Maharashtra Board Class 10 Science and Technology Part II Question Paper 2024 with Answer Key

Regeneration is the process where an organism regrows lost body parts. The ability of regeneration is found in organisms like Planaria (a type of flatworm), which can regrow parts of their body if they are cut. While other organisms like amoeba and paramecium reproduce via binary fission, regeneration is not their characteristic trait.

Thus, planaria is the correct answer. Quick Tip: Planaria are capable of remarkable regeneration, growing back lost parts of their bodies.

Lactobacillus brevis is a bacterium used in the fermentation process. It is specifically known for being involved in the production of cider, a fermented beverage made from apples.

Thus, the correct answer is cider. Quick Tip: Lactobacillus brevis is important in the fermentation process, especially in making cider from apples.

A mutation is defined as a change in the DNA sequence or the position of a nucleotide. These changes can occur naturally due to errors during DNA replication or can be induced by external factors such as radiation or chemicals.

Thus, the correct answer is mutation. Quick Tip: Mutations can lead to changes in genetic traits, and they may have beneficial, neutral, or harmful effects on organisms.

The Tarapur Atomic Power Station is located in Maharashtra, India. It was the first nuclear power plant in India, established with the help of the United States. The plant is situated near the town of Tarapur, about 100 kilometers north of Mumbai.

Thus, the correct answer is Tarapur. Quick Tip: Tarapur Atomic Power Station is India's first nuclear power plant, located in Maharashtra.

Arthropoda is the largest phylum of the animal kingdom, and it includes organisms that have an exoskeleton, a segmented body, and jointed appendages. Examples of arthropods include scorpions, spiders, insects, and crustaceans.

Thus, the correct answer is scorpion. Quick Tip: Scorpions are an example of arthropods, known for their exoskeleton and jointed limbs.

Duckbill Platypus, lungfish, and peripatus are all unique species that share the characteristic of being amphibians or semi-aquatic animals with distinct evolutionary traits. The pomfret is a fish but does not have these amphibian features, making it the odd one out.

Thus, the correct answer is pomfret. Quick Tip: Pomfret is the only fully aquatic fish among the listed species, unlike the others that have amphibian-like traits.

Melanin is a pigment found in the skin, which determines skin color. Similarly, the pancreas is responsible for producing insulin, a hormone that helps regulate blood sugar levels.

Thus, the correct correlation is Skin : Melanin : : Pancreas : Insulin. Quick Tip: The pancreas produces insulin, which is important in regulating blood sugar, just like melanin regulates skin color.

The blue revolution refers to the increased production of aquatic organisms like fish, shrimp, and other marine organisms, primarily through aquaculture and fisheries. It aims to improve the supply of aquatic food resources. This term is indeed correct as it signifies the utilization of water bodies for the cultivation and production of aquatic organisms.

Thus, the correct answer is True. Quick Tip: Blue revolution focuses on increasing the production of aquatic organisms through aquaculture and fisheries.

The full form of WHO is the World Health Organization. It is a specialized agency of the United Nations responsible for international public health. WHO is involved in setting health standards, providing leadership on health matters, and coordinating international efforts to improve health.

Thus, the correct answer is World Health Organization. Quick Tip: WHO is responsible for promoting global health and coordinating international responses to health crises.

In humans:
- Males typically have XY chromosomes. Hence, the pair is Male: 44 + XY.

- Females typically have XX chromosomes. Hence, the pair is Female: 44 + XX.


Thus, the correct matching is:
- Male - (b) 44 + XY Quick Tip: Humans typically have XY chromosomes for males and XX chromosomes for females.

Tortoises are primarily land-dwelling reptiles and only spend a small part of their life in water. Amphibians, on the other hand, are more dependent on water for reproduction and early life stages.

Tortoises have a hard, bony shell that is not present in amphibians like frogs. Amphibians also have more permeable skin, allowing for respiration through their skin, while tortoises lack this characteristic.
Quick Tip: Amphibians generally have permeable skin and need water for reproduction, whereas tortoises are more adapted to terrestrial life.

Hydroelectric energy: Hydroelectric energy is derived from flowing water, which is constantly replenished through natural water cycles like rainfall and melting snow. Therefore, it is considered renewable.


Solar energy: Solar energy comes from the sun, which is a continuous and inexhaustible source of energy. As the sun will continue to shine for billions of years, solar energy is a renewable resource.


Wind energy: Wind energy is harnessed from the wind, which is powered by the sun's heat and the Earth's rotation. Since wind is constantly generated, it is also considered renewable. Quick Tip: Renewable energies like hydro, solar, and wind are sustainable and have little to no environmental impact compared to fossil fuels.

Energy Depletion: During exercise, the body uses energy stored in muscles, primarily in the form of glycogen. After prolonged or intense exercise, these energy reserves are depleted, leading to fatigue and a feeling of tiredness.


Lactic Acid Build-up: During vigorous exercise, especially anaerobic exercise, the body produces lactic acid as a byproduct. The accumulation of lactic acid in muscles contributes to muscle fatigue and soreness, making us feel tired.


Increased Oxygen Demand: After exercise, the body requires more oxygen to recover. The elevated heart rate and breathing rate are part of this recovery process, contributing to the feeling of tiredness as the body works to restore balance. Quick Tip: Tiredness after exercise is a normal result of energy depletion and the build-up of waste products like lactic acid.

DNA Damage: Exposure to radiation can cause direct damage to the DNA structure, leading to mutations that may result in genetic disorders or cancer.


Cancer: Ionizing radiation, such as X-rays and gamma rays, can increase the risk of developing various types of cancer, including skin cancer, lung cancer, and leukemia.


Skin Burns: High doses of radiation can cause radiation burns on the skin, which can result in redness, blisters, and tissue damage. In severe cases, it can lead to long-term scars.


Radiation Sickness: Prolonged exposure to high levels of radiation can lead to acute radiation sickness, characterized by nausea, vomiting, fatigue, and, in extreme cases, organ failure and death. Quick Tip: Radiation exposure can have severe effects, including genetic mutations, increased cancer risk, and tissue damage. Proper safety measures are crucial.

Outer Nodes
 (node1) {Family Support;
 (node2) {Community Interaction;
 (node3) {Education Level;
 (node4) {Economic Stability;

Arrows
 (node1) -- (center);
 (node2) -- (center);
 (node3) -- (center);
 (node4) -- (center);

Quick Tip: Social health is impacted by factors like family support, community interaction, education level, and economic stability. A balanced approach to these aspects can lead to improved social well-being.

Type of Disaster: The nature and type of disaster, such as natural (earthquakes, floods) or man-made (industrial accidents, nuclear incidents), play a key role in determining the scope of the disaster.


Impact Area: The geographical area affected by the disaster, including urban and rural zones, and whether it involves multiple regions or countries.


Severity and Duration: The extent of damage caused and the duration for which the disaster lasts, which will influence the level of resources needed for recovery.


Vulnerable Populations: Identifying and prioritizing the most vulnerable groups such as children, the elderly, and those with disabilities, who may require additional support during and after the disaster. Quick Tip: Considering the type, area, severity, and vulnerable populations will help in planning a more effective disaster response.

Biogas: It is produced by microbial digestion of organic matter such as food waste, manure, and sewage. The microbes break down these materials in an anaerobic environment to produce methane.


Ethanol: Produced through the fermentation process, where microorganisms like yeast convert sugars into ethanol and carbon dioxide. It is commonly used as a biofuel in vehicles.


Reason for Increasing the Use of Microbial Fuels:

Sustainability: Microbial fuels are renewable sources of energy, unlike fossil fuels, which are finite and depleting.


Environmental Benefits: Microbial fuels like biogas and ethanol produce fewer greenhouse gases and are less polluting compared to conventional fuels, helping in the fight against climate change.


Waste Reduction: The production of these fuels utilizes organic waste, turning it into valuable energy, thus reducing environmental pollution and waste accumulation. Quick Tip: Microbial fuels like biogas and ethanol are eco-friendly alternatives to fossil fuels and can help reduce waste while promoting sustainability.

DNA fingerprinting is a technique used to identify individuals based on their unique genetic makeup. It involves analyzing the patterns in an individual's DNA, specifically focusing on regions that are highly variable between individuals. This pattern is akin to a fingerprint, which is why it is called DNA fingerprinting.


It is done by extracting DNA, amplifying specific regions (using techniques like PCR), and comparing the banding patterns produced through gel electrophoresis or other methods.


Main Uses of DNA Fingerprinting:

Forensic Science: DNA fingerprinting is commonly used in criminal investigations to match a suspect’s DNA with evidence found at crime scenes.

Paternity Testing: It is used to confirm biological relationships, especially in paternity testing.

Genetic Research: DNA fingerprinting is used in research to study genetic variations within populations.

Identification of Species: In conservation biology, it helps in identifying animal species and in breeding programs. Quick Tip: DNA fingerprinting provides a unique and highly accurate method for identifying individuals and determining biological relationships.

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Water-soluble vitamin: Vitamin C (ascorbic acid)

Fat-soluble vitamin: Vitamin A (retinol)
Quick Tip: Water-soluble vitamins are quickly excreted by the body, while fat-soluble vitamins are stored for longer periods.

Stem cells are undifferentiated cells that have the ability to develop into various
types of specialized cells in the body. They can divide and renew themselves, and under
specific conditions, can differentiate into a variety of cell types, such as muscle, nerve, or
blood cells. They are crucial in medical research and therapies, such as regenerative
medicine.

Cloning is the process of creating an identical copy of an organism or cell through
non-sexual reproduction. It involves duplicating an organism’s genetic material to produce
an organism that is genetically identical to the original. Cloning can be used in therapeutic
settings, such as stem cell therapy, or for agricultural and reproductive purposes.

Genetically modified (GM) crops are plants whose genetic material has been altered through genetic engineering techniques. These modifications can enhance certain traits such as resistance to pests, diseases, or environmental conditions, or increase nutritional value. GM crops are widely used in agriculture to improve yield and reduce the need for chemical pesticides. Quick Tip: Stem cells hold the potential for treating a wide variety of diseases, while cloning and genetically modified crops have important implications for both medicine and agriculture.

Spilling of petroleum oil occurs in ocean due to various reasons. This oil may prove fatal and toxic to aquatic organisms. It is not easy to remove the oil layer from the surface of water by mechanical method.


However, bacteria like Pseudomonas spp. and \textit{Alcanovorax borkumensis have the ability to destroy the norcadia and other chemicals. Hence, these bacteria are used to clear the oil spills. These are called hydrocarbonoclastic bacteria (HCB). HCB decompose the hydrocarbons and bring about the reaction of carbon with oxygen and CO\(_2\), and water is formed in this process. Quick Tip: Bacteria like \textit{Pseudomonas and Alcanovorax play a vital role in clearing oil spills through biodegradation by utilizing hydrocarbons.

The given diagram is of a Wind Turbine. It is used to convert wind energy into
mechanical energy, which is then converted into electrical energy.

The source of energy in this project is wind energy. The wind turbine harnesses
the kinetic energy from the wind and converts it into electricity.

Wind energy is considered eco-friendly because it is a renewable source of energy that does not produce harmful pollutants or greenhouse gases. It is a clean, sustainable energy source that helps reduce reliance on fossil fuels and mitigates climate change. Quick Tip: Wind turbines are a renewable and eco-friendly source of energy that contribute to reducing carbon emissions and combating global warming.

Central Node
 (center) {Hobbies helpful to overcome stress;

Outer Nodes
 (node1) {Reading Books;
 (node2) {Listening to Music;
 (node3) {Exercise and Yoga;
 (node4) {Painting or Drawing;
 (node5) {Gardening;
 (node6) {Cooking;


Quick Tip: Engaging in hobbies such as reading, exercise, or creative activities like painting can effectively reduce stress and improve mental well-being.

The six materials that should be in the first aid box are:

Bandages
Antiseptic solution
Cotton wool
Adhesive tape
Scissors
Tweezers Quick Tip: A well-stocked first aid kit is essential for managing minor injuries and accidents quickly and effectively.

Vestigial organs are anatomical structures or organs that have lost their original
function through evolution. They are remnants of structures that were once functional in
ancestral species but are no longer necessary or are only partially functional in the current
species.

In some animals, these vestigial organs are still functional. Examples include:
1. Appendix: Functional in herbivorous animals like rabbits.
2. Tailbone: Functional in animals with tails, such as monkeys, which use them for
balance and communication.

In some animals, these vestigial organs are still functional. Examples include:

Appendix: Functional in herbivorous animals like rabbits.
Tailbone: Functional in animals with tails, such as monkeys, which use them for balance and communication. Quick Tip: Vestigial organs are remnants of evolution that provide insight into our ancestral species' biology.

The phylum is Echinodermata. One example is Starfish (Asteroidea).

The phylum is Nematoda. One example is Ascaris (a parasitic roundworm).

The class is Pisces. One example is Goldfish (Carassius auratus). Quick Tip: Classifications like Echinodermata, Nematoda, and Pisces help categorize animals based on their distinctive features such as body structure and mode of respiration.

Sperms are formed in the testes.

The length of a sperm is approximately 50 to 60 micrometers.

The vas deferens is responsible for transporting sperm from the epididymis to the
urethra during ejaculation.

Sperms are formed through meiosis, which is a type of cell division that reduces
the chromosome number by half.

Two unpaired organs of the male reproductive system are:

Testes
Penis Quick Tip: The male reproductive system includes several key structures, and meiosis plays an important role in sperm formation.

% Central Node
(center) {Classification of Threatened Species;

% Outer Nodes
(node1) {Critically Endangered;

(node2) {Endangered;

(node3) {Vulnerable;

(node4) {Lower Risk (Least Concern); Quick Tip: The IUCN Red List classifies species based on their extinction risk, ranging from "Least Concern" to "Critically Endangered."