carry out their plans, leading to a tragic outcome. The timely action of law enforcement could have potentially stopped the crime in its tracks.
Quick Tip: When dealing with cases involving delays in law enforcement response, it's important to understand how timely actions can prevent severe consequences.

The Kirti Chakra gallantry award was bestowed by the Government of India in recognition of outstanding courage and acts of bravery, particularly during wartime or in saving lives. It is one of the highest military decorations.
Quick Tip: Focus on the significance of national awards and honors given for acts of bravery and contributions to society.

The term "diabolical" refers to something that is devilishly evil, wicked, and malicious. In the context of the passage, the accused's plan of murder was described as being cold-blooded and cruel, thus the term "diabolical" fits perfectly. "Interested," "Cruel," and "Fair" do not convey the intensity and evil nature of the plan as well as "diabolical."
Quick Tip: When encountering descriptive passages, focus on understanding the connotations of words to capture the intended meaning accurately.

The death sentence for the criminals was awarded by the High Court. The case went through extensive judicial scrutiny, with the Supreme Court upholding the death sentence later. However, the High Court initially awarded the sentence. The other courts mentioned, such as the Sessions Court, handle cases involving serious crimes but do not directly award the death penalty in all cases unless escalated to higher courts.
Quick Tip: When dealing with court procedures, always note which level of court has the authority to deliver specific sentences like death or life imprisonment.