BIHAR ITICAT 2023 Question Paper Available Download Solutions PDF

Trickle charging is a method where a small continuous charge is provided to maintain the battery at full charge. This method is often used for batteries that are reserved for emergency conditions, as it ensures they remain fully charged without overcharging.

The maximum torque in a 3-phase induction motor occurs when the rotor resistance equals the rotor reactance at the supply frequency. This condition maximizes the power transfer to the rotor, resulting in the highest torque.

In a thermal power plant, the superheater is the component that raises the temperature of the steam above the boiling point, ensuring the steam reaches the desired energy state for efficient power generation.

A universal motor typically has a power factor in the range of 0.7 to 0.8 when it is operating under full load conditions. The power factor is lower at no load.

In a distribution transformer, core loss (hysteresis and eddy current losses) is generally less than copper loss (I²R losses) under normal operating conditions. Copper loss increases with the load, whereas core loss remains relatively constant.

Direct coupled amplifiers are typically used to amplify very low frequency signals. These amplifiers allow the direct connection of stages without capacitive coupling, making them suitable for low-frequency applications.

Fires involving deep fat fryers and cooking oils are classified as Class F fires. This class of fires involves cooking oils and fats, which require specific extinguishing methods.

The maximum efficiency of a full wave rectifier is 81.2%

The slip S in an induction motor is given by the formula: S = (f_s - f_r)/f_s × 100. For a 50 Hz, 2-pole motor, the synchronous speed N_s is 3000 rpm. The slip is calculated as: S = (50 - 2)/50 × 100 = 2.4%.

Faraday's First Law of Electrolysis states that the amount of substance liberated at an electrode is directly proportional to the amount of charge passed through the electrolyte.

The external characteristics curve of a DC generator represents the relationship between the terminal voltage and the load current, taking into account the effects of the load and speed at a given excitation.

Let the current drawn by the 20 Ω resistance be I₁. The current when the resistance R is added in parallel becomes I₂ = 2I₁. Using Ohm's law: I₁ = 400/20 = 20 A. The equivalent resistance of the parallel combination is: R_eq = (20R)/(20 + R). The current doubles, so: 400/R_eq = 40 A. Solving for R, we get R = 20 Ω.

Capacitance grading is used in underground cables to achieve uniform dielectric stress by using layers of different dielectric materials. This process is important for the reliable operation of high-voltage cables.

A DC machine achieves maximum efficiency when the variable losses (such as copper losses) are equal to the constant losses (such as core losses). This balance minimizes total losses and maximizes the efficiency.

VAWT stands for Vertical Axis Wind Turbine. These turbines have their axis of rotation perpendicular to the ground, unlike horizontal axis wind turbines (HAWTs).

The largest size of earthing lead typically used is 3 SWG (Standard Wire Gauge). This size ensures safe conductivity and minimal resistance for earthing systems.

The diversity factor is the ratio of the sum of individual maximum demands to the maximum demand on the power station. It is used to account for the variations in the demand of different consumers.

A Schmitt trigger is not a part of a digital multimeter. It is a type of comparator used for signal conditioning, whereas a digital multimeter includes components such as buffer amplifiers and AC/DC converters.

For a balanced star-connected load, the power supplied is given by √3V_LI_L cos θ, where V_L is the line voltage, I_L is the line current, and θ is the phase angle between voltage and current.

When two SCRs (Silicon Controlled Rectifiers) are connected in anti-parallel, the resulting device is called a TRIAC (Triode for Alternating Current). TRIACs can conduct in both directions and are commonly used for controlling AC power.

A Zener diode is designed to operate in the reverse breakdown region. It has a sharp and well-defined breakdown voltage, which is useful for voltage regulation applications.

In a three-phase system, the phase difference between the voltages and currents is 120° for balanced loads, meaning each phase is separated by 120° in time.

The equation of the alternating current is in the form I = I_msin(ωt), where ω = 2πf is the angular frequency. Given ω = 1256, we can calculate the frequency f as: f = ω/(2π) = 1256/(2π) ≈ 200 Hz

Lambert's Cosine Law Method is not typically used for lighting calculations. Instead, methods such as the Watts per Square Meter and Inverse Square Law methods are more commonly used in lighting design.

Kirchhoff's Voltage Law (KVL) relates to the sum of all voltage drops (IR drops) in a closed loop being equal to zero. It applies to electrical circuits, ensuring the conservation of energy.

The resistance R of a conductor is given by the formula R = ρL/A, where L is the length, A is the cross-sectional area, and ρ is the resistivity. If the length is doubled and the area is halved, the resistance increases by a factor of 4.

The skin effect refers to the tendency of alternating current to flow near the surface of a conductor, with the current density decreasing exponentially with depth from the surface. This effect becomes more pronounced at higher frequencies.

The regulator of an electrical fan is typically wound with Eureka wire, which is an alloy of copper and nickel. This material has high resistance and is ideal for controlling the current.

Among all electrical machines, the alternator typically has the highest efficiency due to its design, which minimizes losses in comparison to other types of machines.

If the material consists of 72% copper, the remaining 28% will be tin. The ratio of copper to tin is 72/28 = 18/7.

The yoke of a DC machine is made of cast iron, which provides the required strength and magnetic properties to form the core of the machine.

The efficiency η of the lamp is given by the formula: η = (useful flux output)/(electrical power input) × 100. The electrical power input is: P = V × I = 200 V × 0.5 A = 100 W. The useful flux output is 3000 lumens. Assuming the conversion factor from lumens to watts is 1 watt = 683 lumens, Efficiency = (3000/683) × 100 ≈ 30%.

VIR (Vulcanized Indian Rubber) wiring is not a standard type of wiring. Common types of wiring include conduit wiring, casing capping, and cleat wiring, used for electrical installations.

In a 4-band resistor, the first three bands represent the digits and multiplier, while the fourth band indicates the tolerance of the resistor, which is typically shown as a percentage.

In an alternator, the frequency is directly proportional to the speed of rotation. As the speed increases, the frequency of the output voltage also increases, according to the formula f = (N × P)/60, where f is the frequency, N is the speed in RPM, and P is the number of poles.

A clamp meter is designed to measure the current flowing through a conductor by clamping around it without the need to disconnect the conductor. It does not directly measure voltage, frequency, or power factor.

A dodecahedron is a polyhedron with twelve regular pentagonal faces. It is one of the five Platonic solids and has 12 faces, 20 vertices, and 30 edges.

The form factor of a sinusoidal waveform is the ratio of the effective (RMS) value to the average value. For a pure sine wave, the form factor is approximately 1.11, meaning the RMS value is 1.11 times the average value.

The choice of site for a hydroelectric power plant primarily depends on factors like the availability and storage of water, as well as the head of water (height difference). The load centre, however, does not directly affect the location of the plant itself, though it is important for power distribution.

The rotor of a single-phase induction motor is typically a squirrel-cage rotor. This type of rotor is the most common for such motors because of its simplicity and ruggedness.

The protective sheets on both sides of solar cells are generally made from EVA (Ethylene Vinyl Acetate). This material is durable and provides protection against environmental conditions while allowing the passage of light.

In the CGS (centimeter-gram-second) system, the unit of heat is the calorie, which is the amount of heat required to raise the temperature of 1 gram of water by 1 °C.

The power factor of an alternator primarily depends on the load. As the load changes, the power factor can vary due to changes in the current and the phase difference between voltage and current.

Air used in air blast circuit breakers must be dry to ensure that it effectively extinguishes the arc without causing further electrical damage or breakdown of insulation.

The standard size of set squares used for technical drawing and engineering drawings are typically 30° - 60° set squares. These are most commonly used for creating angles in geometric constructions and drafting.

A universal motor can operate on both alternating current (AC) and direct current (DC), making it versatile. It is commonly used in household appliances, as it can work efficiently with both power sources.

Earthing (or grounding) is an essential safety measure for electrical appliances. It ensures that in case of a fault, the electrical current will flow to the ground, preventing electric shocks and other hazards to users.

A distributor is designed with a focus on minimizing voltage drop, which ensures that the voltage at the consumer's end remains within the acceptable limits. The design also takes into account the load and distance but primarily aims to control the voltage drop.

A drill press is typically measured by its swing, which refers to the maximum distance between the center of the spindle and the nearest edge of the column, indicating the size of the workpiece it can accommodate.

Belted underground cables are typically used for medium voltage transmission, which is generally up to 11 kV. These cables are used for relatively short distances to carry power in urban or industrial areas.

The Air (Prevention and Control of Pollution) Act came into force in India in 1981. This legislation aims to control air pollution and set standards for air quality.

In banking systems, the equation "Asset = Reserve + loan" is correct. This is because a bank's assets are composed of reserves and loans given to customers.

The Paalan 1000 National Campaign focuses on addressing child mortality issues. The campaign aims to reduce infant mortality rates and improve child health through various programs and interventions.

Rickets is a condition caused by a deficiency of Vitamin D, which is crucial for the absorption of calcium and phosphate in the body, leading to weakened bones.

Cleanliness initiatives directly impact public health and sanitation, thus being a direct social issue. While corruption, population, and poverty are significant societal challenges, cleanliness has a more immediate and direct impact on public health and well-being.

Understanding the approximate lengths of major rivers is essential. Godavari is approximately 1,465 km, Indus (Sindhu) is approximately 3,180 km (but only a portion lies within India), and Ganga (Ganges) is approximately 2,525 km. Therefore, the correct order is Godavari < Sindhu < Ganga.

Article 21 explicitly guarantees the "protection of life and personal liberty". Other articles address different aspects of fundamental rights.

Clay soil has the highest water retention capacity due to its fine particle size and close packing. Gravel and sand have large particles and spaces, leading to rapid drainage. Loam is a mixture and offers a balance but less than clay.

Purandaradasa is considered the "Father of Carnatic Music" (Karnataka Sangeeta Pitamaha) for his foundational contributions to the systematization and simplification of Carnatic music.