Chemistry: Notes, Periodic Table, Chemical Reactions, Study Guides

Content Curator

Chemistry is one of the three major sub-disciplines of science. Chemistry is the study of matter present in the universe, the properties of matter, how substances are able to transform and evolve to form new substances. Chemistry is considered a central science as it plays a foundational role in the understanding of scientific disciplines (basic and applied) at fundamental levels.

Chemical Formula

Check Also: CBSE Class 12 Chemistry: Question Bank

Aspects of Chemistry

Periodic Table is the tabular presentation of all Chemical Elements known to mankind. It contains information about the elements such as atomic mass, weight, and chemical symbol. Elements are organized in rows (called periods) and columns (called groups) in increasing atomic number. The first version of the Periodic Table was developed by Dmitri Mendeleev in 1896.

Periodic Table

Periodic Table

Chemical Reaction is a process where one or more substances (reactants), are converted to different substances (products) via breakage and formation of chemical bonds. Chemical Equation is used to describe a chemical reaction. The Chemical Equation are a symbolic representation of the identities and quantites of the substances involved in the chemical reaction.

Chemical Reactions

Atoms and Molecules are the foundational blocks of all creation. Atoms are known as the “basic building blocks of matter”. Molecules are formed when multiple atoms join and form a bond together. The study of atoms and molecules is essential to the study of the universe. It allows scientists a deeper understanding of how all matter functions and what properties are exhibited by various substances.
Chemistry is an integral part of life and can be found everywhere from the functioning of the human body to the formation of stars in distant universes. The presence of chemistry and chemical reactions are everywhere. As students, you are introduced to the study of chemistry from the primary level itself and are required to study until at least Grade 12. Given below are a number of Study Guides essential to Chemistry at all levels of education.

List of Articles

The list of all chemistry articles is given below. Click on a category to acess all articles.

Important Reactions

Coupling Reaction	Elimination Reaction	Combustion Reaction
Nucleophilic Addition Reaction	Cannizzaro Reaction	Clemmensen Reduction Reaction
Wurtz Reaction	Photochemical Reactions	Zero Order Reaction
Pseudo First Order Reaction

Chemical Compounds

Paradichlorobenzene	Nickel Sulphate	Dichromate	NaHSO4
Dimethyl sulfoxide	Sodium Bicarbonate (NaHCO3)	Ammonium Chloride	Ammonium Bicarbonate
Camphor	Sulfurous acid	magnesium carbonate

Periodic Table

Argon	Beryllium	Carbon
Nihonium	Scandium	Nickel

Difference Between Articles

Sigma and Pi Bonds	Acids and Bases	Atoms and Molecules
Electrophile and Nucleophile	Accuracy and Precision	Elements and Compounds
Electrolytic and Galvanic Cells	Physical Change and Chemical Change	Baking Soda and Baking Powder

Chemical Formulas

Henderson Hasselbalch Equation	Degree of Unsaturation Formula	Ideal Gas Law Formula
Half Life Formula	Atomic Mass Formula	Activation Energy Formula
Mass Percent Formula	Enthalpy Formula	Charles’ Law Formula

Solid State

Solid State	Crystal Lattices and Unit Cells	Imperfections in Solids
Covalent Bonds	Packing Efficiency	Impurity Defects
Magnetic Properties	Schottky Defect	Amorphous and crystalline solids

Solutions

Types of Solution	Abnormal Molar Masses	Solvent Examples
Solubility	Azeotropic Distillation	Colligative Properties
Ideal and Non-Ideal Solutions	Solution	Saturated Solution

p Block Elements

Group-15 Elements	Oxides of Phosphorus	Phosphine
Oxides of Nitrogen	Aqua Regia	Noble Gases
Nitric Acid	Oxides of Sulphur	Dioxygen
Sulfur Dioxide	Group-16 Elements	Sulphuric Acid
Dinitrogen	Interhalogen compounds	Ozone
Group-18 Elements

Haloalkanes and Haloarenes

Haloalkanes and Haloarenes Nomenclature	Classification of Haloalkanes and Haloarenes	Physical Properties of Haloalkanes and Haloarenes
SN2 Reaction Mechanism	Haloalkanes and Haloarenes	Chemical Properties of Haloalkanes and Haloarenes
Enantiomers	Finkelstein Reaction	Wurtz Reaction

Alcohols, Phenols and Ethers

Alcohols, Phenols, and Ethers	Nomenclature of Alcohols, Phenols, and Ethers	Classification of Alcohols, Phenols, and Ethers
Ester Hydrolysis	Reimer-Tiemann Reaction	Ortho Effect
Dehydration of Alcohol

Biomolecules

Carbohydrates	Structure of Glucose and Fructose	Nucleic Acids
Proteins

Electrochemistry

Redox reactions	Electrochemical Cells	Batteries
Electrolytic Cells and Electrolysis	Anode and Cathode	Difference between Electrolytic and Galvanic Cells
Nernst Equation	Fuel Cells	Electrochemical Cells: Galvanic and Voltaic Cells

Chemical Kinetics

Rate of a reaction	Chemical Kinetics	Pseudo First Order Reaction
Rate of a Chemical Reaction	Integrated rate equations	Electrophoresis
Collision Theory	Order of Reaction

Surface Chemistry

Adsorption	Colloids	Classification of Colloids
Emulsion	Surface Chemistry	Catalysts

Coordination Compounds

Coordination compounds	Werner’s Theory of Coordination Compounds	Organometallic Compounds
Nomenclature of Coordination Compounds	Isomerism in Coordination Compounds	Bonding in Carbonyl Compounds
Ligands	Cis Trans Isomerism

Aldehydes, Ketones and Carboxyllic Acids

Aldehydes, Ketones and Carboxylic Acids	Physical Properties	Tollen’s Test
Fehling’s Test	Nucleophilic Addition Reaction	Etard Reaction
Uses of Carboxylic acids	Cannizzaro Reactions	Aldehydes

Amines

Amines	Nomenclature	Physical Properties
Methods of Preparation of Diazonium Salts	Structure of Amines	Coupling Reaction

Chemical Reactions and Equations

Chemical reactions Important Questions	Balanced Chemical Equations	Decomposition Reaction
Displacement Reaction	Precipitation reaction	Oxidation and Reduction
Rancidity	Endothermic reactions	Exothermic reactions

Metals and Non-Metals

Non-Metals	Occurrence of Metals	Refining of Metals
Metals and Non-Metals Important Questions	Metals and Non-Metals Revision Notes	Metals and Non-Metals Important Formulas
Metallurgy	Thermal Conductivity	Metals and Non-Metals

Acids Bases and Salts

Acids Bases and Salt Revision Notes	Acids Bases and Salt Important Formulas	Acids Bases and Salt Important Questions
Importance of pH in Everyday life	Dipole Moment	Weak Acid Examples
Weak Base	Difference Between Acid and Base	Acid Test

Carbon and its Compounds

Elimination Organic Reactions	Soaps and Detergents	Tetravalency of Carbon
Carbon and its Compounds Revision Notes	Versatile Nature of Carbon	Carbon and its Compounds Important Question
Organic compounds	Isomerism	Carbon

Periodic Classification of Elements

Periodic Classification of Elements	First 20 elements	Newlands’ Law of Octaves
Periodic Classification of Elements Important Questions	Periodic Classification of Elements Revision Notes	Electrochemical Cell

Some Basic Concepts of Chemistry

Some Basic Concepts of Chemistry	Relation Between Molarity and Molality	Relation Between Normality and Molarity
Significant Figures	Atomic Mass Formula	Avogadro’s Law
Classification of Matter	Law of Definite Proportions	Law of Multiple Proportions
Laws of Chemical Combinations	Uncertainity in Measurement	Dalton’s Atomic Theory

Structure of an Atom

Wave Nature of Electromagnetic Radiation	Hydrogen Spectrum	Quantum Theory of Light
Electron Spin	Franck Hertz Experiment	Atomic Number and Mass Number
Aufbau Principle	Charge to Mass Ratio of Electron	Discovery of Electron
Energies of Orbitals	Hund’s Rule of Maximum Multiplicity	Limitations of Bohr’s Model
Line Spectrum of Hydrogen	Pauli Exclusion Principle	Quantum Mechanical Model of Atom

Classification of Elements and Periodicity in Properties

Classification of Elements and Periodicity in Properties	Electron Gain Enthalpy	Electronegativity
Ionic Radius	Ionization Enthalpy	The d-Block Elements (Transition Elements)
The f-Block Elements (Inner-Transition Elements)	Atomic Radius	Electronegativity Chart

Chemical Bonding and Molecular Structure

Chemical Bonding and Molecular Structure	Sigma and Pi Bond	Bond Order
Hybridisation	Hydrogen Bonding	Molecular Orbital Theory
Polarity of Bonds	Valence Bond Theory	Lewis Dot Structures

Thermodynamics

Celsius Scale	Specific Heat of Water	Enthalpy
Helmholtz Free Energy	Enthalpy Formula	Applications of Thermodynamics
Hess’s Law of Constant Heat Summation	Phase Transition	Spontaneity
Standard Enthalpy of Formation	Sublimation	Thermodynamic processes

States of Matter

Vaporization	Daltons Law of Partial Pressure	Partial Pressure
Boyles Law	Real Gas	Critical Pressure
Phase Changes	Charles Law Formula	Avogadro Law (Volume - Amount Relationship)
Charles’ Law (Temperature - Volume Relationship)	Ideal Gas Equation	Vapour Pressure

Equilibrium

Common Ion Effect	Henderson Hasselbalch Equation	Relation Between kp and kc
Acids, Bases and Salts	Buffer Solutions	Lewis Acids and Bases
Homogeneous Equilibria	Law of Mass Action	Le Chatelier's principle

Redox Reactions

Decomposition reactions

Displacement reactions

Types of Redox Reactions

Hydrogen

Isotopes of Hydrogen

Hydrogen

Organic Chemistry: Some Basic Principles and Techniques

Carbanions	Carbocation Stability	Aliphatic Hydrocarbons
difference between electrophile and nucleophile	Classification of Organic Compounds	organic solvents

Hydrocarbons

Huckel Rule	Saturated Hydrocarbons	Conformational Isomers
Unsaturated Hydrocarbons	Conformation	Benzene

Chemistry Important Topics

Hydrogen	Solid State	Solutions
Group 16 Elements	Group 18 Elements	Haloalkanes and Haloarenes
Group 15 Elements	Alcohols, Phenols, and Ethers	Batteries
Noble Gases	Carbohydrates	Enzymes
Corrosion	Spontaneity	Hydrogen Chloride
Discovery of Electron	Oxidising Agents	Sn2 Reaction
Ligands	Nernst Equation	Saturated Solutions
Carbohydrates	Proteins	Nucleic Acids
Vitamins	Covalent Bonds	Analgesics
Polythene	Chemical Tranquilizers	Conductors
Insulators	Structure of Atom	Catalysis
Hormones	Electronegativity	Hybridisation
Emulsions	Nitric Acid	Photoelectric Effect
Classification of Haloalkanes and Haloarenes	Chemical Reactions	Aufbau Principle
Nomenclature: Haloalkanes and Haloarenes	Nomenclature: Alcohols, Phenols and Ethers	Nomenclature: Amines
Electrophoresis	Aqua Regia	Sucrose
States of Matter	Charles Law	Solubility
Adsorption	Colloids	Pauli Exclusion Principle
Conservation of Water	Hard Water and Soft Water	Glycogen
Aldol condensation	Reimer Tiemann reaction	Anode and Cathode
Vapour Pressure	Le Chatelier's principle	Sulphur Dioxide
Mole fraction	Optical Isomerism	Friedel Crafts Reaction
Fuel Cells	Critical Temperature	Atomic Radius
Frenkel Defect	Activation Energy	Column chromatography
Molecular Orbital Theory	Electron Gain Enthalpy	Schottky Defect
Micelle

CBSE Class 11 & 12 Study Guides

NCERT Solutions for Class 12 Physics	Class 12 Physics Notes	Formulas in Physics
Topics for Comparison in Physics	Choice-based questions in physics	Topics of relation in physics
Physics Study Notes	Class 12 Physics Book PDF	Class 12 Physics Practicals
NCERT Solutions for Class 12 Chemistry	NCERT Solutions for Class 12 Biology	Class 12 Physics Syllabus
Important Derivations in Physics	SI units in Physics	Important Physics Constants and Units
Class 12 Biology Notes	Class 12 Maths Notes	Class 12 Chemistry Notes
NCERT Solutions for Class 12 English	NCERT Solutions for Class 12 Maths	Class 12 Chemistry Practicals
NCERT Solutions for Class 11 Biology	NCERT Solutions for Class 11 English	NCERT Solutions for Class 11 Chemistry
Class 12 PCMB Notes	NCERT Class 12 Biology Book	NCERT Class 12 Maths Book
NCERT Class 12 Textbooks	NCERT Solutions for Class 11 Maths	NCERT Solutions for Class 11 Physics
Chemistry MCQs	Maths MCQs	Biology MCQs
NCERT Class 11 Chemistry Book	NCERT Class 11 Physics Book	NCERT Class 11 Biology Book
Class 11 Notes	Important Maths Formulas	Important Chemistry Formulas
Class 11 PCMB Syllabus	Chemistry Study Notes	Biology Study Notes
Periodic Table in Chemistry	Important Chemical Reactions	Comparison topics in Chemistry
Comparison Topics in Maths	Comparison Topics in Biology	Important Named Reactions

Chemistry: Notes, Periodic Table, Chemical Reactions, Study Guides

Aspects of Chemistry

List of Articles

CBSE CLASS XII Related Questions

1.
Depict the galvanic cell in which the reaction Zn(s) + 2Ag⁺(aq) → Zn²⁺(aq) + 2Ag(s) takes place. Further show:
(i) Which of the electrode is negatively charged?
(ii) The carriers of the current in the cell.
(iii) Individual reaction at each electrode.

2.
Define the term solution. How many types of solutions are formed? Write briefly about each type with an example.

4.
Comment on the statement that elements of the first transition series possess many properties different from those of heavier transition elements.

5.
How would you account for the following:
Of the d⁴ species, Cr²⁺ is strongly reducing while manganese(III) is strongly oxidising.
Cobalt(II) is stable in aqueous solution but in the presence of complexing reagents it is easily oxidised.
The d¹ configuration is very unstable in ions.

6.
Discuss briefly giving an example in each case the role of coordination compounds in:
biological systems
medicinal chemistry
analytical chemistry
extraction/ metallurgy of metals

Comments

SUBSCRIBE TO OUR NEWS LETTER

Chemistry: Notes, Periodic Table, Chemical Reactions, Study Guides

Aspects of Chemistry

List of Articles

CBSE CLASS XII Related Questions

1. Depict the galvanic cell in which the reaction Zn(s) + 2Ag+(aq) → Zn2+(aq) + 2Ag(s) takes place. Further show: (i) Which of the electrode is negatively charged? (ii) The carriers of the current in the cell. (iii) Individual reaction at each electrode.

2. Define the term solution. How many types of solutions are formed? Write briefly about each type with an example.

4. Comment on the statement that elements of the first transition series possess many properties different from those of heavier transition elements.

5. How would you account for the following: Of the d4 species, Cr2+ is strongly reducing while manganese(III) is strongly oxidising. Cobalt(II) is stable in aqueous solution but in the presence of complexing reagents it is easily oxidised. The d1 configuration is very unstable in ions.

6. Discuss briefly giving an example in each case the role of coordination compounds in:biological systemsmedicinal chemistryanalytical chemistryextraction/ metallurgy of metals

Comments

SUBSCRIBE TO OUR NEWS LETTER

1.
Depict the galvanic cell in which the reaction Zn(s) + 2Ag⁺(aq) → Zn²⁺(aq) + 2Ag(s) takes place. Further show:
(i) Which of the electrode is negatively charged?
(ii) The carriers of the current in the cell.
(iii) Individual reaction at each electrode.

2.
Define the term solution. How many types of solutions are formed? Write briefly about each type with an example.

4.
Comment on the statement that elements of the first transition series possess many properties different from those of heavier transition elements.

5.
How would you account for the following:
Of the d⁴ species, Cr²⁺ is strongly reducing while manganese(III) is strongly oxidising.
Cobalt(II) is stable in aqueous solution but in the presence of complexing reagents it is easily oxidised.
The d¹ configuration is very unstable in ions.

6.
Discuss briefly giving an example in each case the role of coordination compounds in:
biological systems
medicinal chemistry
analytical chemistry
extraction/ metallurgy of metals