AHSEC Class 12 Syllabus 2027: Subject Wise Topics, Weightage and PDF Download

Electric Charges; Coulomb’s Law; Electric Field and Field Lines; Electric Flux; Gauss’s Theorem and Applications; Electric Potential; Relation between E and V; Equipotential Surfaces; Potential Energy; Conductors in Electrostatic Field; Dielectrics; Polarisation; Capacitors and Capacitance; Parallel Plate Capacitor; Effect of Dielectric; Energy Stored in a Capacitor; Combination of Capacitors.

Electric Current; Drift Velocity; Ohm’s Law; Electrical Resistance; Resistivity and Conductivity; V-I Characteristics; Temperature Dependence of Resistance; Internal Resistance; Combination of Cells; Kirchhoff’s Laws; Wheatstone Bridge; Meter Bridge; Potentiometer and its Applications.

Concept of Magnetic Field; Oersted’s Experiment; Biot-Savart Law and Applications; Ampere’s Circuital Law; Force on a Moving Charge in a Magnetic Field; Force between Two Parallel Currents; Torque on a Current Loop; Moving Coil Galvanometer; Conversion to Ammeter/Voltmeter; Cyclotron; Bar Magnet and its Properties; Gauss’s Law in Magnetism; Earth’s Magnetism; Magnetic Properties of Materials (Diamagnetic, Paramagnetic, Ferromagnetic); Electromagnets and Permanent Magnets.

Faraday’s Laws of Electromagnetic Induction; Lenz’s Law; Motional EMF; Eddy Currents; Self-Induction and Mutual Induction; AC Generator; Alternating Currents — RMS and Peak Values; Reactance and Impedance; LCR Series Circuit; Resonance; Power in AC Circuits; Power Factor; Transformers and Energy Losses.

Need for Displacement Current; Maxwell’s Equations (Qualitative); Electromagnetic Waves and their Characteristics; Electromagnetic Spectrum — Radio, Microwave, Infrared, Visible, UV, X-Rays, Gamma Rays; Properties and Uses of each band.

Ray Optics: Reflection at Curved Mirrors; Refraction; Total Internal Reflection; Refraction at Spherical Surfaces; Lens Maker’s Equation; Lens Combinations; Refraction through a Prism; Optical Instruments (Simple Microscope, Compound Microscope, Astronomical Telescope). Wave Optics: Huygens’ Principle; Superposition of Waves; Young’s Double Slit Experiment; Interference; Diffraction at a Single Slit; Resolving Power; Polarisation; Malus’s Law; Brewster’s Law.

Photoelectric Effect; Hertz and Lenard’s Observations; Einstein’s Photoelectric Equation; Work Function and Threshold Frequency; Wave Nature of Matter; De Broglie Hypothesis; Davisson-Germer Experiment.

Alpha-Particle Scattering; Rutherford’s Model; Bohr’s Model; Energy Levels; Hydrogen Spectrum; Composition of Nucleus; Atomic Masses; Isotopes; Isobars; Isotones; Nuclear Binding Energy and Mass Defect; Radioactivity; Alpha, Beta, Gamma Decay; Radioactive Decay Law; Nuclear Fission; Nuclear Fusion; Nuclear Reactors (Conceptual).

Semiconductors; Energy Bands in Solids; p-n Junction Formation; p-n Junction Diode; Half-wave and Full-wave Rectifier; Zener Diode as Voltage Regulator; Photodiode; LED; Solar Cell; Junction Transistor; Transistor as Switch and Amplifier; Logic Gates (AND, OR, NOT, NAND, NOR); Boolean Algebra.

Classification of Solids; Crystalline and Amorphous Solids; Unit Cell; Packing Efficiency; Calculations Involving Unit Cells; Imperfections in Solids (Point Defects); Electrical and Magnetic Properties.

Types of Solutions; Solubility; Vapour Pressure of Liquid Solutions; Raoult’s Law; Ideal and Non-Ideal Solutions; Colligative Properties (Relative Lowering of VP, Elevation of BP, Depression of FP, Osmotic Pressure); Van’t Hoff Factor; Abnormal Molecular Masses.

Electrochemical Cells; Galvanic Cells; Standard Electrode Potential; Nernst Equation; Cell Potential and Gibbs Energy; Conductance and Resistivity; Kohlrausch Law; Electrolysis; Faraday’s Laws; Batteries (Primary, Secondary, Fuel Cells); Corrosion.

Rate of Reaction; Factors Affecting Rate; Rate Laws and Rate Constant; Integrated Rate Equations (Zero, First Order); Half-Life; Pseudo First Order Reactions; Molecularity; Activation Energy; Arrhenius Equation.

Adsorption; Distinction between Adsorption and Absorption; Freundlich Adsorption Isotherm; Catalysis (Homogeneous, Heterogeneous); Enzyme Catalysis; Colloids; Types and Classification; Preparation and Properties; Emulsions; Colloids in Industry.

Occurrence of Metals; Concentration Methods; Thermodynamic Principles of Metallurgy (Ellingham Diagram); Electrochemical Principles; Refining Techniques; Extraction of Aluminium, Copper, Zinc, and Iron.

Group 15: Nitrogen Family — Properties, Compounds (NH₃, HNO₃, H₃PO₄, PCl₃, PCl₅); Group 16: Oxygen Family — Sulphur Allotropes, SO₂, H₂SO₄; Group 17: Halogens — Preparation and Properties of HCl, Bleaching Powder, Interhalogen Compounds; Group 18: Noble Gases — Properties and Uses.

Transition Metals; Electronic Configuration; Variable Oxidation States; Colour; Magnetic Properties; Catalytic Properties; Alloy Formation; Oxides and Oxoanions; Potassium Dichromate; Potassium Permanganate; Lanthanides; Actinides; Lanthanoid Contraction.

Ligands and Coordination Number; IUPAC Nomenclature; Isomerism (Structural, Stereo); Werner’s Theory; Valence Bond Theory; Crystal Field Theory; Spectrochemical Series; Stability Constants; Organometallic Compounds; Biological Importance (Haemoglobin, Chlorophyll).

Classification and Nomenclature; Nature of C–X Bond; Preparation; Chemical Reactions (Nucleophilic Substitution, SN1, SN2, Elimination); Stereochemistry; Polyhalogen Compounds (DDT, Freons); Environmental Impact.

Nomenclature; Preparation of Alcohols, Phenols, and Ethers; Physical Properties; Chemical Reactions; Acidity of Alcohols and Phenols; Reactions of Alcohols (Dehydration, Oxidation, Esterification); Reactions of Phenols; Uses.

Nomenclature; Preparation; Physical Properties; Nucleophilic Addition to Carbonyl Group; Reactions (Oxidation, Reduction, Clemmensen, Wolf-Kishner, Aldol Condensation, Cannizzaro); Acidity of Carboxylic Acids; Preparation and Reactions of Carboxylic Acids.

Classification and Nomenclature; Preparation; Physical Properties; Basicity of Amines; Chemical Reactions; Diazonium Salts — Preparation, Stability, and Synthetic Applications.

Carbohydrates — Classification, Monosaccharides, Disaccharides, Polysaccharides; Proteins — Structure (Primary to Quaternary), Denaturation; Enzymes; Vitamins; Nucleic Acids (DNA, RNA — Structure and Functions).

Classification of Polymers; Methods of Polymerisation (Addition, Condensation, Copolymerisation); Natural Rubber; Vulcanisation; Synthetic Fibres (Nylon, Polyester, Bakelite); Biodegradable and Non-biodegradable Polymers.

Drugs — Classification, Drug-Target Interaction, Types (Analgesics, Tranquilisers, Antiseptics, Disinfectants, Antimicrobials, Antifertility); Chemicals in Food (Preservatives, Artificial Sweeteners, Antioxidants); Soaps and Detergents.

Types of Relations (Empty, Universal, Reflexive, Symmetric, Transitive, Equivalence); Types of Functions (One-one, Onto, Bijective); Composition of Functions; Invertible Functions; Inverse Trigonometric Functions — Principal Values, Properties, and Graphs.

Matrices — Types, Operations (Addition, Multiplication), Transpose, Symmetric and Skew-symmetric; Invertible Matrices; Determinants — Properties, Cofactors, Expansion; Adjoint and Inverse of a Matrix; Applications to System of Linear Equations; Cramer’s Rule; Area of Triangle.

Continuity and Differentiability: Continuous Functions, Differentiability, Chain Rule, Derivatives of Composite/Implicit/Inverse Trigonometric/Exponential/Logarithmic Functions, Rolle’s Theorem, Mean Value Theorem. Applications of Derivatives: Rate of Change, Increasing/Decreasing Functions, Tangents and Normals, Maxima and Minima. Integrals: Integration as Inverse of Differentiation, Standard Integrals, Integration by Substitution, by Parts, by Partial Fractions; Definite Integrals — Fundamental Theorem; Properties. Applications of Integrals: Area under Curves, Area between Two Curves. Differential Equations: Order and Degree, Formation, Variable Separable, Homogeneous, Linear First-Order DE.

Vectors: Types, Addition, Scalar and Vector Multiplication (Dot and Cross Product), Scalar Triple Product, Projection; Three-Dimensional Geometry: Direction Cosines and Ratios, Equations of Line and Plane (Various Forms), Angle between Line and Plane, Shortest Distance between Two Lines, Coplanarity of Lines.

Introduction to Linear Programming; Mathematical Formulation of LPP; Graphical Method; Corner Point Method; Feasible Region; Types of LPP: Diet Problem, Manufacturing Problem, Transportation Problem, Allocation Problem.

Conditional Probability; Multiplication Theorem; Independent Events; Total Probability; Bayes’ Theorem; Random Variable and Probability Distribution; Mean and Variance; Bernoulli Trials; Binomial Distribution.

Reproduction in Organisms; Sexual Reproduction in Flowering Plants (Flower Structure, Pollination, Fertilisation, Post-Fertilisation Events, Seed and Fruit Formation, Special Modes); Human Reproduction (Male and Female Reproductive Systems, Gametogenesis, Fertilisation, Embryonic Development, Parturition, Lactation); Reproductive Health (Birth Control, Infertility, ART, STDs, Amniocentesis).

Mendelian Inheritance; Chromosomal Theory; Linkage and Crossing Over; Polygenic Inheritance; Sex Determination; Mutation; Genetic Disorders (Pedigree Analysis, Down Syndrome, Sickle-Cell Anaemia); DNA as Genetic Material; DNA Structure; Replication; Transcription; Translation; Genetic Code; Gene Expression; Human Genome Project; DNA Fingerprinting; Origin of Life; Theories of Evolution; Hardy-Weinberg Principle; Adaptive Radiation; Speciation.

Human Health and Disease (Immunity, Types of Immunity, Vaccines, Allergies, Autoimmunity, AIDS, Cancer, Drugs and Alcohol Abuse); Strategies for Enhancement in Food Production (Animal Husbandry, Plant Breeding, Biofortification, SCP, Tissue Culture); Microbes in Human Welfare (Fermentation, Industrial Products, Antibiotics, Sewage Treatment, Biogas, Biological Control).

Principles of Biotechnology; Tools of Recombinant DNA Technology (Restriction Enzymes, Vectors, Gel Electrophoresis, PCR); Process of Recombinant DNA Technology; Applications: Insulin Production, Bt Cotton, Golden Rice, Gene Therapy, Molecular Diagnosis (ELISA, Southern Blotting); Bioethics and Biosafety.

Organisms and Populations (Ecological Adaptations, Population Attributes, Growth Models, Interspecific Interactions); Ecosystem (Productivity, Decomposition, Energy Flow, Nutrient Cycling, Ecosystem Services); Biodiversity (Levels, Patterns, Threatened Species, Conservation — In-situ, Ex-situ); Environmental Issues (Air/Water/Solid Waste Pollution, Greenhouse Effect, Ozone Depletion, Deforestation).